中科院心理所同等學(xué)歷雙通過學(xué)員英語試卷(2009年)

1、中科院心理所同等學(xué)歷雙通過學(xué)員英語試卷（2009年） 班級_ 姓名_i. translate the following passages into english(10x3=30):1. the liquid grace is as integral part of “black” ball, almost exclusively the province of the playground player. ( the black and white truth about basketball)2. he had passed into legend before appomattox:

2、thousands of tired, underfed, poorly clothed confederate soldiers, long since past the simple enthusiasm of the early days of the struggle, somehow considered lee the symbol of everything for which they had been willing to die. (grant and lee: a study in contrasts) 3. the 20 years since that meeting

3、 have seen the birth of a worldwide environmental movement, the emergence of thousands if grass-roots environmental organizations, and the proliferation of environmental laws and regulations in nations around the world. ( a planet in jeopardy)4. so the moves that begin as tactics for scoring soon be

4、come calling cards. (the black and white truth about basketball)5. when good is merely a pretty cascade of viands, with the texture of boiled cardboard and the flavor of library paste, it may be the instinct of genus homo to go on eating in the unconscious hope of finally satisfying the ageless crav

5、ing of the frustrated taste buds.( science spoiled my supper)6. once the old christian idea of total difference in kind between man and beast has been abandoned, then no argument for experiments on animals can be found which is not also an argument for experiments on inferior men. (vivisection)7. pe

6、rhaps the soap will produce its loudly advertized effects: perhaps it will transform them into the likeness of those ravishing creatures who smile so rosily and creamily, so peachily and pearlily, from every hoarding.(the beauty industry)8. it would be polite and charitable, and in view of your age

7、reasonable too, to suppose that none of you is yet a scoundrel. on the other hand, by the mere law of average, ( im saying nothing against free will ) it is almost certain that at least two or three of you before you die will have become something very like scoundrels. (the inner ring)9. now, stoppe

8、d by the road in the park, she decided categorically, hitting the back of one hand into the palm of the other over and over, that if she found him, found the picture here and now, maybe even that very day ( unreasonably unquestioning that she would see it) then she would know he was alive and she wo

9、uld simply make waiting womanly and rationally. (the everlasting witness)10.either he hears a pretty melody or he does not, and he generally let it go at that. rhythm is likely to gain his attention next, particularly if it seems exiting. but harmony and tone color are generally taken for granted, i

10、f they are thought of consciously at all. (what do listen for in music) ii. answer the following questions according to the texts weve learnt (5x6+30)1. why do you think the authors of the article a planet in jeopardy start the article with the story of the titanic? 2. why does the author think that

11、 science has spoiled his supper?3. what do you think are the main causes of the modern cult of beauty?4. according to the author, how are grant and lee different from one another?5. what factors about basketball have made it so amazing? you should mention at least 3 reasons that have made basketball

12、 so amazing.)iii read the article and complete the work sheet (40)your work sheet reading: the biology of personality1. what is the main idea of the article?(1 points) _ _2. where do you think this article comes from?(1 point) _ a newspaper _an academic journal _a brochure in a doctors office _a mag

13、azine3. what factors rather than early experiences might contribute to the development of a personality disorder? (4 points) 1) _ 2) _4. what two technologies can now allow us to understand how mechanism in the brain determine differences in personality?(4 points) 1) _ 2)_5. why is it useful to unde

14、rstand some of the biological vulnerabilities someone might have to a particular personality trait?(3 points) _ _6.complete the chart by providing the relevant information in the blanks:traitproblems in brain chemistrybehaviour/personalityl impulsivel _(1 point)l acts without thinkingl irritable and

15、 gets into fightsl poor relationshipsl alcoholism/drug abusel emotional reactivity/ sensitivityl overactive norepinephrine systeml _l _l _ (6 points)l _(2 points)l _(2 points)l _l suspiciousl _(4points) 7. describe how doctors determine the level of neuron-transmitters in a patient for each of the p

16、ersonality disorders by filling in the chart below:neuro-transmitterpersonality disordermethod used for measuring level of neuro-transmitterserotoninimpulsive_(4 points)norepinephrinereactivity_(4 points)dopamineeccentricity_(4points)reading: the biology of personality1 new research at the mt. sinai

17、 school of medicine is showing that the development of personality is not only based on formative life experience, but on biological factors as well. as reported by dr.larry j. siever in the frontiers of pharmacology, this research is leading to a number of new drug treatments for personality disord

