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1、語(yǔ)義加工與復(fù)述在任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得中的作用effects of semantic elaboration and rehearsal on task-basedvocabulary acquisition with corpora 學(xué) 科 專 業(yè) 方 向: 學(xué)科教學(xué) 英語(yǔ) 指 導(dǎo) 教 師 : 李榮寶教授 申 請(qǐng) 學(xué) 位 級(jí) 別 : 教 育 碩 士 論文提交日期: 2005年8月25日 論文評(píng)閱人: 論文答辯日期: 2005年 10 月 22日答辯委員會(huì)主席: 學(xué)位授予單位: 學(xué)位授予日期: 2005年 12月 日 2005年8月語(yǔ)義加工與復(fù)述在任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得中的作用 中 文 摘 要本研究主要從認(rèn)知

2、的角度,結(jié)合計(jì)算機(jī)輔助語(yǔ)言教學(xué)的其中一個(gè)領(lǐng)域-語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的成果,探討復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在英語(yǔ)詞匯習(xí)得中的作用。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)法、教師行動(dòng)研究等,從認(rèn)知角度研究語(yǔ)料庫(kù)及其檢索方面的成果在外語(yǔ)任務(wù)型詞匯教學(xué)中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。論文前面部分從認(rèn)知角度介紹了詞匯研究中有關(guān)信息輸入、加工的各種理論,如記憶的階段性理論,加工水平理論等,闡述復(fù)述(rehearsal)與語(yǔ)義加工(semantic elaboration)在詞匯習(xí)得中的不同作用并通過實(shí)驗(yàn)法檢驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示復(fù)述在短時(shí)記憶中對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式加工有顯著促進(jìn)作用,而語(yǔ)義加工對(duì)詞匯在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中保存有顯著促進(jìn)作用。其中,實(shí)驗(yàn)一結(jié)果表明:由于復(fù)述時(shí),學(xué)習(xí)者可以集中精力在目標(biāo)

3、詞的詞形加工上,因此復(fù)述在短時(shí)記憶中對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式加工(如正字法表征等)有顯著促進(jìn)作用;語(yǔ)義加工在短時(shí)記憶中因占用有限心理資源因而對(duì)詞匯的詞形加工有顯著的抑制作用;然而語(yǔ)義加工對(duì)詞匯的語(yǔ)義表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中保存有顯著促進(jìn)作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)二結(jié)果顯示:相對(duì)于機(jī)械復(fù)述,結(jié)合語(yǔ)義加工的精細(xì)復(fù)述在短時(shí)記憶中對(duì)語(yǔ)義加工有更顯著的促進(jìn)作用,而且對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式表征與語(yǔ)義表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中保存也有顯著促進(jìn)作用。 論文后面部分通過行動(dòng)研究(action research)模式設(shè)計(jì)教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)探討復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在基于語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的詞匯教學(xué)方法-任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得模式的實(shí)例應(yīng)用。為了更好地應(yīng)用于教學(xué)實(shí)踐,本研究在前兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)為期十周

4、的教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示結(jié)合復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工的任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得模式在基于語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的詞匯教學(xué)中實(shí)際應(yīng)用效果明顯優(yōu)于控制組。關(guān)鍵詞:復(fù)述,語(yǔ)義加工,詞匯習(xí)得,語(yǔ)料*本研究為2004-2005年全國(guó)基礎(chǔ)教育外語(yǔ)教學(xué)研究資助金項(xiàng)目立項(xiàng)課題子課題課題編號(hào):jjwyzx2004066 課題名稱:新頒英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的理論與實(shí)踐effects of semantic elaboration and rehearsal on task-based vocabulary acquisition with corporaabstract: the purpose of this study is to examine th

5、e effects of semantic elaboration and rehearsal on vocabulary acquisition with authentic corpora and to develop a task-based vocabulary-learning model by educational action research. based on the atkinson-shiffrin model (1968) - the most widely accepted cognitive psychology theory, and the transfer

6、appropriate processing (tap) theory (morris et al,. 1977) of human memory, which maintains that recollection depends upon the nature of tasks to be performed at study and on tests, and with the “type of processing-resource allocation” (topra) model for the relationship between semantic vs. structura

7、l processing and lexical learning (barcroft, 2002), the research questions of this study were specified as the following: under which condition (elaborative rehearsal vs. maintenance rehearsal)are efl learners at the initial stage better able to learn new words? what are the differential effects of

8、semantic elaboration and rehearsal in the task-based vocabulary learning model? three experiments were designed to explore the above research questions. a total of 96 students of no.5 middle school in huian, fujian, china, were assigned to one of the two learning conditions: rote rehearsal and seman

