英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法英語(yǔ)核心語(yǔ)法總結(jié)材料

1、目錄一、句子成分與基本結(jié)構(gòu)(包括時(shí)態(tài)）1二、不定式5三、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)29一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的特例29一般過去時(shí)的注意點(diǎn)30一般將來時(shí)的注意點(diǎn)30四、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞31五、復(fù)合式謂語(yǔ)41六、動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣45七、狀語(yǔ)從句501、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句502.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句523、原因狀語(yǔ)從句524條件狀語(yǔ)從句535讓步狀語(yǔ)從句546目的狀語(yǔ)從句547結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句558方式狀語(yǔ)從句56一、句子成分與基本結(jié)構(gòu)(包括時(shí)態(tài)）主語(yǔ) subject謂語(yǔ) predicate賓語(yǔ) object賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) object complement表語(yǔ) predictive定語(yǔ) attributive狀語(yǔ) adverbialWARM-UP：

2、1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上這些形式都不能構(gòu)成英語(yǔ)句子。英語(yǔ)句子(sentence)=主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)（核心：主動(dòng)詞）I八大成分的概念和構(gòu)成1主語(yǔ)(名詞代詞形)：句子的主體，是謂語(yǔ)陳述，說明的對(duì)象。If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the ra

3、in.不經(jīng)歷風(fēng)雨，怎么見彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘訣在于從磨練開始，并要堅(jiān)持不斷磨練。充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)的形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語(yǔ)4）名詞從句5）數(shù)詞6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介詞短語(yǔ)（少見） 形式主語(yǔ)（名詞從句，不定式，動(dòng)名詞）（見第六講主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)）2謂語(yǔ)：表示主語(yǔ)的行為或進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)。I have a dream.You dont always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需

4、。謂語(yǔ)形式：動(dòng)詞（英語(yǔ)句子的靈魂）3賓語(yǔ)：行為或活動(dòng)的對(duì)象，接受者或受影響者。You dont find opportunitiesyou make them.你找不到機(jī)會(huì)。你得去創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)。You probably wont hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常開著電視，你就可能聽不到機(jī)會(huì)的敲門聲。充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語(yǔ)4）名詞從句5）數(shù)詞6）不定式7）-ing形式 形式賓語(yǔ)（名詞從句，不定式，動(dòng)名詞）（見第六講主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)）4表語(yǔ)：說明主語(yǔ)的身份和情況。(跟在系動(dòng)詞后)Time is mone

5、y.Three oclock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事，三點(diǎn)鐘總是太早或太遲。構(gòu)成形式：1）名詞2）形容詞3）代詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）ing形式7）過去分詞8）副詞9）介詞短語(yǔ)10）小品詞11）名詞從句5補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：補(bǔ)充說明。（由動(dòng)詞類別來決定）構(gòu)成形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）形容詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）過去分詞8）介詞短語(yǔ)9）副詞小品詞10）名詞從句主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)Tom was made monitor.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)I made Tom monitor.表語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)I am sure to

6、 succeed.6. 定語(yǔ)：對(duì)名詞性形式進(jìn)行范圍限定。This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of musicgood and bad.自古音樂分兩種，好的和壞的。構(gòu)成形式：1）限定詞2）形容詞3）名詞4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）過去分詞8）介詞短語(yǔ)9）副詞10）關(guān)系從句7. 同位語(yǔ)：對(duì)被修飾對(duì)象進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明或進(jìn)一步解釋。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.構(gòu)成形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語(yǔ)4）數(shù)詞5）不定式6）-ing形式7）名詞從句8. 狀語(yǔ)：修飾詞，短語(yǔ)，從句和整句。位

7、置：自由自在。1）修飾性狀語(yǔ)：修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞等（時(shí)間，地點(diǎn)，肯定，否定，程度，頻度，方式，伴隨，原因，目的，比較等）。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家時(shí)，家才最感親切。2）連接性狀語(yǔ)：連接上下文（順序，遞進(jìn)，轉(zhuǎn)折，讓步，結(jié)果，推論，比較）。First comes spring, then summer.Ive never been to America, therefore I dont know m

