第一章植物纖維原料的化學(xué)成分及生物結(jié)構(gòu)[課堂課資]

1、Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 1 Tianjin University of Science ; C C 弦切面弦切面：垂直橫切面與年輪相切的切面，又稱切線切面。：垂直橫切面與年輪相切的切面，又稱切線切面。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 65 Tianjin University of Science ; Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 81 Tianjin University of Science

2、 & Technology 也可以是不再具有分生能力的細(xì)胞，這種細(xì)胞發(fā)育成長(zhǎng)也可以是不再具有分生能力的細(xì)胞，這種細(xì)胞發(fā)育成長(zhǎng) 過(guò)程中分化為執(zhí)行不同生理機(jī)能的各種永久細(xì)胞過(guò)程中分化為執(zhí)行不同生理機(jī)能的各種永久細(xì)胞 , ,其中很大其中很大 一部分細(xì)胞分化為構(gòu)成植物體基干起機(jī)械作用和輸導(dǎo)作用的一部分細(xì)胞分化為構(gòu)成植物體基干起機(jī)械作用和輸導(dǎo)作用的 永久細(xì)胞永久細(xì)胞。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 82 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 永久細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞壁隨著細(xì)胞的發(fā)育而迅速增厚，并在永久

3、細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞壁隨著細(xì)胞的發(fā)育而迅速增厚，并在 長(zhǎng)度方向延伸。在細(xì)胞停止生長(zhǎng)以后長(zhǎng)度方向延伸。在細(xì)胞停止生長(zhǎng)以后, ,細(xì)胞壁仍然繼續(xù)增厚細(xì)胞壁仍然繼續(xù)增厚, , 細(xì)胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為細(xì)胞壁物質(zhì)細(xì)胞內(nèi)物質(zhì)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)化為細(xì)胞壁物質(zhì), ,其主要化學(xué)成分是碳水其主要化學(xué)成分是碳水 化合物和木素?；衔锖湍舅?。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 83 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 圖圖1-17 1-17 木材活細(xì)胞成長(zhǎng)為植物纖維的過(guò)程木材活細(xì)胞成長(zhǎng)為植物纖維的過(guò)程 Chapter 1 The C

4、omposition and Structure of Wood 84 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 植物纖維的概念植物纖維的概念 這種失去生命機(jī)能的細(xì)長(zhǎng)銳端永久細(xì)胞稱為植物纖維。這種失去生命機(jī)能的細(xì)長(zhǎng)銳端永久細(xì)胞稱為植物纖維。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 85 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 2 2植物纖維細(xì)胞壁的構(gòu)造植物纖維細(xì)胞壁的構(gòu)造 胞間層（胞間層（Middle lamellaMiddle lamella） 初

5、生壁初生壁(Primary Wall)(Primary Wall) 次生壁次生壁(Secondary Wall)(Secondary Wall) 次生壁分外（次生壁分外（S S1 1）、中（）、中（S S2 2）、內(nèi)（）、內(nèi)（S S3 3）三層）三層 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 86 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Figure 12. Cell wall layers and organization of microfibrils in a softwood trach

6、eid Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 87 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Figure 2. Cross section of a Pine (Pinus palustris) latewood tracheid: M is the middle lamella P is the primary wall, S1, S2, and S3 are the outer, middle and inner layers of the secondary wall. Chapter

7、 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 88 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 3 3細(xì)胞壁上的紋孔細(xì)胞壁上的紋孔 細(xì)胞在次生壁增厚時(shí)，并非全面均勻的增厚，其中常留細(xì)胞在次生壁增厚時(shí)，并非全面均勻的增厚，其中常留 有不增厚的部分。這種不增厚的部分，因?yàn)榧?xì)胞壁比較薄，有不增厚的部分。這種不增厚的部分，因?yàn)榧?xì)胞壁比較薄， 在顯微鏡下觀察象一些圓形小孔，實(shí)際上并不是真正的孔，在顯微鏡下觀察象一些圓形小孔，實(shí)際上并不是真正的孔， 而是一些薄壁區(qū)域。這些薄壁區(qū)域叫做紋孔（而是一些薄壁區(qū)域。這些薄壁區(qū)域叫做紋孔（