9、tic elaboration with comprehensive output. in exp.i, effects of semantic elaboration and rehearsal were investigated and the results were analyzed by one-way anova. the result revealed that rehearsal helped students learn orthography (word form) of new words in an immediate test, especially those st

10、udents with learning disabilities, and participants under semantic elaboration with comprehensive output learning condition performed significantly better than those in rote rehearsal group in a delayed semantic recognition test. however, a negative effect was found in the immediate test of word for

11、m recall in a semantic elaboration condition. in exp.ii, the effect of elaborative rehearsal was compared with simple rehearsal (also as rote rehearsal). the result indicated that participants who learned english words with authentic corpora adaptation under elaborative rehearsal condition performed

12、 significantly better than those who learned new words under merely rehearsal condition in a delayed test.the classroom research (exp. iii) also indicated participants in a task-based vocabulary-learning model (involving semantic elaboration with comprehensive output and elaborative rehearsal) perfo

13、rmed significantly better than those who memorized words under shallow maintenance rehearsal learning condition. the experimental results suggest that an approach combining both semantic elaboration and rehearsal is most advisable.key words:rehearsal,semantic elaboration,vocabulary learning,corpora語(yǔ)

14、義加工與復(fù)述在任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得中的作用中 文 文 摘 近年,作為外國(guó)語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)(efl)研究者們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到詞匯習(xí)得在外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的重要性,一改以往詞匯在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中不受重視的局面。80年代以來(lái),詞匯習(xí)得成為心理語(yǔ)言學(xué),認(rèn)知心理學(xué)和教育學(xué)等多學(xué)科所共同關(guān)注的課題。研究表明,詞匯習(xí)得問題是許多作為外國(guó)語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者的主要學(xué)習(xí)障礙。盡管在詞匯教學(xué)及閱讀中附帶的詞匯習(xí)得研究中,前人得到大量的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與數(shù)據(jù),但隨著教育技術(shù)的發(fā)展,信息技術(shù)大量應(yīng)用于外語(yǔ)教學(xué),需要更多的認(rèn)知導(dǎo)向的研究來(lái)闡述這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的一些主要問題。最近幾年來(lái),以認(rèn)知科學(xué)為導(dǎo)向的二語(yǔ)詞匯研究主要集中于詞匯輸入的加工過程方面。換言之,就是學(xué)習(xí)者在詞匯

15、輸入時(shí)如何通過加工詞匯的不同成分(如語(yǔ)言形式、語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)義聯(lián)結(jié))來(lái)習(xí)得詞匯。1研究的目的與策略越來(lái)越多的研究表明,對(duì)一個(gè)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)入門者來(lái)說,詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)是個(gè)關(guān)鍵。如何才能更好地習(xí)得詞匯?不同的心理加工活動(dòng)對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)有什么樣的作用呢?英語(yǔ)作為第二語(yǔ)言(esl)的習(xí)得研究表明,學(xué)習(xí)者在閱讀中伴有一定數(shù)量的詞匯習(xí)得(krashen,1985 )。盡管二語(yǔ)閱讀中也存在詞匯習(xí)得現(xiàn)象,但英語(yǔ)教學(xué)與第二語(yǔ)言教學(xué)(el/esl)研究中有關(guān)閱讀習(xí)得詞匯的經(jīng)驗(yàn)并不能照搬到作為外語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)(efl),特別是對(duì)于中初級(jí)階段的外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者。再則,在通過二語(yǔ)閱讀習(xí)得詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)策略還存在許多不足,如外語(yǔ)初學(xué)者有限的詞匯量與已知

16、的在閱讀中習(xí)得詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)策略之間存在矛盾。許多外語(yǔ)初學(xué)者因詞匯量小,進(jìn)行廣泛閱讀存在困難,無(wú)法通過閱讀的途徑來(lái)大量習(xí)得詞匯,一般采用機(jī)械復(fù)述的方法記憶單詞的詞形與發(fā)音。由于缺乏英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,作為外國(guó)語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)效果與作為第二語(yǔ)言的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)存在著很大的相似性,即學(xué)習(xí)效率與效果不佳,很多學(xué)生盡管經(jīng)過多年的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí),還是存在英語(yǔ)水平低下的現(xiàn)象。隨著認(rèn)知科學(xué)與信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,我們對(duì)詞匯的了解更深入。由于得益于心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)家與應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)家及其它領(lǐng)域研究者的研究成果,我們可以通過分析貯存于電腦中的大量語(yǔ)言數(shù)據(jù)而得出令人信服的結(jié)論。如從一個(gè)容量數(shù)以百萬(wàn)詞計(jì)的語(yǔ)料庫(kù)及相關(guān)索引查詢軟件,研究者或?qū)W習(xí)者可以快