8、uch about it.3)評(píng)述性狀語(yǔ)：修飾整個(gè)句子，表示說話人的看法或態(tài)度。Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.英語(yǔ)句子成分歌英語(yǔ)句子八呀八大塊， 主謂賓表真呀真實(shí)在；補(bǔ)語(yǔ)跟著賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)跑， 定語(yǔ)同位（語(yǔ)）專把名詞踹。狀語(yǔ)的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左隨心所欲擺。渾身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后亂竄它還會(huì)加塞。（RAP）II成分關(guān)系1補(bǔ)語(yǔ)跟著賓語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)跑：補(bǔ)語(yǔ)跟在賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的后面構(gòu)成賓補(bǔ)和表補(bǔ)。把有賓補(bǔ)的句子變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，則賓補(bǔ)就變成了主補(bǔ)。To love others makes us happyto love ourselves makes u

9、s lonely.（賓補(bǔ)）We are made happy to love otherswe are made lonely to love ourselves.（主補(bǔ)）愛他人使我們幸福，在自己使我們孤單。2定語(yǔ)，同位（語(yǔ)）專把名詞踹：定語(yǔ)，同位語(yǔ)修飾名詞性形式Experience is the best teacher.（被定語(yǔ)所修飾的形式為名詞）They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.（同位語(yǔ)所修飾的形式為名詞）3謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞由狀語(yǔ)修飾When you reach for the stars,

10、 you may not quite get one, but you wont come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星，可能一個(gè)也摘不下；但也不會(huì)一無所獲。1、主語(yǔ)：(1)由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞用主格)、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞等充當(dāng),說明動(dòng)作是“誰(shuí)”發(fā)出的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實(shí)). /

11、 Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人類。)(2)動(dòng)詞不定式或動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)可用it代替,而不定式或動(dòng)名詞移至表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之后。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長(zhǎng)途旅行中能有個(gè)甲等座位簡(jiǎn)直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對(duì)你的身體不利。)(3)口語(yǔ)中常見主語(yǔ)或“主

12、-系”省略：(It is) nothing. (那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesnt matter. (那)沒有關(guān)系。) / (I) thank you. (我)謝謝你。)(4)反意問句的附加問句,主語(yǔ)必須是代詞：The man looks worried,doesnt he? (這個(gè)人看上去很著急不是嗎？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, arent they? (老虎是危險(xiǎn)的動(dòng)物不是嗎？)(5)祈使句一般省略主語(yǔ)。加主語(yǔ)時(shí)往往用來指定某個(gè)人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請(qǐng)保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主

13、語(yǔ)) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)(6)主語(yǔ)一般在句首,但在問句中會(huì)處于第二位和句尾；倒裝句及there be句型主語(yǔ)在動(dòng)詞之后。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們?cè)谀膬海? / Does the boy like staying home? (這個(gè)男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎？)(7)主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)必須保持單、復(fù)數(shù)的一致, 而謂語(yǔ)與表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)之間沒有這一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has

14、passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個(gè)勤勞勇敢的民族。)2、謂語(yǔ)：(1)由“不及物動(dòng)詞”、“及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)”或“系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”等構(gòu)成,說明主語(yǔ)所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰(shuí)教你們的英語(yǔ)？) / The pizza has gone bad.

15、 (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變壞。) /(2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須反映出人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)等信息,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往由下列詞語(yǔ)依序排列構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+時(shí)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+語(yǔ)態(tài)助動(dòng)詞+主要?jiǎng)釉~(不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成表)記?。褐^語(yǔ)部分第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞往往是變形動(dòng)詞。如：I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對(duì)不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He cant have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長(zhǎng)達(dá)800頁(yè)的小說。) / Something must be do

16、ne to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)二、不定式一、作主語(yǔ) 不定式作主語(yǔ) 動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種： (1)把不定式置于句首。如： To get there by bike will take us half an hour. (2)用it作形式主語(yǔ)，把真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： Itbe名詞to do Its our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How lon

