市場營銷專業(yè)詞匯中英文對照表

1、市場營銷專業(yè)詞匯中英文對照表marketing management營銷管理new products development新產(chǎn)品開發(fā) service industry marketing服務(wù)業(yè)營銷advertising廣告business negotiation商業(yè)談判international marketing國際市場營銷sales channels銷售渠道public relationship公共關(guān)系consumer behavior消費(fèi)者行為systems of management information管理信息系統(tǒng)marketing research營銷調(diào)研accesibilit

2、y 可進(jìn)入性accessory equipment markets 附屬設(shè)備市場account management policies 客戶管理策略positioning定位additions to existing product lines 現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品線的增加administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直營銷系統(tǒng)market segmentation市場細(xì)分sales promotion銷售促進(jìn)advertising feedback 廣告反饋advertising frequency 廣告頻率advertising media 廣告媒體adver

3、tising reach 廣告接受人數(shù)advertising message 廣告信息advertising source 廣告信息來源agent middleman 代理商allowance 折讓alteration 退換american marketing association 美國營銷協(xié)會annual marketing plan 年度營銷計(jì)劃assurance 保證attitudes of consumers 消費(fèi)者態(tài)度availability 可獲得性/供貨能力awareness （產(chǎn)品）知曉度/知名度baby boomers 嬰兒潮出生的一代人backward channels

4、for recycling 回收的后向渠道backward integration 后向垂直一體化banner advertisements 橫幅標(biāo)語廣告bar codes 條形碼barter 實(shí)物交易basic physical needs 基本生理需要bcg grow-share matrix 波士頓增長-份額矩陣before tests 事前測試behavior scan information resources inc. 行為掃描信息源公司behavioural analysis 行為分析behavioural hierarchies 行為層級benchmarking 基準(zhǔn)benef

5、it clusters 利益群體benefits 利益benz 奔馳billing 帳單birth rate 出生率blanket purchase order 一攬子采購合同blind-paired comparison testing 雙盲比較測試blue collars 藍(lán)領(lǐng)bottom line 底線/盈虧一覽結(jié)算線brand awareness 品牌意識/認(rèn)知brand extensions 品牌擴(kuò)展brand loyalty 品牌忠誠度brand mark 品牌標(biāo)志brand name 品牌名稱brand positioning 品牌定位brand recognition 品牌識別

6、brand strategies 品牌戰(zhàn)略brand 品牌branding strategy 品牌化戰(zhàn)略branding 品牌化brands equity 品牌的價(jià)值break-even analysis 盈虧平衡分析break-even volume 盈虧平衡產(chǎn)量breath of product assortment 產(chǎn)品線的寬度breath or diversity of product lines 產(chǎn)品線的寬度或多樣性bribery 賄賂british airways 英國航空公司brokers 經(jīng)紀(jì)人budgeting 預(yù)算bundle 捆綁bureau of census 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)

7、局busines strength rating 商業(yè)能力評分business plan 商業(yè)計(jì)劃business position 經(jīng)營地位business sector 商業(yè)部門business services markets 商業(yè)服務(wù)市場business strategies 經(jīng)營戰(zhàn)略business unit strategy 經(jīng)營單位戰(zhàn)略buyback allowances 回購折讓buyback arrangements 產(chǎn)品返銷buyers bargaining power 買方的討價(jià)還價(jià)能力buyers 采購者buying behavior 購買行為buying center

8、 采購中心buying inertia 購買慣性buying intention 購買意圖buying offices 連鎖商店的進(jìn)貨中心buying power indes (bpi) 購買力指數(shù)buying situation 采購情況/類型buying task 采購任務(wù)capital gains 資本收益capital invested in product 產(chǎn)品投入資本carnival 嘉年華cash cows 現(xiàn)金牛類cash discounts 現(xiàn)金折扣catalogue sales 目錄銷售categorization of perception 感知分類categorizat

9、ion 分門別類centralization 集中化chameleons/followers 變色龍/跟隨者channel alternatives 可選擇的營銷渠道channel conflicts 渠道沖突channel decisions 渠道決策channel functions 渠道功能channel institutions 渠道組織結(jié)構(gòu)channel management 渠道管理channel objectives 渠道目標(biāo)channel of distribution 分銷渠道channel power 渠道權(quán)力channel-control strategies 渠道控制戰(zhàn)

