湖北工業(yè)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)專業(yè) 跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)資料概要

1、跨文化交際復(fù)習(xí)資料 名詞解釋Globalization is worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious diseases.Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems a

2、re distinct enough to alter the communication event.The dominant culture is a type of culture that one group possesses the power to speak for the entire culture while setting the tone and agenda that others will usually follow.Co-cultures are cultures discussing groups or social communities exhibiti

3、ng communication characteristics, perceptions, values, beliefs, and practices that are sufficiently different to distinguish them from other groups and communities and from the dominant culture.Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other peopl

4、e through the use of symbols.Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other

5、 because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place.Values are culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.P25Values are shared ideas about what is true, right, and beautiful which underline cultural pa

6、tterns and guide society in response to the physical and social environment.P189Stereotypes are a collection of false assumptions that people in all cultures make about the characteristics of members of various groups.P42A stereotype is a cognitive structure containing the perceivers knowledge, beli

7、efs, and experiences about some human social groups.P170Objectivity is the state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices.P43Social organizations or social institutions are the groups that members of a culture turn to for lessons about the meaning of l

8、ife and methods for living that life.P49Family is a group of intimates, who generate a sense of home and group identity, complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion, and an experience of a history and a future.P54Individualism is a kind of thought that involves self-motivation, autonomy, and in

9、dependent thinking, which takes in the following forms. Peoples personal goals take priority over their allegiance to groups like the family or the employer. The loyalty of individualists to a given group is very weak; they feel they belong to many groups and are apt to change their membership as it

10、 suits to them, switching churches, for example, or leaving one employer for another. Such thought stresses personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing ones own opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression.P198. P199.P67Collectivism is a kind of thought that people primarily view the

11、mselves as members of groups and collectives rather than as autonomous individuals. In such cultures people emphasize community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, tradition, the public good, and maintaining face. Collectivism means greater emphasis on the views. needs, and goals of the in-gro

12、up rather than oneself; social norms and duty defined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pleasure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguish the self from in-group; and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.History is the witness that testifies to th

13、e passing of time; it illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity.The worldview of a people is the way they interpret reality and events, including images of themselves and how they relate to the world around them.P97Worldview functions as

14、 a guide to help people determine what the world looks like and how they should function within that world.P98Identity is the reflective self-conception or self-image that we each derive from our family, gender, cultural, ethnic, and individual socialization process.Cultural identity: the identifica

15、tion of communications of a shared system of symbolic verbal and nonverbal behavior that are meaningful to group members who have a sense of belonging and who share traditions, heritage, language, and similar norms of appropriate behavior. Cultural identity is a social construction.P154Prejudices ar

16、e deeply held negative feelings associated with a particular group.Prejudice amounts to a rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people. Prejudice is irrational to the extent that people hold inflexible attitudes supported by little or no direct evidence. Prejudice may target people

17、 of a particular social class, sex, sexual orientation, age, political affiliation, race, or ethnicity.P173Racism is the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race.It denies the basic equality of humankind and correlates ability with physical composition. Thus it assumes that success or

18、 failure in any societal endeavor will depend upon genetic endowment rather than environment and access to opportunity.P177Ethnocentrism is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other. It is the idea that other cultures should be measured by the degree to which they live up to our cult

19、ural standards. We are ethnocentric when we view other cultures through the narrow lens of our own culture or social position. Perception is the process whereby people convert external events and experiences into meaningful internal understanding.P185Beliefs serve as the storage system for the conte

20、nt of our past experiences, including thoughts, memories, and interpretations of events.P187Cultural patterns are a useful umbrella term that allows us to talk about values, beliefs, and other orientations collectively.P190Uncertainty avoidance defines the extent to which people within a culture are

21、 made nervous by situations which they perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable, situations which they therefore try to avoid by maintaining strict codes of behavior and a belief in absolute truths.P201Power distance is a characteristic of a culture defining the extent to which the less p

22、owerful person in society accepts inequality in power and considers it as normal.P203Masculinity and feminity refer to the degree to which masculine or feminine traits are valued and revealed.P205A being orientation refers to spontaneous expression of the human personality.P213The being-in-dong orie