17、速而準(zhǔn)確地了解詞的使用頻率與所處的語(yǔ)境。語(yǔ)料庫(kù)為教學(xué)提供大量真實(shí)的參考材料。因此,一種新的語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)模式-數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)法應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,即學(xué)習(xí)者通過閱讀分析大量來(lái)自語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的“粗語(yǔ)料”來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)言。本研究是在前人研究的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合語(yǔ)料庫(kù)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的成果,以認(rèn)知科學(xué)為導(dǎo)向,考察作為外國(guó)語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的初級(jí)階段,學(xué)習(xí)者通過語(yǔ)料所創(chuàng)設(shè)的不同語(yǔ)境接觸目標(biāo)詞(target words),進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義加工與復(fù)述時(shí)對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的作用。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)法、教師行動(dòng)研究等研究方法,從詞匯心理表征的形成與發(fā)展角度研究語(yǔ)料庫(kù)及其檢索方面的成果在外語(yǔ)任務(wù)型詞匯教學(xué)中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。本研究主要從認(rèn)知的角度來(lái)探討詞匯習(xí)得過程中心理加工的兩種模式-復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工

18、在詞匯習(xí)得中的作用,并針對(duì)外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者的心理特點(diǎn),探討應(yīng)用于計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)策略,從而借助語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的真實(shí)語(yǔ)言材料讓學(xué)習(xí)者在真實(shí)語(yǔ)境中習(xí)得詞匯。11詞匯習(xí)得與各種信息加工模式論文分三個(gè)部分。第一部分從認(rèn)知角度介紹了詞匯研究中有關(guān)信息輸入、加工的各種理論,如信息加工理論等,闡述復(fù)述(rehearsal)與語(yǔ)義加工(semantic elaboration)在詞匯習(xí)得中的不同作用。文獻(xiàn)綜述部分分別從認(rèn)知科學(xué)與二語(yǔ)習(xí)得的角度回顧了詞匯心理表征的形成與發(fā)展及信息加工的各種模式與理論,如廣為接受的認(rèn)知心理學(xué)理論-阿特金森和謝弗林的記憶階段理論(atkinsonshiffrin model,1968)與莫里

19、斯等的(morris et al ,1977) 遷移合適加工理論(transfer-appropriate processing theory)及巴爾克羅夫特(barcroft,2002) 的關(guān)于記憶加工類型與資源分配模式(topra)中有關(guān)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)與語(yǔ)義-詞形加工關(guān)系的理論;在二語(yǔ)習(xí)得研究方面主要回顧克拉申(1985)的可理解輸入假設(shè)與斯韋恩的可理解輸出假設(shè)(swain,1985)及蓋斯的二語(yǔ)習(xí)得模式( sla model)( gass,1997)。12 理論假設(shè) 本研究在上述理論框架的基礎(chǔ)上探討詞匯學(xué)習(xí)這一復(fù)雜的心理加工過程中詞形加工與語(yǔ)義加工過程的關(guān)系。即,記憶的效果是由學(xué)習(xí)與測(cè)試中信息

20、加工任務(wù)的類型決定。記憶分短時(shí)記憶與長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶。記憶的內(nèi)容經(jīng)過復(fù)述進(jìn)入短時(shí)記憶,短時(shí)記憶的內(nèi)容經(jīng)復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工存入長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶;但復(fù)述不是形成長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶的充分條件,并提出理論假設(shè)認(rèn)為,復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在詞匯習(xí)得過程中的作用是不同的。因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)者在復(fù)述時(shí),可以集中精力在目標(biāo)詞的詞形加工上,因而有利于詞形加工;而語(yǔ)義加工因占用有限的心理資源,在短時(shí)記憶中對(duì)詞形加工有抑制作用但有利于詞匯心理表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中的保存。2研究方法第二部分 通過實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)命題假設(shè)進(jìn)行論證。本實(shí)驗(yàn)共有三個(gè)部分,都采用單因素兩水平被試間設(shè)計(jì),詞匯記憶信息加工方式是自變量,把兩種不同的信息加工方式作為兩個(gè)水平,即偏重語(yǔ)言形式加工的機(jī)械復(fù)述與偏重

21、語(yǔ)義加工的精細(xì)復(fù)述,詞匯再認(rèn)成績(jī)?yōu)閼?yīng)變量。測(cè)試分即時(shí)測(cè)試與延時(shí)測(cè)試兩種,分別對(duì)被試的詞匯詞形與語(yǔ)義再認(rèn)成績(jī)進(jìn)行測(cè)試。實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的主要是考察兩個(gè)水平間的差異。21.被試被試為福建省惠安第五中學(xué)高一年級(jí)學(xué)生,兩個(gè)班96人,年齡171歲,男女生比例各約50%。被試有三年英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)背景。實(shí)驗(yàn)前對(duì)被試進(jìn)行前測(cè)與訪談?wù){(diào)查,發(fā)現(xiàn)參加本實(shí)驗(yàn)的被試普遍存在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)困難與詞匯量小的問題,不屬于熟練掌握英語(yǔ)者,為中初級(jí)階段的外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者。被試在實(shí)驗(yàn)前進(jìn)行隨機(jī)分派等組分班。22.實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)通過實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)命題假設(shè)進(jìn)行論證。本實(shí)驗(yàn)共有三個(gè)部分,都采用單因素兩水平被試間設(shè)計(jì),詞匯記憶信息加工方式是自變量,兩種不同的信息加工方式作為兩個(gè)