10、略channel-design decisions 渠道設(shè)計(jì)決策channel-management decisions 渠道管理決策channels of communication 傳播渠道choice criteria 選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)closing a sale 結(jié)束銷售clothing retailers 服裝零售商co-branding 聯(lián)合品牌code of ethics （職業(yè)）道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)coercive power 強(qiáng)制權(quán)cognitive dissonance 認(rèn)識的不協(xié)調(diào)collection of data 數(shù)據(jù)收集collection 收款co-marketing allianc

11、es 聯(lián)合營銷聯(lián)盟combination compensation plan 結(jié)合式薪酬方案commitment 承諾communication channels 傳播渠道communication process 傳播過程communication 信息交流/溝通communications media 傳播媒體company personnel 公司員工comparative advertisements 比較廣告comparison of brands 品牌比較compensation deals 補(bǔ)償處理compensation plan 酬金方案compensation/reward

12、s 酬金/獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)compensatory 補(bǔ)償性的competition and industry evolution 競爭和行業(yè)演變competition-orientated pricing 競爭導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法competitive advantage 競爭優(yōu)勢competitive (supply-side) evolution 競爭（供方）演變competitive factors 競爭因素competitive intelligence 競爭情報(bào)/信息competitive parity promotion budgeting 競爭均勢促銷預(yù)算法competitive strategy 競

13、爭戰(zhàn)略competitive strength 競爭優(yōu)勢/能力competitor analysis 競爭者分析complaint handling 投訴處理component materials and parts markets 組成材料和零部件市場computerized ordering 計(jì)算機(jī)化的訂購conclusive research 確定性研究conditions of demand 需求情況conflict and resolution strategies 沖突和解決戰(zhàn)略conformance to specifications 與規(guī)格一致conformance 一致性co

14、nfrontation strategy 對抗戰(zhàn)略conjoint measurement 聯(lián)合測度法conjunctive model 聯(lián)合模型consumer decision-making 消費(fèi)者（購買）決策consumer goods channels 消費(fèi)品分銷渠道consumer goods pricing act, usa 美國消費(fèi)品定價(jià)法案consumer goods 消費(fèi)品consumer markets 消費(fèi)品市場consumer needs 消費(fèi)者需求consumer packaged-goods firms 消費(fèi)者包裝食品公司consumer promotion 消費(fèi)者

15、促銷consumer tests 消費(fèi)者測試consumer/household market 消費(fèi)者/家庭市場consumers perceptions 消費(fèi)者感知consumption 消費(fèi)contests 競賽contingency planning 權(quán)變計(jì)劃contract construction 契約建筑業(yè)contract manufacturing 契約制造業(yè)contraction/strategic withdrawal strategy 收縮/戰(zhàn)略性撤退戰(zhàn)略contractual entry modes 契約式進(jìn)入模式contractual vertical marketin

16、g systems 合約式垂直營銷系統(tǒng)contribution margin analysis 邊際貢獻(xiàn)（貢獻(xiàn)毛利）分析contributrion margin 邊際貢獻(xiàn)control strategies 控制戰(zhàn)略convenience food stores 便利食品商店convenience goods 便利品convenience 服務(wù)的便利性cool whip 清涼維普co-operative advertising 合作性廣告co-ordination and conflict resolution 協(xié)調(diào)與沖突解決co-production 合作生產(chǎn)core benefit pro

17、position (cbp) 核心利益方案/提議corollary-data method 推定數(shù)據(jù)法corporate hq 公司總部corporate scope 公司（經(jīng)營）范圍corporate strategy 公司戰(zhàn)略corporate vertical marketing systems 公司式垂直營銷系統(tǒng)corporate/institutional advertising 團(tuán)體/社會公共機(jī)構(gòu)廣告corrective action 矯正行動(dòng)cost analysis 成本分析cost effectiveness 成本有效性cost leadership strategy 成本領(lǐng)

18、先戰(zhàn)略cost of capital 資本成本cost of goods sold (cogs) 產(chǎn)品銷售成本cost reductions 降低成本產(chǎn)品cost-and-volume relationship 成本-數(shù)量關(guān)系cost-oriented pricing 成本導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法cost-plus/mark-up pricing 成本加成/溢價(jià)定價(jià)法costs and benefits of marketing functions 營銷職能的成本和效益costs of competitors 競爭者成本costs of distribution 分銷成本countertrade 對等貿(mào)易c

