英語語言學(xué)function of language

1、 team member: 皮錦筠 李 瑋 李思垚 李秀秀 裴治東 jakobson our group halliday different views on function of language jakobsons view anguage is above all, as any semiotic system, for communication. we study language as a science so we mention its function according to a principle. here the function is not the socia

2、l function only. six primary factors of any speech event: speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact. jakobsons well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication: referential: to convey message and information poetic: to indulge in language for its ow

3、n sake emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties) phatic: to establish communion with others metalingual function: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. eg.we say make is a verb and he is a pronoun. functions

4、 of language context referential addresser emotive e.g. intonation showing anger message poetic e.g. poetry addressee conative e.g. imperatives and vocatives contact phatic hello, did you hear me? code metalingual e.g. let me make it brief. 指示功能（傳達(dá)信息）指示功能（傳達(dá)信息） 詩學(xué)功能（完全就語言而語言詩學(xué)功能（完全就語言而語言)， 感情功能（表達(dá)態(tài)度

5、、感覺和感情），感情功能（表達(dá)態(tài)度、感覺和感情）， 意動功能（通過命令和請求去說服和意動功能（通過命令和請求去說服和 影響他人），影響他人）， 交感功能（與他人建立交流）交感功能（與他人建立交流） 元語言功能（弄清意圖、詞語和意元語言功能（弄清意圖、詞語和意 義）。義）。 hallidays view from early on in his account of language, halliday has argued that it is inherently functional. his early papers on the grammar of english make refe

6、rence to the functional components of language, as generalized uses of language, which, since they seem to determine the nature of the language system, require to be incorporated into our account of that system. halliday argues that this functional organization of language determines the form taken

7、by grammatical structure. ideational metafunction the ideational function is language concerned with building and maintaining a theory of experience. it includes the experiential function and the logical function. 1.語言是對存在于主客觀世界的過程和事物的反映，這是語言是對存在于主客觀世界的過程和事物的反映，這是“經(jīng)驗經(jīng)驗” （experiential）功能，或者說關(guān)于所說的）功能，

8、或者說關(guān)于所說的“內(nèi)容內(nèi)容”的功能。在語的功能。在語 言中還有言中還有“邏輯（邏輯（logical）功能，即以表現(xiàn)為并列關(guān)系和從屬關(guān)）功能，即以表現(xiàn)為并列關(guān)系和從屬關(guān) 系的線性的循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式出現(xiàn)，由于兩者都是建立于說話人對系的線性的循環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的形式出現(xiàn)，由于兩者都是建立于說話人對 外部世界和內(nèi)心世界的經(jīng)驗，與其功能相比較是中性的，因而可外部世界和內(nèi)心世界的經(jīng)驗，與其功能相比較是中性的，因而可 統(tǒng)稱為統(tǒng)稱為“概念概念”（ideational）功能）功能。 hallidays view interpersonal metafunction the interpersonal function re

9、fers to the grammatical choices that enable speakers to enact their complex and diverse interpersonal relations. 2.語言是社會人的有意義的活動，是做事的手段，是動作，因此它的功能語言是社會人的有意義的活動，是做事的手段，是動作，因此它的功能 之一必須是反映人與人間的關(guān)系。這個純理功能稱為之一必須是反映人與人間的關(guān)系。這個純理功能稱為“人際人際” （interpersonal）功能。）功能。 hallidays view textual metafunction halliday a

10、rgues that both experiential and interpersonal functions are intricately organized, but that between the two “there is comparatively very little constraint”. this means that “by and large, you can put any interactional spin on any representational content”. what allows meanings from these two modes

11、to freely combine is the intercession of a third, distinct mode of meaning that halliday refers to as the textual function. textual metafunction halliday argues that both experiential and interpersonal functions are intricately organized, but that between the two “there is comparatively very little

12、constraint”. this means that “by and large, you can put any interactional spin on any representational content”. what allows meanings from these two modes to freely combine is the intercession of a third, distinct mode of meaning that halliday refers to as the textual function. 3. 實際使用中的語言基本單位不是詞或句，

13、而是表達(dá)相對的來說是完整實際使用中的語言基本單位不是詞或句，而是表達(dá)相對的來說是完整 思想的思想的“語篇語篇”（texttext），上述兩種功能部分最后要由說話人把它們），上述兩種功能部分最后要由說話人把它們 組織成語篇才能實現(xiàn)。這就是組織成語篇才能實現(xiàn)。這就是語篇（語篇（textualtextual）功能）功能。語篇功能使語。語篇功能使語 言和語境發(fā)生聯(lián)系，是說話人只產(chǎn)生與語境相一致的語篇。言和語境發(fā)生聯(lián)系，是說話人只產(chǎn)生與語境相一致的語篇。 my group members view phatic function directive function informative functi

14、on interrogative function expressive function evocative function performative function phatic: establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact. directive: get the hearer to do something. informative: give information about facts. interrogative: get information from others. expressive: expre

15、ss feelings and attitudes of the speaker. evocative: create certain feelings in the hearer (amuse, startle, soothe, worry or please) performative: language is used to do things, to perform actions. 親，這種背景的圖片是備注 the “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere o

16、r maintaining social contacts(rather than for exchanging information or ideas). greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in english and on clothing in chinese all serve this function. much of the phatic language (e.g. “how are you?” “fine, thanks.”) is insincere if taken literally, but it i

17、s important. if you dont say “hello” to a friend you meet, or if you dont answer his “hi”, you ruin your friendship. 好the “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer to do something. most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “tell me the result when you finis

18、h.” other syntactic structures or sentences of other sorts can, according to j.austin and j.searles “indrect speech act theory”(see hu zhuanglin et al.,pp271-278) at least, serve the purpose of direction too, e.g., “if i were you, i would have blushed to the bottom of my ears!” language serves an “i

19、nformational function” when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. informative statements are often labelled as true(truth) or false(falsehood). according to p.grices “cooperative principle”(see hu zhuanglin et al., pp282-283), one ought not to violate the “maxim

20、of quality”, when he is informing at all. when language is used to obtain information, it serves an “interrogative function”. this includes all questions that expect replies, statements, imperatives etc., according to the “indirect speech act theory”, may have this function as well, e.g., “id like t

21、o know you better.” this may bring forth a lot of personal information. note that rhetorical questions make an exception, since they demand no answer, at least not the readers/listeners answer. the “expressive function” is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings or attitudes of th

22、e speaker. subconscious emotional ejaculations are good examples, like “good heavens!” “my god!” sentences like “im sorry about the delay” can serve as good examples too, though in a subtle way. while language is used for the informative function to pass judgement on the truth or falsehood of statem

23、ents, language used for the expressive function evaluates, appraises or asserts the speakers own attitudes. the “evocative function” is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. its aim is , for example, to amuse, startle, antagonize, soothe, worry or please. jokes(not practical jokes, though) are supposed to amuse or entertain the listener; advertising to urge customers to purchase certain commodities; propaganda to influence public opinion. obviously, the expressive and the evocative funct