17、g did it take you to finish the work? 不定式作賓語(yǔ) 以下動(dòng)詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語(yǔ)。如：agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long, manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，這些詞大部分可接that引導(dǎo)的從句。如： I decided to ask for my money back. I decided that I would ask for my money back.Whe

18、n our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)是不定式時(shí)，先用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替不定式，把不定式置于補(bǔ)語(yǔ)之后，即：主語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞it補(bǔ)語(yǔ)to do句式。如： We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well. He feels it his duty

19、to help the poor. 介詞but,except,besides+to do(do) 在這種句型中，如介詞前有動(dòng)詞do，后面應(yīng)接不帶to的不定式；如無do，則接to不定式，即帶do不帶to， 帶to不帶do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TVIt is +adj.+ to do sth 句型It is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a

20、quarter of an hour. Itbe形容詞of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)形容詞to do It seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞，如：difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,si

21、lly,stupid,wise等 表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的詞。在不定式前的sb，可看作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。這一句式有時(shí)相當(dāng)于Sb is形容詞to do句式 ，如：Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. 2.動(dòng)詞+to do（作賓語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)其實(shí)你只要把不定式(to do sth)看成一個(gè)名詞即可,它屬于五種基本句型里的主+謂+賓結(jié)構(gòu),例如 I beg to differ.我不敢茍同.能用此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有:決心decide determin學(xué)會(huì)learn想want希望expect

22、wish hope,拒絕refuse設(shè)法manage strive愿care假裝pretend,主動(dòng)ofer答應(yīng)promise選choose計(jì)劃plan,同意agree請(qǐng)求ask beg幫一幫help.為方便記憶大家把漢字連成句.另外再加上afford to do sth 承擔(dān)的起3. 在一些動(dòng)詞之后，可以在連接代詞（what/who/which)或者連接副詞（how/when/where)以及whether后面接一個(gè)帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。這種結(jié)構(gòu)是連接詞賓語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)略形式。I wonder who to invite. (= who I should invite)Show us what t

23、o do. (=what we must do)I dont know whether to answer his letter. (=此處不用if）4.不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),如帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則要把不定式放到后面,用it作形式賓語(yǔ),構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+it+賓補(bǔ)(形容詞,名詞)+不定式Hefounditverydifficulttogettosleep.他發(fā)現(xiàn)很難入睡.注意：常用此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有consider,judge,make,feel,make 等。句型四： 形容詞+ to do sth of sb to do 用來說明人的性格特征和行為表現(xiàn)的動(dòng)態(tài)形容詞與不定式連用，常用brave,carefu

24、l cruel, generous,clever, foolish, kind,modest, pilite,nice,rude,stupid,等形容詞 It is wise of you not to agree with you.It is generous of him to lend me his car,不定式作狀語(yǔ) 作目的狀語(yǔ)(1) I stayed there to see what would happen. Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor. (2)有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)，不定式前可加

25、in order或so as。如： Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not toforget it. 有時(shí)為強(qiáng)調(diào)目的狀語(yǔ)可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能這樣用。在這種句式中不定式部 分可轉(zhuǎn)換為so that,in order that,成為目的狀語(yǔ)從句，如： I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see whatwould happen. (3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容詞、過去分詞或動(dòng)詞之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,ha

26、ppy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well. 在部分形容詞后接不定式，用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，這種句型中的主語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。如：The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in. 常這樣用的形

27、容詞有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ) We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)還常用在下列句式中。如： soas to;suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到會(huì)把它寫下來。 Im not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enought

28、o The speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only to Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. tooto Im too tired to stay up longer. 但在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中，tooto并非是“太而不能”之意。如： Im only too glad to have passed the exam.考試及格我太高興了。（too修飾glad to have，相當(dāng) 于very） We have too much

29、 to learn.我們要學(xué)的太多了（不定式作定語(yǔ)）。 too.to 的用法一、too. to. 的意義 too. to 句型形式上是肯定的，但是它在意義上卻是否定的，表示太而不能。too 的后面接形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)，to 的后面接動(dòng)詞原形。too. to.句型是簡(jiǎn)單句。例如：He is too young to join the army. 他年齡太小，不能參軍。二、動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者與整個(gè)句子的主語(yǔ)不指同一人或物時(shí)，需要在動(dòng)詞不定式前加上一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)(常用for sb.)。例如：The maths problem is too difficult for m