8、PitPit）。）。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 89 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Figure 8. Cross-section of one tracheid showing bordered pits. Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 90 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 紋孔的構(gòu)造紋孔的構(gòu)造: : 具緣紋孔具緣紋孔(Bordered pit)(B

9、ordered pit) 單紋孔（單紋孔（Simple Pit )Simple Pit ) 半具緣紋孔半具緣紋孔(Half Bordered Pit(Half Bordered Pit） Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 91 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Figure 13. Profiles of pit pairs (redrawn from Haygreen and Bowyer) 紋孔室紋孔室 紋孔緣紋孔緣 紋孔口紋孔口 紋孔膜紋孔膜 紋孔托紋孔托 Chapter 1

10、 The Composition and Structure of Wood 92 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 93 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Atomic Force Microscope Image of Bordered Pit (Black Spruce wood) Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 94 Tian

11、jin University of Science & Technology Here is another structural view of a softwood bordered pit pair. Two tracheids are connected by the pit pair. The over-arching pit borders are separated by a central pit membrane which bisects the pit chamber. Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 95

12、Tianjin University of Science & Technology Here are two bordered pits which were observed with a scanning electron microscope. More detail of the structure can by seen in this picture. The two pits form a pit pair which is cut open so that we can see the inside or pit chamber. Portions of three long

13、itudinal tracheid lumens (dark areas) can be seen here. Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 96 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 4 4樹(shù)樹(shù) 木木 的的 細(xì)細(xì) 胞胞 類類 型型 （Cell Types of WoodCell Types of Wood） 形態(tài)（形態(tài)（ShapeShape）：銳端細(xì)胞和薄壁細(xì)胞；）：銳端細(xì)胞和薄壁細(xì)胞； 功能（功能（FunctionFunction）：輸導(dǎo)細(xì)胞、支撐細(xì)胞和貯藏細(xì)胞。）：輸導(dǎo)細(xì)胞、

14、支撐細(xì)胞和貯藏細(xì)胞。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 97 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 輸導(dǎo)細(xì)胞輸導(dǎo)細(xì)胞 支撐細(xì)胞支撐細(xì)胞 貯藏細(xì)胞貯藏細(xì)胞 闊葉材：闊葉材： 導(dǎo)管導(dǎo)管 木纖維木纖維 薄壁細(xì)胞薄壁細(xì)胞 針葉材：針葉材： 管胞管胞 薄壁細(xì)胞薄壁細(xì)胞 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 98 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 三針葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài)三

15、針葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài) （一）針葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu)（一）針葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu) 1 1、橫切面；、橫切面； 2 2、弦切面；、弦切面； 3 3、徑切面。、徑切面。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 99 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 100 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition

16、and Structure of Wood 101 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 102 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 103 Tianjin University of Science & Technology （二）細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài)（二）細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài) 1. 1. 管管 胞胞 占木

17、質(zhì)部細(xì)胞容積的占木質(zhì)部細(xì)胞容積的90%90%95%95%， 管胞平均長(zhǎng)度一般為管胞平均長(zhǎng)度一般為3 35mm5mm，寬為，寬為0.030.030.05mm0.05mm。 管胞壁上的紋孔大多為具緣紋孔。管胞壁上的紋孔大多為具緣紋孔。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 104 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Detail of annual ring. Earlywood and latewood fibres. Chapter 1 The Composition and Struc

18、ture of Wood 105 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Cells from a softwood. Magnification X 50 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 106 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 2.2.木木 薄薄 壁壁 組組 織織 木射線管胞和木射線薄壁細(xì)胞木射線管胞和木射線薄壁細(xì)胞 木射線細(xì)胞占木材體積的木射線細(xì)胞占木材體積的5%5%10%10%。 NorwayNorway云杉和云杉和Scots

19、Scots松木射線薄壁細(xì)胞的長(zhǎng)為：松木射線薄壁細(xì)胞的長(zhǎng)為： 0.010.010.16mm0.16mm，寬為：，寬為：2 25m5m。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 107 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 3. 3. 樹(shù)樹(shù) 脂脂 道道 樹(shù)脂道是由若干分泌細(xì)胞所圍繞成形的一種胞間樹(shù)脂道是由若干分泌細(xì)胞所圍繞成形的一種胞間 道。它不是一個(gè)細(xì)胞，也不是一個(gè)組織，而是細(xì)胞間道。它不是一個(gè)細(xì)胞，也不是一個(gè)組織，而是細(xì)胞間 隙，中間充滿樹(shù)脂。隙，中間充滿樹(shù)脂。 Chapter 1 The

