成人學(xué)士學(xué)位英語考試復(fù)習(xí)資料1

1、一、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) ? 1. 如何解答時(shí)態(tài)問題 例1：youve already missed too many classes this term. you _ just last week. a. missedb. would miss c. had missedd. have missed 例2：anne asked tom _ the key. a. when he left b. where he had left c. how he left d. why did he left ? 考試重點(diǎn)： 2. 與完成時(shí)有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (have done) since, for/ in

2、 the past few months, up to now 例1：collecting toy cars as a hobby becomes increasingly popular during the past fifty years. a b c d例2：english _ in a new way at my college in the past few years. a. has been taughtb. was being taught c. has been taught d. had been taught. 過去完成時(shí) (had done) 例3：anne aske

3、d tom _ the key. a. when he left b. where he had leftc. how he left d. why did he left例4：the chemistry class_ for five minutes when we hurried there. a. had been onb. had begunc. has been on d. would began 將來完成時(shí) (will have done) by 例5：were late i expect the film_ by the time we get to the cinema. a.

4、 had already started b. have alreadyc. will already have started d. have already been started. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (have been doing) 例6：it seems oil _ from this pipe for some time. well have to take the machine apart to putit right. a. had leaked b. is leaking c. leaked d. has been leaking 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (had been doi

5、ng) ? 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(will have been doing ) 例7：by the time you arrive this evening, _for two hours. a. i will studyb. i will have been studiedc. i had studiedd. i will have been studying.3. 在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中不用將來時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí) 例1：when the mixture_, it will give off a powerful force.a. will heat b. will be heated

6、 c. is heated d. has heated 例2：please be sure to telephone me the next time you _. a. will come b. would comec. shall come d. come用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)代替將來完成時(shí) 例3：smith is to study medicine as soon as he_ military service. a. will finishb. has finished c. finishd. would finish注意： 例4：no one can be sure if the car on

7、 display fits him or her until he or she_ them. a. tries b. will try c. are tryingd. have tried 4. 考試小竅門 考試中如果遇到與完成時(shí)態(tài)相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)，要重點(diǎn)加以研讀，一般說來是正確答案。 ? ?二、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞? 1. 幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的否定式的含義 cantmay not mustntneedt2. 表示推測(cè)的幾個(gè)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法 must表示肯定的推測(cè)，意思是“一定” +do 對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)must+have done 對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè)例1：i _ asleep in the corner, for i

8、remember nothing of what happened during the night. a. might fall b. must fallc. must have fallen d. can have fallen? cant/couldt表示否定的推測(cè)，意思是“不可能”+do 對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè) cant/couldnt +have done 對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè)? may/might not表示可能性很小的推測(cè)，意思是“也許” +do 對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)may/might +have done 對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè) 3. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)虛擬語氣的用法 ? neednt have d

9、oneshould have done should not have done ought to have done could have done? 4. 考試小竅門 在遇到情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加完成時(shí)和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加原形同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的情況下，一般說來情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加完成時(shí)是正確答案。 must do must have done 三、虛擬語氣趙文通 考試重點(diǎn)： 1. 條件句中的虛擬語氣 例：i would ask george to lend us the money if i _ him. a. had known b. have known c. knew d. would know? 例：if a bett

10、er material _, the strength of the part would have been increased. a. had been used b. had been usingc. being usedd. using條件句中的虛擬語氣需要注意以下三點(diǎn)： ? ? 如果條件句中有were, had, should時(shí)，可以把if省略，然后把這三個(gè)單詞提前，形成倒裝。 例3：_ the advice of his friends, he would not have suffered such a heavy loss in his business. a. if he t

11、ookb. if he should takec. were he to taked. had he taken ? ? 含蓄條件句中虛擬語氣的應(yīng)用三級(jí)考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的三個(gè)句型： but for/without，, otherwise/or , but/though. 例：but for your help, i _ the work in time. a. did not finish b. could not finisha. will not finish d. would not have finished例：without electricity, human life _ quit