30、e to work out. 這道數(shù)學(xué)題太難我解不出來。三、too. to. 結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)肯定的意義1. too 前面含有表示否定意義的詞，如: not, never, nothing等時(shí)，too. to. 結(jié)構(gòu)不表示否定的意義。例如：It is never too old to learn. 活到老，學(xué)到老。(要學(xué)永遠(yuǎn)都不遲。)2. 如果在too. to.這種結(jié)構(gòu)的前面出現(xiàn)了only, 不僅免去了too的否定意義，反而加強(qiáng)了too的肯定語(yǔ)氣，only too 相當(dāng)于very 或very much。例如：I shall be only too pleased to get home. 到了家我將極

31、其高興。3. too后接表示感情的形容詞，如glad, pleased, happy, sad等時(shí)，too. to.句型不再表示否定意義，而表示的是肯定意義。例如：He is too sad to hear the bad news. 聽到這個(gè)不幸的消息他太悲傷了。四、too. to. 結(jié)構(gòu)與enough.to. 結(jié)構(gòu)及so. that.結(jié)構(gòu)的相互轉(zhuǎn)換1. 將too.to.結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為enough. to. 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要注意：(1) enough 前的形容詞或副詞應(yīng)是too前面形容詞或副詞的反義詞；(2) enough. to. 句式須用否定式；(3) too. to.結(jié)構(gòu)有邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，enoug

32、h. to. 結(jié)構(gòu)也要加上邏輯主語(yǔ)。例如：She is too young to do the work. = She isnt old enough to do the work. The problem is too hard for him to work out.= The problem isnt easy enough for him to work out.2. 將too.to.結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為so. that. 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要注意：(1) so. that. 結(jié)構(gòu)是復(fù)合句，so 的后面接形容詞或副詞的原級(jí)，that的后面接從句。(2) that后面的從句要用否定形式。例如：She is

33、too young to go to school. = She is so young that she cant go to school.請(qǐng)同學(xué)們做做下列中考題，以便檢驗(yàn)?zāi)銓?duì)too. to.用法的掌握情況。變換下列句型：1. a. The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.b. The box is _ heavy_ _ _ carry. c. The box is not _ _ for me to carry.2. a. The maths problem isnt easy enough for me to work out. b. The

34、maths problem is _ difficult _ I cant work it out.c. The maths problem is _ difficult _ _ _ work out. 3. a. The book is interesting enough foreverybody to read. b. The book is _ interesting_ everybody likes to readit. Keys: 1. b. too, for me to c. light enough2. b. so, that c. too, for me to 3. b. s

35、o, that不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)，置于被修飾的名詞或代詞之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)和被修飾詞之間表示以下關(guān)系： (1)表

36、示將來的動(dòng)作（例）。 (2)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如是不及物動(dòng)詞，則需加介詞（例）。 (3)與被修飾詞之間有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，同時(shí)與句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系時(shí)，盡管有被動(dòng)含義，卻仍 用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（例）；如只有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，而無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，則需用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)（例）。 (4)不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般可轉(zhuǎn)換為定語(yǔ)從句，例to arrive=that will arrive。作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 一些及物動(dòng)詞除要求按賓語(yǔ)外，有時(shí)還需要有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，說明賓語(yǔ)的行為、狀態(tài)、特征，這時(shí)意思才相對(duì)完整。 (1)常要求不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（強(qiáng)迫），enco

37、urage,expect,fo rbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.(2)部分動(dòng)詞后常接to be形容詞、名詞短語(yǔ)等形式，有時(shí)to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),i

38、magine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School. 但當(dāng)不定式是完成式時(shí)，to不能省略，如：We consider him tohave been foolish. (3)感覺動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后用作賓補(bǔ)的不定式須省略to。 I didnt hear anyone say anything a