22、水平,即偏重語(yǔ)言形式加工的機(jī)械復(fù)述與偏重語(yǔ)義加工的精細(xì)復(fù)述,詞匯再認(rèn)成績(jī)?yōu)閼?yīng)變量。測(cè)試分即時(shí)測(cè)試與延時(shí)測(cè)試兩種,分別對(duì)被試的詞匯詞形與語(yǔ)義再認(rèn)效果進(jìn)行測(cè)試。實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的主要是考察兩個(gè)水平間的差異。23.實(shí)驗(yàn)材料用于記憶的單詞均選自人教社高中英語(yǔ)教材,詞長(zhǎng)為5-8個(gè)字母;正式實(shí)驗(yàn)前,將所選300個(gè)單詞列于紙上,發(fā)給50位不參加實(shí)驗(yàn)的同等英語(yǔ)水平的學(xué)生,要求他們選出各單詞的漢語(yǔ)釋義。收回紙條后,進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì),取總正確率低于5%的單詞作為實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目。選出其中240個(gè)單詞分成12組,每次實(shí)驗(yàn)使用一組20個(gè)單詞作為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料。24.實(shí)驗(yàn)程序?qū)嶒?yàn)在兩個(gè)有互聯(lián)網(wǎng)接入的多媒體教室里進(jìn)行。實(shí)驗(yàn)一:在實(shí)驗(yàn)1組的被試(sem

23、antic elaboration group詞匯語(yǔ)義加工學(xué)習(xí)組,簡(jiǎn)稱語(yǔ)義加工組,下同)利用網(wǎng)上的語(yǔ)料庫(kù)web concordancerof virtual language centre(2004)等搜尋到的真實(shí)語(yǔ)料改寫成完整的句子來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)詞匯。同時(shí),在實(shí)驗(yàn)2組的被試(rote rehearsal group機(jī)械復(fù)述學(xué)習(xí)組,簡(jiǎn)稱復(fù)述組,下同)在同樣兩個(gè)小時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間內(nèi)學(xué)習(xí)20個(gè)單詞。實(shí)驗(yàn)后分別對(duì)被試進(jìn)行即時(shí)測(cè)試與延時(shí)測(cè)試,延時(shí)測(cè)試安排在五天后(事先未告知被試)。實(shí)驗(yàn)二:實(shí)驗(yàn)1組(語(yǔ)義加工組)的被試在與實(shí)驗(yàn)一相同的實(shí)驗(yàn)控制的基礎(chǔ)上,通過網(wǎng)上真實(shí)語(yǔ)料改寫成造句的方法來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)詞匯。兩個(gè)小時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)后于第二

24、天再增加一個(gè)小時(shí)的復(fù)述時(shí)間。在實(shí)驗(yàn)1組(語(yǔ)義加工組)所施加的實(shí)驗(yàn)控制屬于精細(xì)復(fù)述的范疇(即包含語(yǔ)義加工與語(yǔ)言形式的機(jī)械復(fù)述的過程)。實(shí)驗(yàn)2組(復(fù)述組)只是在原來(lái)的兩個(gè)小時(shí)的復(fù)述時(shí)間基礎(chǔ)上再延長(zhǎng)一個(gè)小時(shí),屬于機(jī)械復(fù)述范疇。實(shí)驗(yàn)三是在前兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上,借鑒教學(xué)行動(dòng)研究的模式進(jìn)行為期十周的教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)1組所受的實(shí)驗(yàn)控制是與其在實(shí)驗(yàn)二中所進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)程序一樣,即通過精細(xì)復(fù)述學(xué)習(xí)詞匯。實(shí)驗(yàn)2組(對(duì)照組)則通過機(jī)械復(fù)述記憶詞匯。兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組通過每周一次的課外學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)200個(gè)詞匯,教育實(shí)驗(yàn)共為期十周。3.結(jié)果分析與討論實(shí)驗(yàn)一結(jié)果顯示:復(fù)述在短時(shí)記憶中對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式加工(正字法表征)有顯著促進(jìn)作用;語(yǔ)義加工對(duì)