23、ntation stresses the idea of development and growth. It emphasizes the kind of activity that contributes to the development of all aspects of the self as an integral whole.P214The doing orientation describes activity in which accomplishments are measurable by standards external to the individual.P21

24、4Context is the information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably bound up with the meaning of the event.P215Nonverbal communication involves all those nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potenti

25、al message value for the source or receiver.P246All human interaction is influenced to some degree by the cultural, social, and physical settings in which it occurs. These settings are called the communication context. Intercultural communication competence is the overall internal capability of an i

26、ndividual to manage the key challenging features of intercultural communication: namely, cultural differences and unfamiliarity, inter-group posture, and the accompanying experience of stress.P384Culture shock is a mental state that comes from the transition that occurs when you go from a familiar e

27、nvironment to an unfamiliar one and find that your old, established patterns of behavior are ineffective.Ethics refers to judgments that focus on degrees of rightness and wrongness, virtue and vice, and obligation in human behavior.P404 翻譯1. Human beings draw close to one another by their common nat

28、ure, but habits and customs keep them apart. -Confucius.性相近，習(xí)相遠(yuǎn)。-孔子2. Lack of communication has given rise to differences in language, in thinking, in systems of belief and culture generally. These differences have made hostility among societies endemic and seemingly eternal.-Isaac Asimov P1 語(yǔ)言，思維以及

29、信仰和文化體制的差異通常源于匱乏的交流。這些差異使社會(huì)的敵意根深蒂固，似乎無窮無盡。 3. In every conceivable manner, the family is a link to our past and a bridge to our future.-Alex Haley在生活的方方面面，家庭總是聯(lián)系過去的紐帶，溝通未來的橋梁。4. History is philosophy teaching by example. -Henry ST. John Bolingbroke歷史是提供實(shí)例講解的哲學(xué)。5. The particular human chain were part

30、 of is central to our individual identity.-Elizabeth Stone個(gè)人認(rèn)同感的重要組成部分是我們擁有的并置身其中的獨(dú)特的人類聯(lián)系。6. The value of identity of course is that so often with it comes purpose.-Richard Grant P152我們尋求認(rèn)同感的過程，其意義常常帶有目的性。7. Your beliefs become your thoughts. Your thoughts become your words. Your words become your a

31、ctions. Your actions become your habits. Your habits become your values. Your values become your destiny.-Mahatma Gandhi. 8. On a group of theories one can find a school; but on a group of values one can find a culture, a civilization, a new way of living together among men. -Ignazio Silone. P184信仰決

32、定思想。思想決定語(yǔ)言。語(yǔ)言決定(形成)行動(dòng)。行動(dòng)決定習(xí)慣。習(xí)慣決定價(jià)值。價(jià)值決定命運(yùn)。(此句中的value 意為價(jià)值觀，為了保持譯語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)勻稱，就譯為價(jià)值)9. If one finger is sore, the whole hand will hurt.-Chinese Proverb牽一發(fā)而動(dòng)全身。10. Our lives are all different and yet the same. -Anne Frank.我們的生活都各不相同卻又十分相似。11. There are times when silence has the loudest voice.-Leroy Brownl

33、ow有時(shí)沉默往往具有爆發(fā)力。12. To know what people think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say.-Rene Descartes.P243知人所知，觀人所做，勿信人所說。13. Live together like brothers and do business like strangers.-Arab Proverb生活似兄弟，經(jīng)商如異客。14. You will never know a man till you do business with him.-Scottish Proverb

34、. P285生意場(chǎng)上見本真。15. Human history is increasingly a race between intercultural education and disaster. If education is not intercultural, it is probably not education, but rather the inculcation of nationalist or religious fundamentalism.-David Coulby.人類歷史更多地體現(xiàn)為跨文化教育和大災(zāi)難的競(jìng)賽。教育不跨文化，它也許算不上真正的教育，充其量它只是在反