12、e different today.a. is b. will bec. would have beend. would be例：he was very busy yesterday; otherwise he_ to the meeting. a. would have come b. would come c. could come d. had come例：we would have made a lot of money, but we halfway a. gave up b. had given up c.would give up d. were to give up ? ? 錯(cuò)

13、綜時(shí)間條件句 例：if i were you, i would not have missed the film last night. ? 2. (should )+動(dòng)詞原形在某些從句中的應(yīng)用 ? 1)當(dāng)賓語從句從的謂語是suggest, request, insist, desire , demand, propose, order, command, arrange等動(dòng)詞時(shí),如: 例：i suggested that we should go there on foot. 注意:當(dāng)insist表示堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為之意時(shí), 不用虛擬語氣,用陳述語氣. 如: 例：the man insisted t

14、hat he had never stolen the money ? 2) it is ordered/desired/decided/requested/strange/important/natural/ 等后的主語從句中 例：it is desired that we should get everything ready tonight ? 3) advice, idea, order, plan, demand, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞之后的表語從句和同位語從句中.如: 例：my suggestion is that we should h

15、old a meeting this evening ? 3. wish后的賓與從句中應(yīng)當(dāng)用虛擬語氣4. if only 引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中 5. as if/as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中 6. would rather后的句子的虛擬語氣謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式 7. it is (high) time that .句型中, 從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式? 四、非謂語動(dòng)詞1. 不定式?不定式的邏輯主語 例：the road is wild enough for cars to pass by. 例：it is important for you to work hard. 例：it is kind of

16、you to help me. ?不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 例：the magnificent museum is said _ about a hundred years ago. a. to be built b. to have been builtc. to have built d. to have being built ? ?使用不帶to的不定式 1)why not do表示委婉的建議 例：why not_professor li for help? he is kind-hearted and willing to help. a. askb. you ask c. to ask d

17、. your asking? 2)使役動(dòng)詞have, make, let的后面接不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，用省to的不定式。例：the teacher has the students _ a composition every other week. a. to write b. written c. writingd. write例：while he was climbing the high mountain, he had his leg_ a. broke b. break c. brokend. breaking 例：there was so much noise that the s

18、peaker couldnt make himself_ a. hearingb. being told c. to hear d. heard? 3)表示生理感覺的動(dòng)詞如see, watch, notice, observe, hear后面接不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，用省to的不定式。 例：with tears on her face, the old lady watched the little boy_ to a hospital. a. sendb. to be sentc. being sent d. sending 4)do something but/except do 例：the

19、re is nothing we can do _ wait. a. but b. rather thanc. in spite ofc. besides.5)記住下列不帶to的短語 cant but cant help buthad better? 2. 動(dòng)名詞 1.? 有些動(dòng)詞后面既可以接動(dòng)名詞又可以接不定式，但意思有差異 remember forget regret stop go on mean2. 后面跟動(dòng)名詞的固定句式 have trouble/problems/difficult doing something feel likespend/wastedoing somethin

20、g cant help need/deserve/want be worthwhat about/how about3. 分詞? 分詞作表語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)例1：during the discussion, mr boyd remained silent when asking his opinion.a b c d例2：your experiment reports must be checked with care before_a. handed them in b. them handing in c. being handed in d. handing them in?例：_ in t

21、he air fuels give off heat.a. t burn b. burned c. t be burned d. being burned 五、狀語從句 趙文通 考試重點(diǎn)： 1 時(shí)間狀語從句 ? while/when/ as/ until? 一就 no soonerthan/ hardlywhen/ scarcelywhen? the momentthe minute the instant ? 固定句型it is/has been .since ?1.? 原因狀語從句 now that in that ? 2.? 條件狀語從句unless as long asprovided

22、 that3.? 讓步狀語從句 as though although even if even though while whatever ?例1：if you read the book a second time, and you will probably have quite a different a b c understanding of the events described in it.d ?例2：hard as he worked, but mr. brown couldnt keep the shop properly. a b c d ? ? ?3、above all