25、詞匯的詞形加工有很強(qiáng)的抑制作用;然而語(yǔ)義加工對(duì)詞匯語(yǔ)義表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中保存有顯著促進(jìn)作用。詞匯正字法表征記憶效果的即時(shí)測(cè)試平均成績(jī):語(yǔ)義加工組55.6250,復(fù)述組77.3958;兩組的詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)即時(shí)測(cè)試平均成績(jī):語(yǔ)義加工組70.7292,復(fù)述組73.3333。詞匯正字法表征記憶效果延時(shí)測(cè)試平均成績(jī):語(yǔ)義加工組43.7083,復(fù)述組 39.5625;兩組的詞匯語(yǔ)義表征辨認(rèn)延時(shí)測(cè)試平均成績(jī):語(yǔ)義加工組44.3750,復(fù)述組39.0208。在實(shí)驗(yàn)一,運(yùn)用spss10對(duì)即時(shí)測(cè)試的數(shù)據(jù)的方差分析(anova),結(jié)果顯示信息加工方式因素對(duì)詞匯正字法表征記憶效果上,組間差異顯著,f(1,94)= 26.

26、812,p.05,表明語(yǔ)義加工在語(yǔ)義再認(rèn)即時(shí)測(cè)試組間差異不顯著。究其原因可能是由于即時(shí)測(cè)試中正字法表征的缺失,妨礙了語(yǔ)義加工的效應(yīng)在即時(shí)測(cè)試中被觀察出來(lái)。在實(shí)驗(yàn)一,詞匯正字法表征(拼寫)記憶效果的延時(shí)測(cè)試兩組間差異f(1, 94) =2.477,p.00,效應(yīng)不顯著;在語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)延時(shí)測(cè)試中,組間差異f(1, 94) =5.549,p.05,表明較少涉及語(yǔ)言形式表征的語(yǔ)義加工在詞形回憶即時(shí)測(cè)試中效應(yīng)不顯著。語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)即時(shí)測(cè)試組間差異f(1,94)= 5.495 ,p.05,表明語(yǔ)義加工在較少涉及語(yǔ)言形式表征的詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)即時(shí)測(cè)試中效應(yīng)顯著。該結(jié)果支持關(guān)于詞匯信息加工與記憶效果關(guān)系的假設(shè)。即,記憶的效

27、果是由學(xué)習(xí)與測(cè)試中信息加工任務(wù)的類型決定。在實(shí)驗(yàn)二,精細(xì)復(fù)述組的被試在詞形回憶延時(shí)測(cè)試的平均成績(jī)是68.1250,詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)延時(shí)測(cè)試的平均成績(jī)是73.7500;機(jī)械復(fù)述組的被試在詞形回憶延時(shí)測(cè)試的平均成績(jī)是53.64580,詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)延時(shí)測(cè)試的平均成績(jī)是57.6042. 經(jīng)一維方差分析,詞匯正字法表征再認(rèn)(拼寫)延時(shí)測(cè)試兩組間差異f(1,94)= 12.231,p.001,效應(yīng)顯著;語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)延時(shí)測(cè)試組間差異f(1,94)= 18.054,p.000,表明語(yǔ)義加工在較少涉及語(yǔ)言形式表征的詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)延時(shí)測(cè)試中效應(yīng)顯著。該實(shí)驗(yàn)分別從詞匯正字法表征(詞形加工)與語(yǔ)義表征(語(yǔ)義加工)形成與發(fā)展的角

28、度論證了語(yǔ)義加工有利于詞匯心理表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中的保存。以上兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果顯示復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在詞匯習(xí)得過程中的作用是不同的。復(fù)述有利于詞形加工;而語(yǔ)義加工因占用了有限的心理資源,在短時(shí)記憶中對(duì)詞形加工有抑制作用但有利于詞匯心理表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中的保存。盡管通過實(shí)驗(yàn)法驗(yàn)證了本研究提出的假設(shè),但根據(jù)有些二語(yǔ)習(xí)得研究專家(如rod ellis,1999)的觀點(diǎn),由于二語(yǔ)習(xí)得研究的過程與教學(xué)實(shí)踐的不同,二語(yǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的結(jié)果并不能直接應(yīng)用于教學(xué)實(shí)踐活動(dòng);并且專業(yè)研究人員所作的二語(yǔ)習(xí)得實(shí)驗(yàn)研究結(jié)果對(duì)于教學(xué)實(shí)踐有局限性。因此,一種新的更實(shí)用的研究模式-教師行動(dòng)研究( action research, nunan,