20、Composition and Structure of Wood 108 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 松木樹(shù)脂道結(jié)構(gòu)圖松木樹(shù)脂道結(jié)構(gòu)圖 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 109 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 圖圖1-26 1-26 縱生樹(shù)脂道（橫切面縱生樹(shù)脂道（橫切面, , 云杉云杉） Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 110 Tianjin Univers

21、ity of Science & Technology 樹(shù)脂道樹(shù)脂道 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 111 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 四闊葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài)四闊葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu)、細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài) （一）闊葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu)（一）闊葉材的生物結(jié)構(gòu) 1 1、橫切面；、橫切面； 2 2、弦切面；、弦切面； 3 3、徑切面。、徑切面。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 112 Tianjin Univ

22、ersity of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 113 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 毛白楊橫切面毛白楊橫切面 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 114 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 115 Tianjin Univer

23、sity of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 116 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 毛白楊弦切面毛白楊弦切面 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 117 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 毛白楊徑切面毛白楊徑切面 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 118 Tia

24、njin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 119 Tianjin University of Science & Technology （二）細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài)（二）細(xì)胞類型、含量及形態(tài) 1.1.木木 纖纖 維維 2.2.管管 胞胞 3.3.導(dǎo)導(dǎo) 管管 4.4.薄壁細(xì)胞及木射線薄壁細(xì)胞薄壁細(xì)胞及木射線薄壁細(xì)胞 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 120 Tianjin University of Sc

25、ience & Technology 1 1木木 纖纖 維維 占木材的占木材的60%60%80%80% 木纖維平均纖維長(zhǎng)為：木纖維平均纖維長(zhǎng)為：1mm1mm左右，寬度一般小于左右，寬度一般小于20m20m。 紋孔多是具緣紋孔、縫隙狀、單紋孔、節(jié)狀增厚。紋孔多是具緣紋孔、縫隙狀、單紋孔、節(jié)狀增厚。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 121 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 2 2管管 胞胞 闊葉材中的管胞數(shù)量很少，但形態(tài)與針葉材的管胞闊葉材中的管胞數(shù)量很少，但形態(tài)與針葉材的管胞 相似

26、，其細(xì)胞壁上的紋孔具緣紋孔，紋孔緣明顯。相似，其細(xì)胞壁上的紋孔具緣紋孔，紋孔緣明顯。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 122 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 3 3導(dǎo)導(dǎo) 管管 導(dǎo)管是闊葉材中的水分輸導(dǎo)組織，它由一系列的導(dǎo)管細(xì)導(dǎo)管是闊葉材中的水分輸導(dǎo)組織，它由一系列的導(dǎo)管細(xì) 胞首尾相連而成；胞首尾相連而成； 依導(dǎo)管細(xì)胞壁的增厚情況不同，導(dǎo)管細(xì)胞可分為五種類依導(dǎo)管細(xì)胞壁的增厚情況不同，導(dǎo)管細(xì)胞可分為五種類 型，其形態(tài)大小等均隨木材品種而異。型，其形態(tài)大小等均隨木材品種而異。 Cha

27、pter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 123 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 124 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Eucalyptus Vessel Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 125 Tianjin University of Science & Technology

28、Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 126 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 127 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Perforation plate Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 128 Tianjin University of Science & Technolo

29、gy 4. 4. 薄壁細(xì)胞及木射線薄壁細(xì)胞薄壁細(xì)胞及木射線薄壁細(xì)胞 木射線薄壁細(xì)胞木射線薄壁細(xì)胞 薄壁細(xì)胞薄壁細(xì)胞 薄壁細(xì)胞又稱為軸向薄壁細(xì)胞薄壁細(xì)胞又稱為軸向薄壁細(xì)胞 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 129 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Figure 15. Fibers and a vessel segment of a diffuse- porous hardwood for Populus tremula Chapter 1 The Composition and S

