英語中考命題的基本理論與實(shí)踐

1、 三、命題原則三、命題原則 1.基礎(chǔ)性原則 n考試內(nèi)容考試內(nèi)容 ： 基礎(chǔ)知識 基本技能 綜合運(yùn)用語言的能力 交際能力 用英語做事 n測試?yán)碚摐y試?yán)碚?n分離測試：分離測試：一般以詞、句形式呈現(xiàn)，缺乏語用 情景，孤立測試某一知識或能力，信度高，效 度相對較低。 n綜合測試：綜合測試：一般以語篇形式呈現(xiàn)，具有一定的 語境，測試某一知識或能力，信度，效度相對 平衡。 n交際語言測試：交際語言測試：以語篇形式呈現(xiàn)，具有較為真 實(shí)的情景，強(qiáng)調(diào)以互動的形式，測試綜合運(yùn)用 語言的能力，信度較低，效度高 3. 科學(xué)性原則科學(xué)性原則 n行文準(zhǔn)則行文準(zhǔn)則 無知識性錯誤 無文字表達(dá)錯誤 n題型設(shè)計(jì)題型設(shè)計(jì) 知識知識

2、 知識運(yùn)用能力能力 聽力技能等其它部分 n主、客觀題主、客觀題 (1) 客觀性題型：答案唯一的選擇題，其整卷權(quán)重 值不高于0.61。 (2）主觀性題型：筆錄要點(diǎn)、回答問題、摘錄信 息、漢英互譯、情景作文等答案不唯一的題型， 其整卷權(quán)重值不低于0.39。 4. 公平性原則公平性原則 n素材選用素材選用 n面向全體學(xué)生 n學(xué)生的實(shí)際生活和身心發(fā)展水平 n地域以及文化差異 n真實(shí)、地道、形式多樣、內(nèi)容健康、 n典型、當(dāng)代 n 評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) n目的、重點(diǎn) n科學(xué)、可行 n全面、公正、客觀、準(zhǔn)確 n鑒定和激勵，正面反撥作用 5. 友好性原則友好性原則 n卷面設(shè)計(jì)卷面設(shè)計(jì) n為考生服務(wù) n認(rèn)知心理、學(xué)

3、習(xí)習(xí)慣， n題干語有親和力， n愉悅的心情 n考出實(shí)際水平 le)材料應(yīng)該有足夠的信息量，以供試題設(shè) 計(jì)之用； lf)材料中不應(yīng)該存在生詞； lg)材料內(nèi)容應(yīng)該盡量符合考生的年齡層 次，不應(yīng)該使考生這一年齡層次的人感 到過于生疏； lh)材料不應(yīng)該過長或過短。 nd)試題應(yīng)測試考生對對話內(nèi)容、場景等 的理解情況，數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算和一般生活常識類 的試題不應(yīng)該在聽力部分出現(xiàn)； ne)各選項(xiàng)的長度、難度、句子結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該 基本一致； n f)應(yīng)避免各選項(xiàng)相互牽連與包容。 問從談話可以推斷的情況 w：i was at the bus stop at 1:00. why didnt i see you there

4、? m: i got there at a quarter to 12 and waited a while. but i guess i left before you got there. when did the man probably leave the bus stop? a. 11:00.b. 12:00.c. 1:00. 問談話的情景或語境 w: sorry, you can only borrow three books at a time. m: ok. but must i put these two books back to the book shelves or i

5、 can leave them here? w: of course you must put them back yourself. where did this conversation probably take place? a. in a book store.b. in a library. c. in a laboratory. n側(cè)重考查學(xué)生在一定的語境中靈活運(yùn)用 語法、詞匯等語言知識的能力。單項(xiàng)填 空題要注意加大考點(diǎn)的覆蓋面，力求題 干語境真實(shí)、語義豐富、表達(dá)地道。 n 由于近年來單選題數(shù)量有逐步減少的 趨勢，因此該題型考查范圍盡可能局限 于語法項(xiàng)目。 one day, a