29、1990)被提出來(lái)-教師作為研究者從教學(xué)實(shí)踐中發(fā)現(xiàn)研究問題、提出理論假設(shè),并著手在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中尋求解決問題的答案。為了更好地應(yīng)用于教學(xué)實(shí)踐,本研究在兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)為期十周的教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。實(shí)驗(yàn)三 通過教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)探討如何利用詞匯心理表征形成與發(fā)展的規(guī)律來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得模式,通過利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的真實(shí)語(yǔ)料進(jìn)行語(yǔ)義精細(xì)加工來(lái)促進(jìn)詞匯習(xí)得。嘗試通過計(jì)算機(jī)輔助語(yǔ)言教學(xué)手段來(lái)幫助外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者解決閱讀中習(xí)得詞匯與詞匯量小導(dǎo)致的閱讀困難之間的矛盾。該教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)借鑒教師行動(dòng)研究(educational action research)模式,研究復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在基于語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的詞匯教學(xué)方法-任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得模式中的實(shí)例應(yīng)

30、用。教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得模式(結(jié)合語(yǔ)義加工與復(fù)述特點(diǎn)的精細(xì)復(fù)述模式)相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)模式淺層次語(yǔ)義加工的維持性復(fù)述效果顯著。采用任務(wù)型精細(xì)復(fù)述的被試在詞匯正字法表征再認(rèn)(拼寫)的長(zhǎng)期效果測(cè)試平均成績(jī)是67.8958,詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)長(zhǎng)期效果測(cè)試的平均成績(jī)是72.1042;機(jī)械復(fù)述組的被試在詞匯正字法表征再認(rèn)(拼寫)長(zhǎng)期效果測(cè)試的平均成績(jī)是60.7708,詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)測(cè)試的平均成績(jī)是63.1458。經(jīng)一維方差分析,詞匯正字法表征再認(rèn)(拼寫)測(cè)試兩組間差異f(1,94)= 4.890,p.05,效應(yīng)顯著;詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)測(cè)試組間差異f(1,94)= 7.097,p.01,效應(yīng)顯著。表明結(jié)合語(yǔ)義加工

31、與復(fù)述特點(diǎn)的任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得模式在教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中效果顯著。論文第三部分為討論與總結(jié)。為了檢驗(yàn)復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在英語(yǔ)詞匯習(xí)得中作用,探索復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在基于語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得中的應(yīng)用。本研究通過實(shí)驗(yàn)法、教師行動(dòng)研究等模式,從詞匯心理表征的形成與發(fā)展角度研究計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)手段、語(yǔ)料庫(kù)及其檢索方面的成果在外語(yǔ)任務(wù)型詞匯教學(xué)中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。根據(jù)實(shí)驗(yàn)一的詞形即時(shí)測(cè)試結(jié)果,在外語(yǔ)中初級(jí)學(xué)習(xí)者的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)過程中,語(yǔ)義加工相對(duì)于復(fù)述,因占用學(xué)習(xí)者較多心理資源而抑制詞形加工過程。然而,在延時(shí)測(cè)試中,實(shí)驗(yàn)一與實(shí)驗(yàn)二結(jié)果皆顯示語(yǔ)義加工有利于詞匯心理表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中的保存與提取。換言之,復(fù)述在短時(shí)憶記憶中對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式表征的加工

32、有顯著促進(jìn)作用而語(yǔ)義加工對(duì)詞匯心理表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中保存有顯著促進(jìn)作用。再則。為期十周的教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)(實(shí)驗(yàn)三)也表明基于語(yǔ)料的語(yǔ)義精細(xì)加工的這種任務(wù)型的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)模式無(wú)論在詞匯正字法表征再認(rèn)(拼寫)測(cè)試還是詞匯語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)測(cè)試中,相對(duì)與對(duì)照組(維持性復(fù)述)有顯著促進(jìn)作用。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:復(fù)述對(duì)詞形加工有顯著促進(jìn)作用;語(yǔ)義加工與可理解輸出對(duì)語(yǔ)義心理表征的建立與提取有顯著的促進(jìn)作用;結(jié)合語(yǔ)義加工與復(fù)述特點(diǎn)的精細(xì)述對(duì)詞匯心理表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中保存也有顯著促進(jìn)作用。該結(jié)果支持莫里斯等(morris et al ,1977) 遷移合適加工理論(transfer-appropriate processing theory

33、)及巴爾克羅夫特(barcroft,2002) 的topra 模式中有關(guān)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)與人類記憶關(guān)系的理論。根據(jù)上述理論,不同種類的加工會(huì)引導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)者去從刺激中獲得不同種類的信息。貯存信息能否被提取出來(lái)依賴那些信息與學(xué)習(xí)、測(cè)試的關(guān)系。盡管詞匯的語(yǔ)義加工在實(shí)驗(yàn)中被證實(shí)對(duì)熟詞及生詞語(yǔ)義辨認(rèn)有促進(jìn)作用,但當(dāng)測(cè)試的項(xiàng)目為詞形時(shí),貯存的語(yǔ)義信息就顯得沒有什么關(guān)系。因此,語(yǔ)義加工組在詞形測(cè)試中表現(xiàn)出很強(qiáng)的抑制作用。顯然這類測(cè)試所需要的是“淺層次的”詞形加工。 本研究的結(jié)果強(qiáng)調(diào)區(qū)分詞形加工(structural processing)與語(yǔ)義加工(semantic processing)的重要性。在強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)義加工的重要