39、bout it. They make the students do too much homework every day. 這種句式在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too much homework every day. (4)help,know后面的to可有可無。如： Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform? Ive never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France befor

40、e. (5)部分短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后，常接不定式作賓補(bǔ)，如： You may depend on them to be there early. The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy. 常這樣用的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 不定式作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，和主語(yǔ)構(gòu)成一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如： He was not allowed to enter t

41、he classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise. 不定式短語(yǔ)還可作獨(dú)立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome. 常見的短語(yǔ)有to be exact（確切地說），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（說句對(duì)他公道的 話），to be sure（真的）等等。不定式作表語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作或?qū)韯?dòng)作；To be kind t

42、o the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ) Learning without practice is no good. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，也常用It句式。如： Its +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in d

43、im light. Its no use sitting here waiting. Its形容詞doing Its dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days. 這樣用的形容詞有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary則不適用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)用不定式 代替，如：Itsimportant for you to keep fit. There is no+doing There is no saying what will happen next. 在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)名詞后常帶賓語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于Its impossi

44、ble to結(jié)構(gòu)。 動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 不定式作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示具體動(dòng)作，常與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起；而動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)經(jīng)常表示抽象動(dòng)作，經(jīng)常不與特定的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者聯(lián)系在一起。如： Its no good eating too much fat. Its no good for you to eat so much fat. 動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，可以用名詞或代詞屬格形式作邏輯主語(yǔ)。如： Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the rules.二、作賓語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ) 以下動(dòng)詞后，只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，如：admit,appreciat

45、e,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imag ine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,dont mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town. You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm toyour health. 動(dòng)名詞作介詞的賓語(yǔ) I should go to attend the birthday c

46、elebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech? 動(dòng)名詞前的介詞有時(shí)可以省略，如：have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is no use(in)doing等。 部分動(dòng)詞后面，既可接動(dòng)詞不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，意義不變。如：begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,r

47、equire,want等。 在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被動(dòng)意義，也可接不定式，但要用被動(dòng)形式，如：Your handwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未來事件，接動(dòng)名詞表示目前正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)或一般的行為。 在下列情況下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love前有would(should)時(shí)，如：Id like to have a cup of coffee. 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞begin,continue,start等是進(jìn)行式時(shí)，如：Thestudents are st

48、arting to work on the di fficult maths problem.begin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，如：I soon began to understand what was happening. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，或帶不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如： Our teachers dont permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers dont permit us to swim in the la

49、ke. 部分動(dòng)詞后接不定式或動(dòng)名詞時(shí)，意義差別較大，應(yīng)根據(jù)句子語(yǔ)境選擇使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如： Dont forget fo post the letter for me. Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago. We regret to tell you th

50、at all of you are not invited toattend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事 doing 意味著 I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. try to do 設(shè)法盡力做某事 doing 試著做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the p

51、hysics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)） doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper. Youd better stop arguing and do as you are told. cant help doing 禁不住 to do不能幫助干 They couldnt help jumping up at the news. Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I cant help to

52、make up the room for you. go on to do 做不同的事或不同內(nèi)容的事 doing 繼續(xù)不停地做某事，指同一動(dòng)作的繼續(xù) He went on to talk about world situation.他接著又談了世界形勢(shì)。 Well go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world.leave off to do 離開某地去干什么（目的狀語(yǔ)） doing停下某事 Its time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to

53、go fishing. 三、做表語(yǔ) 動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示抽象的一般行為。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)都是不定式時(shí)，其含義一是條件，一是結(jié)果（例）。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組（例）時(shí)，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句（例），不定 式說明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 句動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，與主語(yǔ)部分可以轉(zhuǎn)換

54、，如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作 表語(yǔ)，說明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各種特征，另外，動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)還應(yīng)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別開 來。 四、作定語(yǔ)動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ) This passage can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy. 句動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)說明一種性能，即：用來的；第句為現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)常置于 被修飾詞之前，與被修飾詞之

55、間，可構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)常置于被修飾詞之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞的其它用法 疑問詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu) 疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表 語(yǔ)等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professo