6、young man called tom came 1 see the great artist, da vinci（達(dá) 芬奇）. he wanted 2 drawing. da vinci gave him 3 egg and told him 4 it. the young man worked quickly and 5 . “ draw it again, ” said da vinci. 1. a. in b. at c. to 2. a. study b. to study c. to learn 3. a. a b. an c. the 4. a. to eat b. draw

7、c. to draw 5. a. show the artist it b. show it to the artist c. showed it to the artist the young man drew 6 egg, but da vinci made him 7 it again. the young man was very angry. “i can draw an egg 8 two minutes. why do you keep me 9 ?please teach me how to draw.” da vinci smiled and said, “ yes, you

8、 can. but it 10 you several years to learn to draw a perfect egg.” 6. a. another b. the other c. other 7. a. draw b. drawing c. drawn 8. a. in b. with c. after 9. a. to wait b. waiting c. waiting for 10. a. will spend b. take c. will take once upon a time a poor farmer 1 a bag of wheat to the mill d

9、id not know 2 to do when it slipped from his horse and fell into the road. the bag was too heavy 3 him to lift, and his only hope was that presently someone 4 come by and 5 a hand. 1. a. bringingb. carryingc. taking 2. a. howb. whatc. which 3. a. aboutb. forc. of 4. a. shallb. shouldc. would 5. a. b

10、orrowb. lendc. help once upon a time a poor farmer was taking a bag of wheat to the mill. when the bag slipped from his 1 and fell to the ground, he didnt know what to do. it was too 2 for him to lift, and his only hope was that 3 someone would come by and 4 a hand. 1. a. handb. shoulderc. horse 2.

11、a. wetb. heavyc. loose 3. a. presently b. at presentc. quickly 4. a. borrowb. lend c. help it was not 6 a rider appeared, but the farmers heart 7 when he recognized him, 8 it was the great man who lived in a castle nearby. the farmer would dare to ask another farmer to help, or any poor man 9 might

12、have come along the road, but he could not beg a favor of 10 . however, as soon as the great man came up he got 11 his horse, saying, “i see youve had bad luck, friend. how good it is 12 im here just at the right time.” then he took one end of the bag, the farmer 13 and between them they lifted it o

13、n the horse. 6. a. after longb. before longc. long before 7. a. sankb. sankedc. sink 8. a. because b. forc. owing to 9. a. heb. onec. who 10. a. a great so man b. a so great man c. so great a man 11. a. awayb. off c. down 12. a. ifb. thatc. when 13. a. anotherb. otherc. the other it was not 5 a ride

14、r appeared, but the farmers heart 6 when the man came nearer, 7 it was the wealthy lord from a nearby town. the farmer would not have hesitated to stop another farmer or any 8 for help. but how could he stop this great lord and ask him to 9 a bag of wheat. 10 , as soon as the great lord came up he g

15、ot off his horse without being asked to. “i see youve had bad 11 , friend,” he said to the farmer. “what a 12 thing that i came just at the right moment.” then 5. a. before longb. long beforec. after long 6. a. sankb. brokec. stopped 7. a. andb. forc. since 8. a. poor man b. rich manc. rider 9. a. l

16、iftb. takec. carry 10. a. otherwiseb. on the contraryc. however 11. a. luckb. horsec. time 12. a. funnyb. goodc. strange (1)任務(wù)型閱讀任務(wù)型閱讀 a)圖片 b)廣告 c)表格 d)告示與海報(bào) e)文章標(biāo)題 f)圖書目錄 look at the poster and choose the right one. a. all the students can go to the club on friday morning. b. it costs you 2.5 a mon

17、th if you go to the club every weekend. c. a 15-year-old student can go to the club at 21:00 on saturday. dear grandma, hows it going? i hope that grandpa is well now. i was sorry to hear that he had a cold last week. i hope you are in good (1)健康 . things are fine here. i finished my end-of-year (2)

18、e last week, and got my report card today. i (3)總是 get nervous when i see the envelope from school in the mail, but im (4) 幸運(yùn)的 that i did ok this time. i had a really hard time with science this semester, and i wasnt surprised to find that my (5)最差的 report was from my science teacher. she said i was