30、tructure of Wood 130 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 131 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Figure 16. Fibers and wide and narrow vessel segments of a ring-porous hardwood, Ulmus glabra Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood

31、 132 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 133 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 五、針葉材與闊葉材生物結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別五、針葉材與闊葉材生物結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 134 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 項(xiàng)項(xiàng) 目目針針 葉葉 材材闊闊 葉葉 材材 年輪年輪 除熱

32、帶外，多數(shù)地區(qū)中年除熱帶外，多數(shù)地區(qū)中年 輪界線明顯輪界線明顯 除環(huán)孔材和部分半孔材外，不明顯除環(huán)孔材和部分半孔材外，不明顯 細(xì)胞類型細(xì)胞類型 細(xì)胞種類少，管胞占細(xì)胞種類少，管胞占9090 9595，此外僅有少量木，此外僅有少量木 射線，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單射線，結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單 細(xì)胞種類多，木纖維含量低，有導(dǎo)細(xì)胞種類多，木纖維含量低，有導(dǎo) 管、木射線及縱向薄壁細(xì)胞，還有管、木射線及縱向薄壁細(xì)胞，還有 少量的管胞，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜少量的管胞，結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜 木射線特點(diǎn)木射線特點(diǎn) 一般為單列，且為同型木一般為單列，且為同型木 射線射線 部分為單列，多數(shù)為雙列甚至多列，部分為單列，多數(shù)為雙列甚至多列， 有同型射線和異型射線有同型射

33、線和異型射線 纖維形態(tài)纖維形態(tài) 及紋孔及紋孔 較粗且長(zhǎng)，紋孔明顯較粗且長(zhǎng)，紋孔明顯又短又細(xì)，多數(shù)纖維的紋孔不明顯又短又細(xì)，多數(shù)纖維的紋孔不明顯 樹(shù)脂道樹(shù)脂道部分針葉材中有樹(shù)脂道部分針葉材中有樹(shù)脂道無(wú)樹(shù)脂道無(wú)樹(shù)脂道 纖維排列纖維排列 規(guī)則性規(guī)則性 橫切面中纖維排列規(guī)則性橫切面中纖維排列規(guī)則性 強(qiáng)，木材結(jié)構(gòu)較均勻強(qiáng)，木材結(jié)構(gòu)較均勻 受導(dǎo)管影響，纖維排列規(guī)則性不如受導(dǎo)管影響，纖維排列規(guī)則性不如 針葉材，且不同材種的規(guī)則性差別針葉材，且不同材種的規(guī)則性差別 甚大甚大 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 135 Tianjin Universi

34、ty of Science & Technology 第四節(jié)第四節(jié) 非木材纖維原料的生物結(jié)構(gòu)及細(xì)胞形態(tài)非木材纖維原料的生物結(jié)構(gòu)及細(xì)胞形態(tài) 一禾本科纖維原料一禾本科纖維原料 1 1禾稈的橫切面構(gòu)造禾稈的橫切面構(gòu)造 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 136 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 基本組織基本組織 表皮表皮 維管束維管束 莖莖 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 137 Tianjin University of S

35、cience & Technology 小麥莖結(jié)構(gòu)小麥莖結(jié)構(gòu) Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 138 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 小麥莖結(jié)構(gòu)小麥莖結(jié)構(gòu) Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 139 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 小麥莖結(jié)構(gòu)小麥莖結(jié)構(gòu) Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 140 Tianj

36、in University of Science & Technology 水稻一個(gè)維管束放大圖水稻一個(gè)維管束放大圖 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 141 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 2 2禾稈的細(xì)胞組成、形態(tài)禾稈的細(xì)胞組成、形態(tài) 纖維細(xì)胞纖維細(xì)胞 平均纖維長(zhǎng)度在平均纖維長(zhǎng)度在1.01.01.5mm1.5mm之間，平均寬度為之間，平均寬度為 101020m20m。一般纖維細(xì)胞的含量約占細(xì)胞總量的。一般纖維細(xì)胞的含量約占細(xì)胞總量的40%40%70%70% （按面積法測(cè)定）（