18、ers.2 everybody has characteristics that make them unique. some of us are tall, others are short. some are naturally optimistic and happy, while others have a tendency to be pessimistic and angry.3 although many of us take for granted that our personal appearances are shaped by genetic and biologica

19、l factors, what you may not realize is that scientific research is demonstrating that genetics and biology have an inherent effect on personality too.4 parents, teachers and influential people in our lives help to shape our early experienced and these moments, i turn, mold our personality. however,

20、advances in modern science have now brought us to the point where we can begin to fully explore what larry j. siever, md calls the “biology of temperament” - that is, the ways i which brain functions determine the manner an individual reacts to his or her environmental surroundings.5 “new tools to p

21、robe brain chemicals, as well as new imaging techniques to actually visualize how the brain works, allow scientists to get a clearer idea of how individual differences i brain functioning might contribute to differences i personality.”6 depending on the temperament that youre born with, you might be

22、 predisposed to cope with lifes difficulties easily, or you might struggle immensely, reaching to situations angrily. or defensively. in the laboratory at the mt. sinai school of medicine, researchers “try to identify and isolate certain traits to discover how they relate to personality and its rela

23、ted disorders and discomforts.”7 understanding the biological basis for personality disorders also helps researchers to identify and create medication that is useful i the treatment of those disorders. “while a knowledge of the biology of the brain and its relation to personality will not allow us t

24、o predict an individuals behaviour, it may offer us a vocabulary to understand why some people are more prone to out bursts of anger, for instance, while others are painfully shy and fearful of social contact.8 as elaborated on by dr. siever, in the frontiers of pharmacology ,the program at the mt.

25、sinai school of medicine focuses “on three personality traits - impulsive, emotional reactivity or irritability, and eccentricity - i people whose disturbed thoughts, feelings and/or behavious are severe enough that they result in problems at work or i their relationships.” 9 each of these traits ca

26、n be traced back to specific problems in brain chemistry and these problems, in turn, result in various behaviour and personality disorders. for instance, dr. siever explains that impulsivity can be frequently associated with “abnormalities in one of the brains messenger systems - the release ad upt

27、ake of serotonin” which can cause people to “act without thinking,” individuals suffering from impulsivity “may be irritable and get into fights; experience stormy, unstable relationships; or have trouble with alcohol and drugs.”10. similarly, individuals with overactive norepinephrine systems are o

28、ften prone to emotional reactivity and extreme sensitivity. early studies conducted by dr. siever ad his colleagues have found that “ people with overactive norepinephrine systems may be more likely to be the risk-takers of the world, to be irritable or in other ways overreactive to their environmen

29、t.”11 the third personality trait scrutinized by researchers at the mt. sinai school of medicine is eccentricity. according to dr. siever, paranoid and schizophrenic individuals usually show an increase in a brain chemical called dopamine, which helps to both set i motio and regulate our thoughts. h

30、igh levels of dopamine in the brain “may lead people to appear somewhat odd and experience reality i a peculiar fashion.” some may also appear strange or demonstrate suspiciousness towards others actions ad motives.12 research into personality disorders stemming from biological factors such as brain

31、 chemistry is occurring at renowned labs and institutes across the world. not only do scientists want to understand how neurotransmitters like serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine lead to changes i personality, they also want, and need, to know how to measure levels of neurotransmitters that cause

32、 personality disorders.13 for example, dr. larry siever ad a fellow researcher. emi coccaro, have found thatthe effects of fefluramine (a serotonin-producing drug used to treat patients suffering from obesity) can further our understanding of impulsivity disorders. in dr. sievers estimation, fenflur

33、amine makes the brain release serotonin, which “ stimulate the production of a hormone called prolactin. by measuring levels of prolactin in blood samples taken before and after fenfluramine is give, we may get a reflection of serotonin activity in the brain.14 in addition to studies examining serot

34、onin activity in the brain, dr. siever and his colleagues have also focused their attention on the neurotransmitter norepiephrine. according to dr. siever, norepinephrine “ acts on other brain systems to enhance the signal of incoming information.” in other words, this neurotransmitter lets the brai

35、n know that important information is coming in and “is particularly reactive to events that act as stressors.” people with both hyperactive and inactive norepinephrine systems experience either symptoms of impulsive behaviour or depression, respectively.15 in his research, dr. siever has found the h

36、igh blood pressure drug clonodine useful when testing the effectiveness of norepinephrine transmitters. dr. siever has found that colodine causes a norepinephrine receptor to increase its production ad release a growth hormone. this enable his research team to measure levels of growth hormones in blood samples before the administration of clonodine, as well as after. the comparison allows dr. siever and his coll