35、復(fù)灌輸國(guó)家主義(民族主義)和基要主義(基要主義強(qiáng)調(diào)直解圣經(jīng))16. Our young must be taught that racial peculiarity do exist, but that beneath the skin, beyond the differing features and into the true heart of being, fundamentally we are more alike, my friend, than we are unlike.-Maya Angelou.P326年輕人必須知道種族獨(dú)特性確實(shí)存在，姑且不論膚色，不論各自的不同點(diǎn)，單從

36、人們真實(shí)的內(nèi)心世界就可以看出，本質(zhì)上與其說我們不同，不如說我們彼此相同。(此句介詞短語(yǔ)翻譯的不到位，略有欠缺)17. If you are not in tune with the universe, there is sickness in the heart and mind.-Navajo Saying.與世界唱反調(diào)者，其內(nèi)心必有頑疾。18. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.-Arabian Saying.P357人有健康就有了希望，有希望就擁有一切。19. No culture can liv

37、e if it attempts to be exclusive.-Mahatma Gandhi.任何排外的文化終將滅亡。20. You cannot expect to achieve new goals or move beyond your present circumstance unless you change.-Les Brown.P383惟有改變自己，一個(gè)人才能實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，甚至超越自己。諺語(yǔ)警句21. One who does not honor the penny is not worthy of the dollar.看輕一美分者不配擁有一美元。22. A penny sav

38、ed is a penny earned.聚沙成塔，水滴石穿。/省錢即賺錢。23. The quacking duck is the first to get shot.P29槍打出頭鳥。24. Strike while the iron is hot.趁熱打鐵。25. He who hesitates is lost.當(dāng)斷不斷，必受其患。26. Actions speak louder than words.行動(dòng)勝于語(yǔ)言。27. Nothing ventured, nothing gained.不入虎穴焉得虎子。28. Man does not live by bread alone.人活著

39、不能只靠面包。29. Make hay while the sun shines.曬草須乘日照時(shí)。(乘熱打鐵，勿失良機(jī))30. God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。31. Pull yourself up by your bootstraps你要重新振作起來??！Pull oneself up by ones own bootstraps直譯過來就是：“通過自己的靴帶站起身來”，這個(gè)短語(yǔ)的正確意思是：“不依靠他人，經(jīng)過自己的努力來改善不良的處境”。因此，當(dāng)美國(guó)人說Pull yourself up by your bootstraps.時(shí)，他/她要表

40、達(dá)的意思就是:Cheer up by your own strength.、Pull yourself together.、Get rid of the bad state by your own struggle.32. No pain, no gain.一分耕耘一分收獲。/不勞而無獲。33. A mans home is his castle.一個(gè)人的家就是他的城堡。U.S. a proverbial expression of personal privacy and security.34. The squeaky wheel gets the grease. 吱吱叫的輪子先上油。/會(huì)

41、哭的孩子有奶吃。to convey the idea that the most noticeable (or loudest) problems are the ones most likely to get attention. It is alternately expressed as The squeaky wheel gets the oil.35. Variety is the spice of life.變化是生活的調(diào)味品。變化乃是生活的情趣。Diversity makes life interesting, as in Jim dates a different girl e

42、very week variety is the spice of life, he claims . This phrase comes from William Cowpers poem, The Task (1785): Variety is the very spice of life, That gives it all its flavor. Changes and new experiences make life delightful. 36. Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.壞事不過二。Proverb an un

43、usual situation or event is unlikely to happen again in exactly the same circumstances or to the same person.The same misfortune will never recur, as in Go ahead and try your luck investing in options again; lightning never strikes twice . This saying is based on a long-standing myth, which has been

44、 proved to be untrue. Nevertheless, it is so well known it is often shortened, as in the example. Mid-1800s 37.There is more than one way to skin a cat.解決事情的方法不止一種。A problem generally has more than one solution.38. God gave us the nuts but he doesnt crack them. 上帝給予我們美好的未來,但需要我們自己去奮斗。39.What you can