37、按面積法測(cè)定）。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 142 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 薄壁細(xì)胞：桿狀、長(zhǎng)方形、正方形、橢圓形、球形、薄壁細(xì)胞：桿狀、長(zhǎng)方形、正方形、橢圓形、球形、 桶形、袋狀、枕頭形等。桶形、袋狀、枕頭形等。 導(dǎo)管導(dǎo)管 表皮細(xì)胞：多呈鋸齒狀，有的是一面齒，有的是兩面表皮細(xì)胞：多呈鋸齒狀，有的是一面齒，有的是兩面 齒，也有的邊緣平滑無(wú)齒痕的。齒，也有的邊緣平滑無(wú)齒痕的。 篩管、伴胞篩管、伴胞 石細(xì)胞石細(xì)胞 Chapter 1 The Composition a

38、nd Structure of Wood 143 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 1 13 3表皮細(xì)胞；表皮細(xì)胞；4 4纖維橫切面；纖維橫切面；5 57 7纖維細(xì)胞；纖維細(xì)胞；8 81111薄壁細(xì)胞薄壁細(xì)胞 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 144 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 二半木材纖維原料二半木材纖維原料 研究表明：棉稈的解剖形態(tài)、纖維形態(tài)、化學(xué)組成和物研究表明：棉稈的解剖形態(tài)、纖維形態(tài)、化學(xué)組成和物 理性質(zhì)等，與軟闊

39、葉材相近。理性質(zhì)等，與軟闊葉材相近。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 145 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 三韌皮纖維原料三韌皮纖維原料 （一）麻類纖維原料（一）麻類纖維原料 亞麻：纖維長(zhǎng)亞麻：纖維長(zhǎng)8.08.040mm40mm，平均纖維長(zhǎng)為，平均纖維長(zhǎng)為18mm18mm左右，寬為左右，寬為 8.88.824.0m24.0m。平均寬為。平均寬為16m16m，長(zhǎng)寬比達(dá)，長(zhǎng)寬比達(dá)10001000以以 上。上。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Struc

40、ture of Wood 146 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 大麻：纖維長(zhǎng)在大麻：纖維長(zhǎng)在151525mm25mm，寬為，寬為151525m25m，長(zhǎng)寬比約，長(zhǎng)寬比約 為為10001000左右。左右。 苧麻：纖維長(zhǎng)在苧麻：纖維長(zhǎng)在120120180mm180mm，寬為，寬為202050m50m，長(zhǎng)寬比，長(zhǎng)寬比 達(dá)達(dá)20002000。 黃麻：?jiǎn)胃w維長(zhǎng)黃麻：?jiǎn)胃w維長(zhǎng)2 23mm3mm，寬為，寬為151525m25m，長(zhǎng)寬比，長(zhǎng)寬比100100 左右。左右。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure

41、of Wood 147 Tianjin University of Science & Technology （二）韌皮類纖維原料（二）韌皮類纖維原料 桑皮：纖維長(zhǎng)為桑皮：纖維長(zhǎng)為3.863.8610.80mm10.80mm，最長(zhǎng)者達(dá)，最長(zhǎng)者達(dá)21mm21mm，寬為，寬為 10.810.822.1m22.1m，平均為，平均為15.5m15.5m，長(zhǎng)寬比為，長(zhǎng)寬比為463463。 構(gòu)皮：纖維的平均長(zhǎng)度為構(gòu)皮：纖維的平均長(zhǎng)度為6.07mm6.07mm，寬度為，寬度為20.9m20.9m。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 148 Tia

42、njin University of Science & Technology 四、籽毛纖維原料四、籽毛纖維原料 棉花纖維長(zhǎng)為棉花纖維長(zhǎng)為121223mm23mm，平均長(zhǎng)為，平均長(zhǎng)為18.8mm18.8mm，寬度為，寬度為 14.714.724.5m24.5m，平均為，平均為20m20m。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 149 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 五、葉部纖維原料五、葉部纖維原料 龍舌蘭麻；龍舌蘭麻； 龍須草；龍須草； 香蕉葉；香蕉葉； 菠蘿葉。菠蘿葉。 Chap

43、ter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 150 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 151 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 龍須草 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 152 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 第五節(jié)第五節(jié) 植物纖維形態(tài)對(duì)紙