34、性的同時(shí),應(yīng)注意到在詞匯加工中,語(yǔ)義加工的作用就如一把雙刃劍,當(dāng)學(xué)習(xí)者心理資源滿負(fù)荷時(shí),促進(jìn)語(yǔ)義加工的同時(shí)抑制詞形的加工。(barcroft,2004)。換言之,在閱讀中所進(jìn)行的語(yǔ)義加工不一定會(huì)促進(jìn)詞形加工,特別是學(xué)習(xí)者心理資源緊張時(shí)甚至?xí)种圃~形加工,不過從詞匯記憶的長(zhǎng)期保存來(lái)看,語(yǔ)義加工有積極的促進(jìn)作用。 本研究關(guān)于復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工不同作用的描述對(duì)任務(wù)型教學(xué)中詞匯學(xué)習(xí)策略制訂以及詞匯學(xué)習(xí)軟件開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)的有指導(dǎo)意義,從而避免在任務(wù)型詞匯教學(xué)實(shí)踐中從一個(gè)極端走向另一個(gè)極端。本研究在強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)義加工與詞形加工的在詞匯習(xí)得過程中對(duì)詞匯心理表征的形成具有不同促進(jìn)作用的同時(shí),根據(jù)信息加工水平范式的修正模型(l

35、ockhart & craik,1990)(lockhart & craik接受morris 等(1977)所提出的遷移合適加工理論,認(rèn)為可以使遷移合適加工融入到加工水平范式。),結(jié)合morris等的遷移合適加工理論的觀點(diǎn),認(rèn)為預(yù)期記憶成績(jī)?cè)谀撤N程度依賴于編碼時(shí)所進(jìn)行的加工與提取時(shí)所進(jìn)行的加工之間的相互作用。本研究在通過實(shí)驗(yàn)厘清復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在詞匯習(xí)得過程中的不同作用的基礎(chǔ)上,通過教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)證實(shí)了結(jié)合復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工的任務(wù)型詞匯習(xí)得模式在基于語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的詞匯教學(xué)中的實(shí)際應(yīng)用效果明顯優(yōu)于復(fù)述組。綜上所述我們可以得出以下的推論:復(fù)述與語(yǔ)義加工在詞匯習(xí)得的過程中有不同的作用 。即,復(fù)述對(duì)詞形加工有顯著促進(jìn)作

36、用。因?yàn)閷W(xué)習(xí)者在復(fù)述時(shí),可以集中精力在目標(biāo)詞的詞形加工上,因此復(fù)述在詞形加工上作用顯著。再則,語(yǔ)義加工學(xué)習(xí)者在比較不依賴詞形的測(cè)試(如選擇填空)中相對(duì)于復(fù)述學(xué)習(xí)者在長(zhǎng)期記憶的效果上有顯著的差異,該實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果支持遷移合適加工理論。該研究結(jié)果在肯定復(fù)述對(duì)詞形加工的積極作用同時(shí),也證實(shí)語(yǔ)義精細(xì)加工對(duì)詞匯語(yǔ)義加工的促進(jìn)作用及對(duì)詞匯表征的長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶效果的積極作用。根據(jù)上述討論的結(jié)果,本研究可以得出以下結(jié)論:復(fù)述在短時(shí)記憶中對(duì)語(yǔ)言形式加工有顯著促進(jìn)作用而語(yǔ)義加工對(duì)詞匯心理表征在長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶中保存也有顯著促進(jìn)作用。結(jié)合語(yǔ)義加工與復(fù)述特點(diǎn)的精細(xì)復(fù)述在詞匯習(xí)得作用顯著。本實(shí)驗(yàn)作為一項(xiàng)探索性研究,通過結(jié)合教師行動(dòng)研究模式

37、進(jìn)行教學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì),在做理論探討的同時(shí),也注重語(yǔ)言習(xí)得理論在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中的應(yīng)用。希望在英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中,對(duì)信息技術(shù)與學(xué)科課程資源的整合有一定的指導(dǎo)與借鑒作用。注:本文中所提到的二語(yǔ)(l2)教學(xué),泛指包括作為第二語(yǔ)言的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)(esl)與作為外語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)(efl),是相對(duì)以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)教學(xué)(el)而言的。prefacelearning a foreign language is never easy. for most learners, it is a long, painstaking process. in addition, interference from the learners m

