法學(xué)理論論文國(guó)際海上貨物運(yùn)輸中承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任研究

1、國(guó)際海上貨物運(yùn)輸中承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任研究 國(guó)際海上貨物運(yùn)輸中承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任研究 study on the burden of proof of the carrier under the international contract of carriage of goods by sea【中文摘要】 海事訴訟是民事訴訟的分支,兩者有著共同的本質(zhì)和基本一致的制度和原則,而在海事案件當(dāng)中,海運(yùn)貨損索賠糾紛案件占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤?。由于海事案件具有歷時(shí)長(zhǎng)、國(guó)際性等特點(diǎn),造成舉證困難、事實(shí)中的真?zhèn)尾幻鳡顟B(tài)更易出現(xiàn),舉證責(zé)任分配規(guī)則便具有特別重要的意義。舉證責(zé)任無(wú)論在實(shí)體法還是在程序法理論研究及立法方面都已成

2、為各國(guó)學(xué)者和立法者關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),2008年12月11日剛剛在聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)上通過(guò)的全程或者部分海上國(guó)際貨物運(yùn)輸合同公約(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)鹿特丹規(guī)則)的第17條更是直接以“承運(yùn)人需證明(carrier roves)”的措辭對(duì)承運(yùn)人的責(zé)任進(jìn)行規(guī)定,舉證責(zé)任在國(guó)內(nèi)外海運(yùn)貨損索賠訴訟案件中的重要性不言而喻。本文針對(duì)承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任作了專(zhuān)門(mén)的探討,以期對(duì)我國(guó)的立法和實(shí)踐有所裨益。本文共包括四章。第一章介紹了舉證責(zé)任的基本內(nèi)容,包括舉證責(zé)任的概念、舉證責(zé)任的性質(zhì);以及在理論上舉證責(zé)任分配的各種學(xué)說(shuō)。第二章主要說(shuō)明了海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任的基本理論問(wèn)題。首先用一個(gè)案例引出海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人舉證責(zé)任的由來(lái),并在此基礎(chǔ)上分

3、析海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人舉證責(zé)任的特殊性,其次介紹了海牙規(guī)則、海牙維斯比規(guī)則、漢堡規(guī)則、鹿特丹規(guī)則和英美國(guó)家分別對(duì)運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任的規(guī)定。第三章是本文的重要章節(jié),本章第一部分從海上貨物運(yùn)輸貨物索賠的一般緣由上分析了海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任,比如在適航、適貨、管貨等方面的舉證責(zé)任;第二部分從承運(yùn)人的免責(zé)上分析了承運(yùn)人的舉證責(zé)任,比如火災(zāi)免責(zé)、航海過(guò)失免責(zé)、不可抗力免責(zé)等方面承運(yùn)人所負(fù)的舉證責(zé)任。第四章首先分析了國(guó)際上海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人舉證責(zé)任理論發(fā)展的現(xiàn)狀及趨勢(shì),之后在該趨勢(shì)的基礎(chǔ)上提出了對(duì)我國(guó)立法的一些完善建議?！居⑽恼?maritime litigation is a part of

4、 the civil litigation,which share the same characteristics and almost the same provisions and principles.but in maritime cases,claims for cargo damage in carriage of goods by sea have taken a major part.due to the long limitation and transnational characteristics in maritime cases,it is hard for the

5、 parties to prove and identify the troth of the cases.so dealing with maritime cases,the allocation of the burden of proof is very mportant.all the scholars and legislators throughout the world are focusing on the topic both in statute law and in rocedural law.in december 11,2008,the united nations

6、commission on international trade law just passed the united nations convention on the contracts for international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea.its article 17 directlyuse the wording as “carrier proves” to provide the liabilities of the carrier,therefore,it is obviously that the urden o

7、f prove is very important in the claims about damages caused during the international carriage of goods.this paper pecially probes on the burden of proof of the carrier,in order to do some benefits to our legislations and practices.this paper includes four chapters.the first chapter introduces the b

8、asic intents of the burden of proof,including the oncept,character of it,and then it also introduces the different theories about dividing of the burden of proof.in chapter two,it mainly explains the basic theory on the burden of proof of the carrier in the carriage of goods by sea.firstly,it ites t

9、he case to illustrate the cause of the burden of proof,and then shows some special characters of it.secondly,it nstructs the provisions about carriers burden of proof from hague rules,hague -visby rules,hamburg rules,the usa and england rules.the third chapter is the important part in this paper,at

10、the beginning,this chapter analyses the carriers concrete liability on the burden of proof from general reasons,such as seaworthiness.the following analyses the liability of the carriers burden from exclusions, such as act of god,fire. the last chapter indicates the current situation and tendency of

11、 the theory on the carriers burden of proof in the carriage of goods by sea,then it illustrates some uggestions on how to review chinese maritime legislation.【中文關(guān)鍵詞】 海事訴訟; 舉證責(zé)任; 承運(yùn)人 【英文關(guān)鍵詞】 maritime litigation; the burden of proof; carrier 【論文目錄】摘要 5-6 abstract 6-7 引言 10 一、舉證責(zé)任概述 10-14 (一) 舉證責(zé)任的概念 1

12、0-13 (二) 舉證責(zé)任的性質(zhì) 13-14 1.權(quán)利說(shuō) 13 2.義務(wù)說(shuō) 13 3.混合說(shuō) 13 4.負(fù)擔(dān)說(shuō) 13-14 二、國(guó)際海上貨物運(yùn)輸中承運(yùn)人舉證責(zé)任概述 14-20 (一) 海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人舉證責(zé)任的涵義 14-16 1.海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人承擔(dān)舉證責(zé)任的由來(lái) 14-15 2.海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人承擔(dān)舉證責(zé)任的特殊性 15-16 (二) 海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人舉證責(zé)任的相關(guān)規(guī)定 16-20 1.海牙規(guī)則、海牙-維斯比規(guī)則、漢堡規(guī)則 16-17 2.鹿特丹規(guī)則 17-18 3.美國(guó)1999年cogsa草案 18-19 4.英國(guó)法律 19-20 三、國(guó)際海上貨物運(yùn)輸承運(yùn)人舉證責(zé)任的具體適用 20-28 (一) 承運(yùn)人對(duì)貨損索賠的舉證責(zé)任 20-24 1.承運(yùn)人對(duì)船舶適航的舉證責(zé)任 20-22 2.承運(yùn)人對(duì)管貨義務(wù)的舉證責(zé)任 22-23 3.承運(yùn)人對(duì)合理繞航的舉證責(zé)任 23-24 (二) 承運(yùn)人對(duì)免責(zé)事由的舉證責(zé)任 24-28 1.承運(yùn)人對(duì)航海過(guò)失免責(zé)的舉證責(zé)任 24-25 2.承運(yùn)人對(duì)火災(zāi)免責(zé)的舉證責(zé)任 25-27 3.承運(yùn)人對(duì)海難、不可抗力、政府行為、罷工等因素免責(zé)的舉證責(zé)任 27 4.承運(yùn)人對(duì)貨物的自然特性或者固有缺陷免責(zé)的舉證責(zé)任