44、張性能的影響植物纖維形態(tài)對(duì)紙張性能的影響 ( (一一) )常見(jiàn)原料的細(xì)胞組成比較常見(jiàn)原料的細(xì)胞組成比較 針葉材：管胞、木射線管胞和木射線薄壁細(xì)胞；針葉材：管胞、木射線管胞和木射線薄壁細(xì)胞； 闊葉材：木闊葉材：木 纖纖 維、管維、管 胞、導(dǎo)胞、導(dǎo) 管、薄壁細(xì)胞及管、薄壁細(xì)胞及 木射線薄壁細(xì)胞；木射線薄壁細(xì)胞； 禾本科：纖維細(xì)胞、雜細(xì)胞。禾本科：纖維細(xì)胞、雜細(xì)胞。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 153 Tianjin University of Science & Technology ( (二二) )纖維形態(tài)及其與紙張性質(zhì)的關(guān)系纖

45、維形態(tài)及其與紙張性質(zhì)的關(guān)系 纖維長(zhǎng)度纖維長(zhǎng)度 1 1長(zhǎng)寬比長(zhǎng)寬比= -= - 纖維寬度纖維寬度 長(zhǎng)寬比大的纖維，成紙時(shí)單位面積中纖維之間相互長(zhǎng)寬比大的纖維，成紙時(shí)單位面積中纖維之間相互 交織的次數(shù)多，纖維分布細(xì)密，成紙強(qiáng)度高。交織的次數(shù)多，纖維分布細(xì)密，成紙強(qiáng)度高。 一般認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)寬比小于一般認(rèn)為長(zhǎng)寬比小于45的原料，應(yīng)用價(jià)值很低。的原料，應(yīng)用價(jià)值很低。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 154 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 2 2壁腔比壁腔比 2 X 2 X 細(xì)胞單壁厚度細(xì)胞單壁

46、厚度 壁腔比壁腔比 = = 細(xì)胞腔直徑細(xì)胞腔直徑 Cell wall thickness Width Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 155 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 2 X 2 X 細(xì)胞單壁厚度細(xì)胞單壁厚度 剛性系數(shù)剛性系數(shù) = = X100 X100 纖維直徑纖維直徑 細(xì)胞腔直徑細(xì)胞腔直徑 柔性系數(shù)柔性系數(shù) = = X100 X100 纖維直徑纖維直徑 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 156 Tianji

47、n University of Science & Technology 纖維的壁腔比不同，則它們的柔軟程度不同。壁腔纖維的壁腔比不同，則它們的柔軟程度不同。壁腔 比?。蠢w維的柔軟性好）的纖維，成紙時(shí)纖維間的接比小（即纖維的柔軟性好）的纖維，成紙時(shí)纖維間的接 觸面積較大，故結(jié)合力強(qiáng)，成紙的強(qiáng)度高；反之，壁腔觸面積較大，故結(jié)合力強(qiáng)，成紙的強(qiáng)度高；反之，壁腔 比大的纖維則較僵硬，成紙時(shí)纖維間的接觸面積較小，比大的纖維則較僵硬，成紙時(shí)纖維間的接觸面積較小， 結(jié)合力小，成紙的強(qiáng)度差。結(jié)合力小，成紙的強(qiáng)度差。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Woo

48、d 157 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 壁腔比壁腔比1 1 1 為劣等原料。為劣等原料。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 158 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 圖：理想的纖維結(jié)構(gòu)圖：理想的纖維結(jié)構(gòu) 厚壁纖維厚壁纖維A A與薄壁纖維與薄壁纖維B B 比較。比較。 制漿造紙工程大全制漿造紙工程大全P19P19 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 159 Tianj

49、in University of Science & Technology Paper on Close Examination Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 160 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 3 3纖維的粗度纖維的粗度(Coarseness)(Coarseness) 每每 1 0 0 m1 0 0 m 長(zhǎng) 度 的 絕 干 纖 維 的 質(zhì) 量長(zhǎng) 度 的 絕 干 纖 維 的 質(zhì) 量 ( m g )( m g ) ， 用， 用 decigrex(dg)decigrex(dg

50、)表示。表示。 W=30 CWT=5 W=40 CWT=5 W=30 CWT=10 W=40 CWT=10 Increasing Coarseness mg/m Relative amount of material in fibre Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 161 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 4. 4. 纖維的卷曲因子（纖維的卷曲因子（Form factorForm factor、Shape factor Shape factor 或或 Curl IndexCur