19、oupons 優(yōu)惠券courtesy 禮貌coverage of geographic market 地域性市場的范圍coverage of relevant retailers 相關(guān)零售商的銷售范圍credibility 信譽(yù)credit terms 信貸條款critical assumptions 關(guān)鍵假設(shè)cross-elasticity 交叉彈性customary pricing 習(xí)慣性定價(jià)法customer analysis 顧客分析customer contact 顧客接觸customer demand 顧客需求customer intimacy 顧客親密度customer loya

20、lty 顧客忠誠度customer need 顧客需要customer organization of sales force 按客戶組織銷售隊(duì)伍customer retention 顧客維系/保留customer satisfaction 顧客滿意度customer segment pricing 顧客細(xì)分市場定價(jià)customer service 顧客服務(wù)customer-oriented pricing 顧客導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法customers perception 顧客感知customers preferences 顧客偏好customers price sensitivity 顧客的價(jià)格敏感度

21、customizing 定制data collection 數(shù)據(jù)收集data confidentiality 數(shù)據(jù)保密data research 數(shù)據(jù)研究data sources 數(shù)據(jù)來源dealers 經(jīng)銷商deceptive advertisements 欺騙性廣告deciders 決策者declining markets 衰退市場decoding 解碼defect rate 缺陷率defender strategy 防御型戰(zhàn)略defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略defensive positioning 防御性定位de

22、livery time 交付時(shí)間delivery 配送demand characteristics 需求特征demand curve 需求曲線demand-oriented pricing 需求導(dǎo)向定價(jià)法demographic environment 人口統(tǒng)計(jì)環(huán)境department stores 百貨商店dependability 可靠性deregulation 放松管制derived demand 衍生需求descriptive research 描述性研究design decisions 設(shè)計(jì)決策desired percentage mark-up on retail 預(yù)期零售利潤率de

23、sired percentage return 預(yù)期回報(bào)率determinant attributes 關(guān)鍵屬性determinants 決定因素different responses 差別反應(yīng)differentiated defender strategy 差異化防御戰(zhàn)略differentiated marketing 差異化營銷differentiation over time 不同時(shí)間的差異differentiation strategy 差異化戰(zhàn)略differentiation 差異化diffusion of innovation theory 創(chuàng)新擴(kuò)散理論dimension 因素di

24、mensions of quality 質(zhì)量維度direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析direct mail 直接郵寄direct marketing via advertising media 通過廣告媒體的直接營銷direct marketing 直接營銷direct product profitability (dpp) 直接產(chǎn)品盈利性/利潤率direct selling 直銷discount rate 貼現(xiàn)率discount stores 折扣商店discount 折扣discount/premium price policies

25、 折扣/溢價(jià)策略discriminant analysis 差異分析法discriminatory adjustments 歧視價(jià)格調(diào)整discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧視定價(jià)調(diào)整disjunctive model 分離模型display space 陳列空間disposable income 可支配收入dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和諧-歸屬層次結(jié)構(gòu)distribution channel designs 分銷渠道設(shè)計(jì)distribution channel objectives 分銷渠道的目標(biāo)distributio

26、n channel 分銷渠道distribution decisions 分銷決策distribution policies 分銷策略distribution 分銷distributor/store (private lables) brands 分銷商/私有品牌distributors 分銷商diversification 多元化divest 撤退divest 出讓divestment or liquidation 收回投資或清算dividend 紅利dogs 瘦狗類domestic target marketing strategies 國內(nèi)目標(biāo)市場定位的營銷戰(zhàn)略dropping prod

27、ucts 放棄產(chǎn)品dry cleaning 干洗dual/two channel distribution systems 雙重分銷系統(tǒng)duplication （媒體）重復(fù)dupont 杜邦公司durability 耐用性early vs late adoption 早期采購與后期采購earnings per share 每股收益economic and technological factors 經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)因素economic power 經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)education services 教育服務(wù)effectiveness 有效性efficiency 效

28、率emergency goods 急需品emotional appeals 情感訴求empathy 移情作用empirical evidence 經(jīng)驗(yàn)性實(shí)例empowerment 授權(quán)encoding 編碼end use 最終使用endorsement 贊同engineering （產(chǎn)品）工程設(shè)計(jì)entrepreneurial strategy 企業(yè)家戰(zhàn)略entry strategies 進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略environment and packaging disposal 環(huán)境與包裝處理environment factors 環(huán)境因素environmental scanning 環(huán)境掃描/分析envi