38、other tongue, as well as the great difference between the native and the target language, renders the task of language acquisition even more difficult. what is worse, the learning environment is not supportive. there are limited opportunities to use the target language outside classroom. often stude

39、nts are not situated in a surrounding that fosters foreign language learning, nor are they receiving the necessary support in or out of classroom to acquire the target language. as a result, the majority of students who are learning english as a foreign language end up with very limited proficiency

40、even after many years of study. despite the many factors that may contribute to the low achievement among most efl learners, research demonstrates that vocabulary plays a crucial role in learning a second/foreign language, and for most students it takes substantial time and effort to acquire the tar

41、get vocabulary, both receptively and productively (nation, 2001).for many of the efl (english as a foreign language) learners at the beginning and intermediate proficiency levels in china, one of the largest obstacles in efl learning is the problem with vocabulary acquisition (lin, shiann-feng, 2003

42、, luo yong-cong, 2004). in other words, the better the efl students learn the target vocabulary, the more likely they will be effective and successful in learning the target language.in recent years, second language vocabulary acquisition has become an increasingly interesting topic of discussion fo

43、r researchers, teachers, curriculum designers, theorists and others involved in second language learning (coady, 1997:1).wilkins (1978:111), a famous british linguist, states, “without grammar, very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.”nevertheless, it is not difficul

44、t to find language teachers who think that vocabulary can be left to take care of itself, and there is some experimental evidence to support that position (elley & mangubhai, 1981). most scholars seem to agree that, except for the first few thousand most common words, vocabulary learning predominant

45、ly occurs through extensive reading, with the learners guessing at the meaning of unknown words. among them, krashen (1989) suggested the vast bulk of their vocabulary growth must be attributed to wide reading, and to other forms of exposure to rich language input.however, for the learners at beginn

46、ing and intermediate language proficiency levels, many encounter l2 reading disability because of an inadequate mental lexicon. vocabulary acquisition in reading and reading disability with a small vocabulary seems to be a dilemma. the idea of this research was sparked initially by the dilemma.altho

47、ugh the quantity of empirical data on incidental and direct efl vocabulary acquisition has increased substantially, more cognitively oriented research programs are needed to address key issues in this area. one cognitively oriented branch of efl vocabulary research developed in recent years has focu

48、sed on word-level input processing.learning vocabulary can be challenging for efl learners at beginning and intermediate language proficiency levels. memorizing as many words as possible with rote rehearsal or acquiring reading words in modified reading material with the assistant of l1 glossing is

49、common practice; both methods proved to be practical, but not satisfying and far from perfect (wu xuehui, 2003). moreover, it was evident that efl students in china were suffering from the wide linguistic distance between their first language (l1), chinese, and english (l2) in addition to other cont

50、ributing factors as they struggled with learning the target vocabulary. researchers (lin, shiann-feng, 2003; luoyong-cong, 2004) indicated that chinese-speaking students at the initial stage were in great need of assistance in learning english vocabulary more effectively and efficiently.furthermore,

51、 students are different today and so are their brains. they have grown up in an environment different from their parents. by acclimating themselves to these changes, their brains are attracted more than ever to the unique and different what is called novelty. this attraction to novelty is not the re

52、sult of any changes in the physical structures of the brain, but the result of neural associations and networks responding to the multiplicity of todays input (david, a. sousa, 2001). one thing is certain: children and youth today are technologically oriented. they are the . their grow

53、th and learning are intimately tied to television, videos, electronic games, and computers in the home and at school. the changing sensory preferences of students result in the difficulty to keep students on task by traditional teaching methods of instruction. however, schools and teachers have not

54、changed that much. lecturing continues to be the main method of instruction and overhead projector and powerpoint presentation the most advanced instructional technology in most high schools and colleges. in the teaching practice, i often saw that the students did not hide their frustration when the

55、y were instructed to memorize the new words. when i was at college, the largest frustration was that professors and university were not using computer technology to help language learning. just as some students complained, “we are often told to integrate computer technology into language teaching, b

56、ut we have never got a chance to do that.” since students did not expect to face a paper-pencil exercise in a so-called “l(fā)ow tech” classroom, i tried to do something to help via call (computer-assisted language learning). moreover, i believe that with the development of computer technology and call,

57、teachers are going to a part of this information age, and so are the students.as my plan snowballed, i became excited and resourceful. however, experimental results indicate that, as a new instructional technology, call is neutral (wang qiang, 2004). what is critical is not the technology itself, but the learning strategies how the technology was employed and the fundamental theories on which a particular call approach is based. technology and technique mainly focus on subject matter, not learners; but learning strategies focus on learners, pay attention to what can be

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