51、l Index） D L Form factor = D/L Shape factor= D/Lx100% Curl Index = L/D - 1 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 162 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 5. 5. 纖維柔軟性（纖維柔軟性（BendabilityBendability） Form factor = Ds/L Low flow rate Form factor at high flow rate= Db/L Bendability= Ds/L -

52、 Db/L L Db Ds Length, width Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 163 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 6. 6. 扭結(jié)指數(shù)（扭結(jié)指數(shù)（Kink index Kink index ） Measurement of angles Reported according to Kibblewhites kink index formula Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 164 Tianjin U

53、niversity of Science & Technology Principle of mechanical refining. Wood chips are fed into the refining zone where they are disintegrated between two grooved discs of which at least one is revolving. Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 165 Tianjin University of Science & Technology ( (三

54、三) )纖維形態(tài)測(cè)定纖維形態(tài)測(cè)定 1 1纖維的長(zhǎng)、寬度測(cè)定纖維的長(zhǎng)、寬度測(cè)定 臺(tái)式投影儀進(jìn)行；臺(tái)式投影儀進(jìn)行； Kajaani FS Kajaani FS （100/200/300100/200/300）型纖維質(zhì)量自動(dòng)測(cè)量?jī)x；）型纖維質(zhì)量自動(dòng)測(cè)量?jī)x； 纖維質(zhì)量分析儀（纖維質(zhì)量分析儀（FQAFQA） FibermasterFibermaster/Fibertester/Fibertester Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 166 Tianjin University of Science & Technology nni i L

55、Li i 數(shù)量平均長(zhǎng)度數(shù)量平均長(zhǎng)度 = = n ni i nni i L Li i2 2 重量平均長(zhǎng)度重量平均長(zhǎng)度 nni i L Li i n ni i L Li i3 3 二重重均纖維長(zhǎng)二重重均纖維長(zhǎng) = = n ni i L Li i2 2 n ni : i : 某級(jí)分中纖維數(shù)目； 某級(jí)分中纖維數(shù)目； L Li i： ： 某級(jí)分中纖維平均長(zhǎng)。 某級(jí)分中纖維平均長(zhǎng)。 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 167 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Kajaani 100Kajaani

56、 100纖維分析儀工作原理圖纖維分析儀工作原理圖 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 168 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Optics Module Sample out Capillary Sample in Fibre detector Detector light source (Laser) Polarizers Measurement (CCD-camera) Measurement light source LED Optics body Sample loop樣品

57、回路樣品回路 漏斗漏斗 毛細(xì)管毛細(xì)管 排出排出 Detection loop檢測(cè)回路檢測(cè)回路 激光激光 1 1st st 偏振器 偏振器 毛細(xì)管毛細(xì)管 2 2nd nd 偏振器 偏振器 纖維檢測(cè)器纖維檢測(cè)器 Measurement loop測(cè)量回路測(cè)量回路 發(fā)光二極管發(fā)光二極管 毛細(xì)管毛細(xì)管 CCD CCD 照相機(jī)照相機(jī) MeasurementMeasurement測(cè)量測(cè)量 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 169 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Chapter 1 The Co

58、mposition and Structure of Wood 170 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 2 2纖維形態(tài)的頻率分布纖維形態(tài)的頻率分布 n n 分布頻率分布頻率 X 100(%) X 100(%) n n Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 171 Tianjin University of Science & Technology 0 5 10 15 20 00.11 0.23 0.35 0.47 0.58 0.7 0.82 0.94 1.05 1.17 1.29 1

59、.41 1.52 1.64 1.76 重量纖維長(zhǎng) 分布頻率（%） 原漿板 良漿（H 型疏解 劑） Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 172 Tianjin University of Science & Technology (四)纖維粗度和細(xì)胞壁厚 對(duì)紙張性能的影響 Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 173 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Wet Fiber Flexibility Paavilainen, L.,

60、Importance of coarseness and fiber length in papermaking. Tappi International Process and Product Quality Conference, 10/1988. pp. 99 - 109. Chapter 1 The Composition and Structure of Wood 174 Tianjin University of Science & Technology Apparent Sheet Density Paavilainen, L., Importance of coarseness