23、；after all；at all; in all ?after all意為“畢竟”、“終究”、“終歸”、“到底”，在句中位置較靈活?？晌挥诰涫住⒕渲谢蚓淠Ｈ纾?above all意為“尤其是”、“首先”、“最重要的是”，常位于句首或句中，作插入語，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。如： but above all tell me quickly what i have to do可首先快些告訴我該做什么。六、平行結(jié)構(gòu) and, or, but 比較級(jí)? 例1：i enjoy eating in good restaurants and to go to the theater afterwards.a b c

24、d 例：it usually takes much less time to fly from one country to another than traveling by train. a b c d 例：the rooms were then empty and most of them have been shut up. a b c dprefer引出的平行結(jié)構(gòu)： prefer something to somethingprefer doing something to doing something prefer to do something rather than do s

25、omething prefer的特殊用法：prefer somebody to do something e.g : i prefer you to speak english in the class.1、a number of, the number of a number of +可數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，意為許多，大量的 the number of +可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，意為的數(shù)目 ? 2、able, capable, competentable為常用詞，指具有做某事所需的力量，技巧，知識(shí)與時(shí)間等，搭配是be able to do s.th。如：a cat is able to see

26、in the dark. （貓?jiān)诤诎抵心芸匆姈|西。）capable 指滿足一般要求的能力，搭配是be capable of +doing。competent 指“勝任”，“合格”，或受過專業(yè)技術(shù)等訓(xùn)練的，但不是超群的能力。如：a doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. （醫(yī)生應(yīng)該能治多種病。）after all，your birthday is only two weeks away畢竟，兩周后就是你的生日。 he is，after all，a small child他畢竟還是個(gè)小孩子。 he failed after all他終于

27、失敗了。at all用于否定句時(shí)，意為“絲毫；根本”，用于疑問句時(shí)意為“究竟；到底”，用于條件句時(shí)，常譯為“當(dāng)真；實(shí)在”。用于肯定句中，表示說話人的某種情緒或情感（如懷疑或驚奇等），意為“竟然”等。如： ?he doesnt like you at all他根本不喜歡你。 are you going to do it at all？你究竟做不做這件事？if you do it at all，do it well若你真要做這件事，就得做好。 i was surprised at his coming at all他竟然來了，我很驚訝。 in all意為“總共”，既可放在句首，也可放在句末。如：t

28、here are 25,000 inuit in all(in all, there are 25,000 inuit) 這兒共有25,000因努伊特人。 4、aboard, abroad, board, broadaboard 在船（或飛機(jī)，車）上。如：i never went aboard a ship. abroad 副詞，在國外或海外。如：he often goes abroad.board 為動(dòng)詞，上（船，飛機(jī)，車）。如：the passengers are boarding the plane now.broad 為形容詞，寬廣的。如：he has very broad shoul

29、ders. 5、accept, receive accept 接受，receive“接到”，“收到”。如：i received an invitation yesterday, but i didnt accept it. （昨天我收到了一個(gè)請(qǐng)柬，但并沒有接受邀請(qǐng)。）6、accident, incident, eventaccident事故。如：a traffic accident （交通事故）incident“附帶事件”，在政治上特指引起國際爭端或戰(zhàn)爭的事件，事變。event “事件”，指特別重要的事件，通常是由以前的努力而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，也指國家和社會(huì)的事件。7-accurate, corre

30、ct, exact, precise accurate準(zhǔn)確的，精確的。如：clocks in railway stations should be accurate.（火車站的鐘應(yīng)該是準(zhǔn)確的。） correct“正確的”，指符合一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或準(zhǔn)則，含有“無錯(cuò)誤的”意味。它的反義詞是incorrect, wrong. exact“精確的”，“恰好的”，比“大體上正確”更進(jìn)一步，表“絲毫不差”。它的反義詞是inexact。 precise強(qiáng)調(diào)“精確”，“精密”。 8、accuse, charge, sueaccuse 指責(zé)，指控，常與of 搭配。如：his boss accused him of c