19、 (6) 懶惰 , which isnt true. its just that i find science really (7) d . another disappointing result was in history. my history teacher said i could do (8) b . the good news is that my (9) m teacher said i was hard-working. and my spanish teacher said my listening was good. well, thats about all the

20、news i have for now. mom and (10) d send their love. love, alan courses of american high schools a: hi, can i help you? b: yes, please. i want to join a club. a: good. may i have your name? b: zhang yang. a: how old are you? b: 1 . a: what club do you want to join? b: 2 . a: why? b: 3 . a: how long

21、have you learned it? b: 4 . a: do you have an e-mail address? b: 5 . a: great. thanks a lot. b: thank you! （ （5）命題、審題、校對、制定評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 2010.4. _, i would like take an umbrella with me. a.had i been youb. i were you c. were i youd. i had been you it was ordered that no smoking_ in the library. a. is allowed

22、b. be allowedc. will be allowed the family ate dinner at the restaurant. a. cafb. tea house c. hospitald. clinic 1.i broke my legs and_ in bed for weeks. a. liedb. lainc. layd. laid 2. if my legs had not been broken, i should not_ in bed for weeks. a.lieb. layc. have laind. have laid 3. if my legs h

23、ad not been broken, i_ in bed for weeks. b.should have liedb. should not have lain c. should have layd. should not have laid the boy is very thirsty. would you _ him some _, please? a. take, breadb. bring, drink c. get, eggsd. help, cakes youre going to the movies, _? a.arent you b. dont we c. arent

24、 they d. arent i youre going to the movies, _you? a. arent b. dont c. ared. do by the time we got home, i_ all about it. a. had forgotb. had forgotten c. forgotd. was forgetting you look hungry. dont you want _ to eat? a. something b. anything c. nothing d. everything my father_ me to become a docto

25、r.(78年 高考） a. thinksb. saysc. hopes great men never give up_ difficulty. (85met) b. in face ofb. in face of the c. in the face ofd. in the face of the he _ before seven oclock. a.ate, dressed and washed b. washed, ate and dressed c. washed, dressed and ate d. ate, washed and dressed this arrangement

26、 suits me down to the ground. a. is exactly as i wanted b. is the last thing i wanted c. is against my wishes d. is not what i want e. is a burden to me the frown on the mans face showed that he was displeased. a. look of fearb. look of anger c. look of delightd. look of surprise he thought it was l

27、awful to buy a gun without a permit. b.allowed by lawb. against the society c. a pleasured. necessary 23. he didnt attend the meeting. if he had, you_ him. a.would seeb. had seen c. would have seen 28. if you_ here yesterday, you would have seen his mother. a. were b. had beenc. came that man was de

28、ad to all sense of shame. a. quite dead b. dead, and could not feel shame any more c. too ashamed d. shameless _! things are not so bad as they seem. a. happy upb. get up c. cheer upd. sit up marie_ to the store; youve missed her. a. is just goingb. had just been c. has just wentd. has just gone suc

29、h an error _this can be avoided, if you are more careful. a. likeb. asc. withd. that its too windy to go for a walk. a. swimb. sailc. drived. stroll text (omitted) questions: 1. why do so many people become addicted to cigarettes? a. because they liked the taste of tar. b. because smoking makes them

30、 relaxed. c. because smoking cures them of cancer. 2. what is the substance in cigarettes that causes cancer? a. cigarette ashes.b. nicotine.c. tar. 3. health experts are trying to persuade people to_. a. buy cigarettes with less tar b. smoke only a few cigarettes a day c. give up smoking entirely 4

31、. smokers welcome low-tar cigarettes because _. a. they are less harmful b. they cost less c. they taste better listen to me, boys and girls, were going to see a film in the red moon cinema this afternoon. the name of the film is my brothers and sisters. it starts at 2:30. please get to school befor

32、e 2 oclock. we are going to the cinema together. 1. which cinema are the students going to this afternoon? a. the red moon cinema.b. the blue star cinema. c. the red sun cinema. 2. what is the name of the film? a. my parents.b. my brothers and sisters. c. my uncles and aunts. 3. when does the film start? a. at 2:00.b. at 2:30.c. at 3:00. w: you speak english very well. how long have you been learning english? m: iv