29、ronmental strategy 環(huán)境戰(zhàn)略establishment 機(jī)構(gòu)ethical audit （公司）倫理審計(jì)ethics of marketing 營銷倫理道德ethnic composition 種族構(gòu)成european community 歐共體evaluation and reward systems 評估與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)體系evaluation and selection of supplier 評估和選擇供應(yīng)商evaluation of alternatives 評估替代品/各種選擇evaluation of brands 品牌評估event sponsorship 事件贊助ev

30、ent 活動(dòng)everyday low-price (edlp) 天天低價(jià)evoked set 引發(fā)的組合evolution of market 市場演變exchange 交換exclusive dealing 獨(dú)家銷售exclusive distribution 獨(dú)家分銷executive summary 執(zhí)行摘要exhibition media 展示廣告媒體existing market 現(xiàn)有市場exit barriers 退出壁壘expansion path 擴(kuò)張途徑expectation measures （顧客）預(yù)期測度expectations of customers 顧客期望exp

31、ected unit sales 預(yù)計(jì)產(chǎn)量expected value 期望價(jià)值experience curve 經(jīng)驗(yàn)曲線experimental research 實(shí)驗(yàn)性研究expert power 專長權(quán)exploratory research 探索性研究export agents 出口代理（商）export jobbers 出口批發(fā)商export management company 出口管理公司export merchants 出口貿(mào)易商export 出口exporting 出口商品extended use strategy 擴(kuò)大使用戰(zhàn)略extending volume growth

32、擴(kuò)大市場份額external data sources 外部數(shù)據(jù)來源external environment 外部環(huán)境extrapolation of past sales trends 過去銷售趨勢推測法facilitating agencies 輔助/中介機(jī)構(gòu)factor analysis 因素分析法fads 時(shí)尚family branding 家族品牌family life cycle 家庭生命周期family structure 家庭結(jié)構(gòu)farm products 農(nóng)產(chǎn)品fast-moving consumer goods (fmcg) 快速變動(dòng)的消費(fèi)品fear appeals 恐懼/

33、顧慮訴求features 特征federal department stores 聯(lián)邦百貨商店federal trade code （ftc) 聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易法案fedex (federal express) 聯(lián)邦快遞feedback data 反饋數(shù)據(jù)field test marketing 實(shí)地市場測試financing 融資fisheries 漁業(yè)fit and finish 結(jié)實(shí)度與外觀fixed costs 固定成本fixed salary 固定工資flanker strategy 側(cè)翼進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)略flanker/fighting brand 戰(zhàn)斗品牌flanking and encircle

34、ment strategies 側(cè)翼進(jìn)攻與圍堵戰(zhàn)略flat organizational structure 扁平的組織結(jié)構(gòu)fob origin pricing fob產(chǎn)地定價(jià)法focus strategy 集中戰(zhàn)略followers 追隨者ford 福特公司foreign middlemen 國外中間商forestry 林業(yè)formalization 形式/規(guī)范化formulate 制定fortress/position-defence strategy 防御堡壘戰(zhàn)略fortune 財(cái)富雜志forward integration 向前一體化franchise systems 特許系統(tǒng)fran

35、chising 特許經(jīng)營free call numbers 免費(fèi)電話號碼free goods 免費(fèi)商品freight-absorption pricing 免收運(yùn)費(fèi)定價(jià)法fringe benefits 小額津貼frontal attack strategy 正面進(jìn)攻戰(zhàn)略full costing profitability analysis 全成本盈利性分析full-service wholesalers 全方位服務(wù)的批發(fā)商functional competencies and resource allocation 職能能力與資源分配functional efficiency 職能效率func

36、tional organization of sales force 按銷售職能組織銷售隊(duì)伍functional organizational structure 職能型組織結(jié)構(gòu)functional performance 功能性能functional strategy 職能戰(zhàn)略games 比賽gap 差距gatekeepers 信息傳遞者general behavioral descriptors 一般行為變量general electric (ge) 通用電氣general foods corporation 通用食品general merchandise discount chains

37、大眾商品折扣連鎖店general motors 通用汽車geodemographics 區(qū)域人口統(tǒng)計(jì)特征geographic adjustments 地理調(diào)整geographic distribution 地理分布geographical organization of sales force 按地區(qū)組織銷售隊(duì)伍gillette 吉列剔須刀global adjustments 全球調(diào)整global elite consumer segment 全球精英消費(fèi)品市場global expansion 全球擴(kuò)張global marketing control 全球營銷控制global markets