31、arelessness. charge 常與with搭配。如：the police charged the driver with reckless driving.sue 常與for 搭配。如：smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house. 9、acquire, require, inquireacquire取得，獲得，學(xué)到。如：acquire knowledge （獲得知識(shí)） inquire打聽，詢問。如：inquire a persons name（問一個(gè)人的姓名）require需要。如：we require more help. （我們需

32、要更多的幫助。）?10、adopt, adapt adopt （）收養(yǎng)。如：since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. （他們自己沒有孩子，所以決定收養(yǎng)一個(gè)小女孩。）（）采納，采用，通過。如：he adopted our suggestion.（他采納了我們的建議。） adopt與adapt詞形相近，后者的意思是“使適合”，“改編”等。 11、advantage, benefit, profit advantage 常指一種使某人處于比其他人相對(duì)有利的地位，機(jī)會(huì)或時(shí)機(jī)。如：he h

33、ad the advantage of good education. （受過良好的教育對(duì)他十分有利。）profit 多指報(bào)償或報(bào)償性的收入。如did you make any profit last year? （你去年賺錢了嗎？）benefit 指物質(zhì)利益或精神方面的好處。如：i get no personal benefit from the business.（我個(gè)人從這家企業(yè)中并不獲益。） 12、1affect, effectaffect影響（動(dòng)詞）。如smoking affects health. effect效果，影響（名詞）。如：government policy will n

34、ot have any effect on us.13、afford, provide, supply都有“提供，供給”的意思。afford一般只用于抽象事物。 provide 和supply意思相同，兩個(gè)詞都和with連用，構(gòu)成provide /supply somebody with something的結(jié)構(gòu)。 14、ago, before ago表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的“以前”，常與一般過去時(shí)連用，不可以單獨(dú)使用。before指過去或?qū)淼哪硶r(shí)刻“以前”，也可泛指以前，常和完成時(shí)連用，可以單獨(dú)使用。 例如，i saw him ten minutes ago.我十分鐘之前看到的他。 he tol

35、d me that he had seen the film before.他告訴我他以前看過這場電影。15、agree on；agree to；agree withagree on作“就取得一致意見”解。例如： the building of a new car factory was agreed on last month上月，就建一座新汽車廠之事達(dá)成了協(xié)議。agree to有兩層含義和用法：其一是to作為動(dòng)詞不定式符號(hào)，其后跟動(dòng)詞原形，作“同意（答應(yīng)）做某事”解。 例如： my father agreed to buy a new pen for me 父親答應(yīng)給我買支新鋼筆。 其二是

36、to作為介詞，之后跟表示“計(jì)劃條件建議等一類的名詞或代詞”。例如：they have a greed to our plan 他們已同意我們的計(jì)劃。agree with作“同意某人的意見”解，其后可跟表示人的名詞或代詞，也可跟表示“意見”或“說的話”的名詞或從句。例如： he agreed with my opinions 他同意了我的意見。we agreed with what he said at the meeting 我們同意他在會(huì)上講的話。 16、alive, living, livealive 指雖有死的可能，但仍活著，一般只作表語。 living可用于人或物，作定語時(shí)可前可后。

37、live只做前置定語，用于動(dòng)物和個(gè)別事物前。17、almost, nearly 一般說來，almost比nearly 表示的意思更接近“開始”、“完成” （目標(biāo)）等。在all, every, always 前，兩者都可用。如：he is almost (nearly) smoking. （他幾乎每天抽煙。）almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing 連用，而nearly卻不能。如：almost no one believed her.（幾乎沒人相信他。） 18、alone, lonely alone只表“獨(dú)自”的客觀狀態(tài)，沒有感情色彩，只作表語；lonel

38、y表“孤獨(dú)”，：“寂寞”，能作定 語和表語。如：when she is left alone, she feels lonely. （剩下她一人時(shí)她就感到寂寞。）alone, only均可表“只有”，但alone須置于被修飾詞之后，only往往置于被修飾詞前。如：he alone respond作“回答”解，用得較少，也同to 搭配。如：he quickly responded to the question. （他很快就回答了問題。） (only he) can remember the story. （只有他才能記起這段經(jīng)歷。） 19、altogether, all together al