45、 do today,dont postpone until tomorrow.今日事今日畢。40.To know the road ahead,ask those coming back.P30欲知前方事,且問過來人。41.One does not make the wind,but is blown by it.順天者昌,逆天者亡。42.Since we cannot get what we like,let us like what we get.與其失去喜歡的，不如喜歡擁有的。43.Man proposes and God disposes.成事在人，謀事在天。44.Fall seven

46、 times, stand up eight.永不言敗。永不放棄。45.A mans tongue is his sword.言辭即匕首。46. Those who know do not speak and those who speak do not know.知者不言，言者不慧。47. Even in paradise, its not good to be alone.即使在天堂，人們總是聚集在一起。48. A table is not blessed if it has fed no scholars.不服務(wù)學(xué)者的桌子不值得擁有。49. When spider webs unite,

47、 they can tie up a lion. 蛛網(wǎng)聯(lián)結(jié)可束縛雄獅。 50.A single arrow is easily broken,but not a bunch.一箭易折，一束難折。51.A single hand cannot lift the calabash to the head.單手難以提起葫蘆頭。52.A harsh word dropped from the tongue cannot be brought back by a coach and six horses.一個(gè)人所說的難聽的話即使用一輛有六匹馬的馬車也難以收回。53.The spit aimed at t

48、he sky comes back to one.害人反害己。54.Kick a stone in anger and harm your own foot.憤怒的踢石頭反而傷害自己的腳。55 .Sweep only in front of your own door.各掃自家門前雪。56.He who stirs anothers porridge often burns his own.愛管閑事的人沒有好下場(chǎng)57.A zebra does not despise its stripes.知識(shí)(智慧)比珠寶更好.斑馬不會(huì)小看它身上的條紋。58.I dance to the tune that

49、 is played.我隨著曲子起舞。59.The candle of someone who lies almost always burns just to midnight.說謊者必半路敗露其真面孔。P3160.A house without an elderly person is like an orchard without a well.沒有老者(長(zhǎng)輩)的房子好比只有枯井的果園。P7261.Dont beat around the bush.不要拐彎抹角了。62.Tell it like it is.P218實(shí)話實(shí)說.63.Ones face is the mirror of o

50、nes soul.臉是反映靈魂的鏡子。P25964.The eyes indicate the antiquity of the soul.眼睛能反映心靈的深度。65.Thou tellst me there is murder in mine eye.我從你的眼中看出一股殺氣。66.Just give me the bottom line.說個(gè)截止期限吧。67.Dont put off until tomorrow what you can do today.今日事今日畢。填空題Chapter 1 P461 Intercultural communication presents you w

51、ith a challenge you must meet if you are to become an effective communicator in todays world.2 New and improved technology, growth in the worlds population, and shifts in the global economic arena have contributed to increased international contacts.Everyone worldwide will be affected by and need to

52、 communicate about finite natural resources and the environment to help reduce and avoid international conflict.3 Domestic contacts are increasing because new immigrants and co-cultures are growing in numbers.4 Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions an

53、d symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.5 All cultures have a dominant or national culture that is normally defined by examining the people who control the power within the culture.6 Co-cultural communication is communication between members who hold two or more diverge

54、nt cultural experiences that might influence the communication process.7 Communication accomplishes many interpersonal needs, helps establish personal identities, and has an influence on people.8 Communication is a dynamic process in which people attempt to share their internal states with other peo

55、ple through the use of symbols.9 Communication is dynamic, symbolic, contextual, self-reflective, learned, and has a consequence. 10 Culture and communication are so intertwined that it is easy to think that culture is communication and communication is culture.11 Culture is a set of human-made obje

56、ctive and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival.12 Culture seeks to inform its members what to expect from life, and therefore reduces confusion and helps them predict what to expect from life.13 The elements that compose a culture are history, religion, val

57、ues, social organizations, and language.14 Culture is learned, shared, and transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols and a dynamic and integrated system.15 Some of the problems with studying intercultural communication involve individual uniqueness, stereotyping, lack of objectivity, and viewing communication as a cure-all. Chapter 2 P95-961 The deep structures of a culture, which include such elements as fa