38、全球市場global niche strategy 全球機(jī)會戰(zhàn)略global standardization strategy 全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化戰(zhàn)略global teenage segment 全球青少年市場globalization 全球化global-market expansion 全球市場擴(kuò)張goals 總目標(biāo)going-rate/competitive parity pricing 競爭性平價(jià)定價(jià)法goods producers 產(chǎn)品制造商goodyear 固特異輪胎government agencies 政府機(jī)構(gòu)government buyers 政府采購者government mark

39、et 政府市場government regulation 政府管制greenhouse effect 溫室效應(yīng)grey market 灰色市場gross domestic product (gdp) 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值gross margin 毛利gross national product (gnp) 國民生產(chǎn)總值gross profit 毛利gross rating points (grps) 總級別指數(shù)group/category product manager 類別產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理growing markets 成長市場growth rate of market 市場增長率growth stage

40、of product life cycle 產(chǎn)品生命周期的成長階段growth-extension strategies 增長擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略growth-market strategies for market leaders 市場領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的市場增長戰(zhàn)略growth-market strategy 成長性市場戰(zhàn)略growth-market targeting strategy 成長性市場定位戰(zhàn)略guarantee/warranty 保證/擔(dān)保guarantees 保證gucci 古琦（世界著名時(shí)裝品牌）haagen-dazs 哈根達(dá)斯hard technology 硬技術(shù)harvard busines

41、s review 哈佛商業(yè)評論harvest 收獲harvesting pricing 收獲定價(jià)法harvesting strategy 收獲戰(zhàn)略health care 醫(yī)療保健health maintenance organizations (hmos) （美國）衛(wèi)生保健組織heavy buyer 大客戶heileman brewing companyheinz 亨氏食品helpfulness 有益性henkel 漢高h(yuǎn)ertz 赫茲（美國汽車租賃巨頭）hewlett-packard 惠普公司hierarchy of strategy 戰(zhàn)略的層次high margin/low-turnove

42、r retailers 高利潤/低周轉(zhuǎn)率的零售商high market share global strategy 高市場份額全球戰(zhàn)略high-contact service system 高接觸服務(wù)系統(tǒng)high-involvement product 高參與產(chǎn)品high-involvement purchase 高參與購買hight market share 高市場份額戰(zhàn)略hilton 希爾頓holiday inns 假日旅館homogeneous market 同質(zhì)市場honda 本田household/family life cycle 家庭生命周期household 家庭hybrid

43、technology 混合技術(shù)idea generation 創(chuàng)意的產(chǎn)生/生成ideas for new products 新產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)意/構(gòu)想idea-screening process 創(chuàng)意篩選過程identification of segments 識別細(xì)分市場illinois tool works 伊利諾斯工具廠image pricing 形象定價(jià)imitative positioning 模仿定位imitative strategy 模仿戰(zhàn)略impact evaluation 影響評估impersonal sources 非個(gè)人的信息來源implementation and contro

44、l of marketing programs 營銷計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行和控制implementation 實(shí)施improvements in or revisions of existing products 現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品的改良或修正impulse buying 沖動(dòng)購買impulse goods 沖動(dòng)購買品incentives 激勵(lì)income 收入increased penetration strategy 增加滲透戰(zhàn)略indirect costing profitability analysis 間接成本盈利性分析individual brand 個(gè)別品牌individual value 個(gè)人價(jià)值i

45、ndustrial goods & services 工業(yè)產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)industrial goods channels 工業(yè)品分銷渠道industry attractiveness 行業(yè)吸引力industry attractiveness-business position matrix 行業(yè)吸引力-業(yè)務(wù)地位矩陣industry dynamics 產(chǎn)業(yè)動(dòng)態(tài)industry evaluation 產(chǎn)業(yè)評估industry evolution 產(chǎn)業(yè)演變inelastic 缺乏價(jià)格彈性influencers 影響者infocommunications industry 信息通信行業(yè)infomerci

46、als 商業(yè)信息廣告information age 信息時(shí)代information search 信息搜集information technology 信息技術(shù)information 信息informative 告知性的ingredient 成份in-home personal interview 個(gè)人家庭訪談in-house use tests 內(nèi)部使用測試innovation 創(chuàng)新innovativeness 創(chuàng)新性installation 設(shè)施in-store display 店內(nèi)展示in-store positioning 店內(nèi)布局in-store promotion 店內(nèi)促銷inta