39、together總計(jì)，總共。如：altogether there are six of us. （我們總計(jì)六人。）all together 全都在一起。如：we played the game all together. （我們大家都一起來玩游戲吧。） 20、although; though; as三者均可表示“盡管；雖然”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。although用法較正式，語氣較強(qiáng)；though較常用；as則主要用于倒裝句。它們的用法有如下幾點(diǎn)值得注意： ? 狀語從句由although, though或as引導(dǎo)，主句之前不可有but, and, so, however等并列連詞，但可有yet或s

40、till等副詞。although與though?？苫Q。例如：althoughthough he believes it, yet he will not act 他雖然相信它，但卻不肯有所行動(dòng)。 ? as表示“盡管；雖然”，只能用于倒裝句，即：將表語、狀語或謂語動(dòng)詞放在as之前。though也可這么用。例如：young asthough he is, he knows a lot 他雖然年紀(jì)不大，卻懂得很多。 注意：如果表語是單數(shù)名詞，要省略a。例如：child asthough he is, he can speak two foreign languages 雖然他是個(gè)孩子，但他會(huì)說兩門

41、外語。 ? though可以放在句末，表示“但是”，although卻不能。例如：they said they would come; they did not, though 他們說他們會(huì)來，可是他們并沒有來。 ? although只用來陳述“事實(shí)”，不能表示“假設(shè)”。因此可以說even though“即使”以及as though“好像(as if)”，不能說even although或as although。例如： i believe you are on dutyeven though youre in plain clothes 盡管你穿著便衣，我相信你是在值勤。 21、among,

42、between among 在中間（三者或三者以上之間）。如：our house is hidden among trees. between在兩者之間。如：it is easy to distinguish between a japanese and a chinese. 22、answer, reply, respond用作動(dòng)詞，都可表“回答”，“答復(fù)”。answer是常用詞，后可接letter（回信），question（回答問題），doorbell（開門），telephone（接電話），advertisement（應(yīng)征廣告）等。reply較正式，一般只作不及物動(dòng)詞，可與to連用。如：h

43、e has replied to my letter.（他回答了我信中提的問題。） 另外，respond還可表“對(duì)反應(yīng)”，“響應(yīng)”。23、approve, prove approve（1）贊成，同意。如：i dont approve of wasting time.（我不贊成浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。）（2）批準(zhǔn)，通過。如：the minister approved the building plan. 部長批準(zhǔn)了建筑計(jì)劃。 prove和approve詞形相似，prove是“證明”，“表明是”等。24、arise/rise/raise/ arousearise是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“起源于（和from連用）

44、和“出現(xiàn)”。 rise是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“上升”，該詞是不及物動(dòng)詞：rise, rose, risen raise是一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，意思是“舉起”。 arouse的意思是“引起，導(dǎo)致”。 black smoke rose from the chimney. he is too weak to raise that heavy box. accidents usually arise from carelessness . a crisis has arisen in their marrige.matts behavior was arousing the interest of the

45、neighbors. 25、as (so) far as; as (so) long as? as（so）far as的意思是“就而言（所知）”，as (so) far as sthis concerned是其中一種具體用法，意為“就某事而言”；as (so) long as意為“只要”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。如：as far as i know, more than 10 million laid-off workers have found their new jobs 就我所知，一千多萬下崗工人已經(jīng)找到了新的工作。there is nothing that we cant do so as

46、long as we keep on trying to do it 只要我們不斷地努力去做，就沒有什么事干不成。as far as the tourism of china is concerned, there is a long way to go 就中國的旅游業(yè)而言，需要做的工作還很多。26、as though；even though；though? as though（as if），意為“好像；似乎”，引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句或表語從句。如： he spoke as though（as if）he had been here before他說話的口氣好像他以前來過這里。 it looks a