47、ngibles 無形integrated marketing communication plan (imc) 整合營銷傳播計(jì)劃integration of perception 感知整合integration 整合intel 因特爾intensity of market position 市場地位的集中程度intensity 集中程度intensive distribution 密集型分銷interactions across multiple target markets 多目標(biāo)市場間的相互作用interactive media 交互式媒體interest rates 利率internal

48、 data sources 內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)來源internal marketing 內(nèi)部營銷internal organizational structure 內(nèi)部組織結(jié)構(gòu)international advertising 國際廣告international channels 國際分銷渠道international division 國際分部international marketing 國際營銷international organizational design 國際組織設(shè)計(jì)internationalization of services 服務(wù)的國際化introductory stage of

49、product life cycle 產(chǎn)品生命周期的推出階段inventory level 庫存水平investor relations advertising 投資關(guān)系廣告issue advertising 觀點(diǎn)廣告jobbers 批發(fā)商johnson & johnson 強(qiáng)生joint ventures 合資jury of executive opinion 行政管理人員群體意見法just noticeable difference (jnd) 恰巧注意到的差異just-in-time (jit) management system 準(zhǔn)時(shí)制管理體系just-in-time purchasi

50、ng arrangements 及key account management 主要客戶管理key accounts 關(guān)鍵客戶key benefits 核心利益key environmental issue identification 確定主要的環(huán)境問題key variables 關(guān)鍵變量key/house accounts 關(guān)鍵/機(jī)構(gòu)客戶laboratory tests 實(shí)驗(yàn)室測試leapfrog strategy 蛙跳戰(zhàn)略learning hierarchy 學(xué)習(xí)層級結(jié)構(gòu)legal services 法律服務(wù)legislation 立法legitimate power 法定權(quán)l(xiāng)evel

51、of compensation 酬金水平level of technical sophistication 技術(shù)的復(fù)雜程度levi strauss 李維史特勞斯levis 列維斯（全球最大的牛仔服制造商）lexicographic model 詞典編纂模型lifestyle 生活方式limited-service wholesalers 有限服務(wù)的批發(fā)商line extension 產(chǎn)品線擴(kuò)展line filling 產(chǎn)品線填充line stretching 產(chǎn)品線延伸list price 訂價(jià)lloyds of london 倫敦勞埃德保險(xiǎn)公司localizaiton strategy 本地

52、化戰(zhàn)略location pricing 場所定價(jià)location 位置lodging 房屋出租logistical alliances 后勤聯(lián)盟long-term memory 長期記憶lost customer 失去的顧客louis vuitton 路易威登（法國著名時(shí)尚品牌）low-contact service system 低接觸服務(wù)系統(tǒng)low-cost defender 低成本防御型low-cost position 低成本地位low-involvement hierarchy 低參與程度層級結(jié)構(gòu)macro risks 宏觀風(fēng)險(xiǎn)macroenvironment 宏觀環(huán)境macrose

53、gmentation 宏觀細(xì)分mail-order retailers 郵購零售商maintaining market share 保持市場份額maintenance strategy 保持戰(zhàn)略management overhead 管理費(fèi)mandatory adaptation 強(qiáng)制性適應(yīng)manufacturer brand 制造商/全國性品牌manufacturers agents/representatives 生產(chǎn)商的代理商/銷售代表manufacturers export agents (mea) 制造商出口代理manufacturers sales offices/branches

54、 生產(chǎn)商的銷售辦事處/分支機(jī)構(gòu)manufacturing process 制造過程manufacturing 制造業(yè)market aggregation strategy 整體市場戰(zhàn)略market attractiveness factors 市場吸引力因素market attractiveness 市場吸引力market attractiveness/business position matrix 市場吸引力/業(yè)務(wù)地位矩陣market circumstances 市場環(huán)境market demorgraphics 市場人口分布/統(tǒng)計(jì)特征market dimension 市場量度market

55、entry strategies 市場進(jìn)入戰(zhàn)略market exclusion 市場排斥market expansion strategy 市場擴(kuò)張戰(zhàn)略market factors 市場因素market followers 市場跟隨者market growth rate 市場增長率market hirarchy 市場等級market inclusion 市場納入market leaders 市場領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者market measurement 市場測量market opportunity analysis 市場機(jī)會分析market oriented 以市場為導(dǎo)向的market position factors 市場地位因素market positioning analysis 市場定位分析market potential measurements 市場潛力測度market research 市場研究market segment 細(xì)分市場market segmentation 市場細(xì)分market share 市場份額m