47、s if（as though）it is going to rain看起來好像要下雨。 ? even though（even if），意為“即使”，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。though也引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，意為“雖然”；even though有退一步設(shè)想的意味，與though不同。though引導(dǎo)的句子所說的是事實(shí)，even though引導(dǎo)的句子所說的則不一定是事實(shí)。例如： he will not tell the secret even though（even if）he knows it即使他知道這個(gè)秘密，他也不肯說出he will not tell the secret though he k

48、nows it他雖然知道這個(gè)秘密，但他不會(huì)說出來。assure的意思是“使（某人）確信”，一般用作：assure sb. of /that，后面不能直接跟that從句。take the medicine three times a day and three pieces at a time 這些藥每天服三次，每? 都可作動(dòng)詞。來。27、assure, ensure, insure次服三粒。30、awake, wake, wakenensure的意思是“保證”，后面可以接雙賓語，也可以接that從句。insure的意思是“給上保險(xiǎn)”。例如：he assured me that it was t

49、rue. we cant ensure you a good post. my house is insured against fire ?28、at the beginning；in the beginning ? at the beginning 在初；在開始的時(shí)候。常與of連用。例如： students usually have a study plan at the beginning of term 學(xué)生們?cè)陂_學(xué)初制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。 ? in the beginning 相當(dāng)于at first，表示“起初、開始”時(shí)，含“起初是這種情況，而后來卻不是這種情況”之意，不與of連用。例如：

50、in the beginning，some of us took no interest in physics 起初我們有些人對(duì)物理不感興趣。 ?29、at the time; at that time; at one time; at a time? at the time通常用于過去時(shí)句子中，指某件事情發(fā)生的“當(dāng)時(shí)”、“那時(shí)”。例如：many people saw the strange thing happen at the time 當(dāng)時(shí)，許多人都看到了這件奇怪的事情的發(fā)生。有時(shí)，at the time的后面可接“of”短語。這時(shí)，它表示“在（某事態(tài)）發(fā)生的時(shí)候”或“在的時(shí)代”。例如：

51、were you in san francisco at the time of the big earth quake in 1989 1989年舊金山發(fā)生地震時(shí)，你在那里嗎？? at that time 則通常指前文明確提到的某個(gè)時(shí)期、時(shí)候。通常其后不帶“of”短語。例如： in the 17th century much corn was grown in tibet and sichuanat that time(at the 17th century) the land along the changjiang river was becoming very crowded ? at

52、 one timeduring a period of time in the past意為“過去有一段時(shí)期”，“曾經(jīng)”。例如： they used to be good friends at one time 他們?cè)?jīng)是好朋友。? at a time則意為“一次”，表示一個(gè)時(shí)間單位。它常與表示數(shù)量的詞語連用，表示頻率。例如：dont speak all at onceone at a time, please 不要同時(shí)一起說。一次只一個(gè)人說。 awake既可及物，也可不及物，多用于比喻。 wake常指“睡醒”，多為不及物動(dòng)詞。waken多用作及物動(dòng)詞，常指“吵醒”，“驚醒”。 31、awai

53、t, waitawait是及物動(dòng)詞。如：i await your further instructions.wait“等”、“等候”，是不及物動(dòng)詞，后常接介詞for。如：i will wait for you at the school gate. 32、award, prize, reward award, reward作動(dòng)詞。award意為“授予（獎(jiǎng)品，獎(jiǎng)金等）”，后面可跟雙賓語；reward意為“報(bào)酬”，“酬謝”，只能跟人或以人的行為作賓語。award, prize, reward作名詞時(shí)，award常指獎(jiǎng)金，獎(jiǎng)品；prize多指在競賽、競爭中獲勝所贏得的獎(jiǎng)；reward則指為某項(xiàng)勞動(dòng)或行為所付的酬金。 ? 33、becausesinceasfor ? 這四個(gè)詞都是表示原因或理由的連接詞，但是as，because，since是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，for是并列連詞，所引導(dǎo)的不是原因狀語從句，而是表示理由的對(duì)等句子，是對(duì)前