電大環(huán)境水利學(xué)備考材料整理參考小抄

1、名詞解釋：第一章環(huán)境水力學(xué)是研究水資源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用和興建水利工程過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題和環(huán)境變化對(duì)水環(huán)境、水利工程以及水資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用等影響的學(xué)科。第二章生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是自然界一定空間的生物與環(huán)境之間相互作用、相互影響、不斷演變、不斷進(jìn)行著物質(zhì)和能量的交換，并在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)達(dá)到動(dòng)態(tài)平衡，所形成的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的統(tǒng)一整體，是具有一定結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的單位。生物富集 生物個(gè)體或處于同一營(yíng)養(yǎng)級(jí)的許多生物種群從周圍環(huán)境中吸收氧和積累某種元素或難分解的化合物，導(dǎo)致生物體內(nèi)的平衡濃度超過(guò)環(huán)境中濃度的現(xiàn)象就是生物富集。第三章重金屬污染物的危害 1.汞：有很強(qiáng)的脂溶性，易透過(guò)細(xì)胞膜進(jìn)入生物組織，可在腦中積蓄，損害腦組織，破壞中樞神經(jīng)系

2、統(tǒng)；2.鎘：毒性很大，蓄積性強(qiáng)。以腐殖土壤吸附能力最強(qiáng)，也極易被作物吸收，進(jìn)入人體后，可積蓄于肝臟和腎臟中；3.鉻：易被生物體吸收和積蓄，具有強(qiáng)氧化性，對(duì)皮膚、黏膜具有強(qiáng)烈的腐蝕性；4.鉛：可在人體內(nèi)積累，引起貧血、神經(jīng)炎、腎炎；5.砷：主要通過(guò)消化道、呼吸道及皮膚進(jìn)入人體，影響生物新陳代謝，還可引起神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、毛細(xì)血管和其他系統(tǒng)功能性和器質(zhì)性病變。水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化 氮磷等植物養(yǎng)料一旦進(jìn)入水體，會(huì)使水中藻類等浮游生物迅速過(guò)量繁殖，水中溶解氧含量相應(yīng)急劇減少，從而使水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化。生物自凈作用 它屬于天然水體當(dāng)中，存在著各種各樣的細(xì)菌、真菌、藻類、貝類、水草、原生動(dòng)物、魚(yú)類等水生生物，通過(guò)生物的新陳代謝

3、作用，使水中的污染物數(shù)量減少、濃度下降、毒性減輕甚至消失。河流水體的自凈特點(diǎn)第五章污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 直接控制污染源，體現(xiàn)末端治理要求。污染物排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以水環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和水質(zhì)規(guī)劃目標(biāo)為依據(jù)，結(jié)合我國(guó)具體技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件制定。城市水體污染的控制和治理技術(shù) （物理法、化學(xué)法、生物法）一級(jí)處理只去除廢水中較大的懸浮物質(zhì)（過(guò)濾、沉淀），也稱機(jī)械處理；二級(jí)處理的主要任務(wù)是去除廢水中呈溶解和膠體狀態(tài)的有機(jī)物質(zhì)，也稱為生物處理和化學(xué)處理；三級(jí)處理也稱為高級(jí)處理或深度處理，進(jìn)一步去除廢水中的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)（氮和磷）、生物難降解的有機(jī)物質(zhì)和溶解鹽等。工業(yè)廢水處理程序：澄清、回收、毒物處理、一般處理、再用或排放。農(nóng)業(yè)水體污染的控

4、制和治理一、發(fā)展節(jié)水型農(nóng)業(yè)：1.將漫灌改為噴灌、微噴灌、滴灌等各種節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)；2.大力推行畦灌、溝灌；3.合理灌溉定額；4.減少輸水損失。二、合理利用化肥和農(nóng)藥：1.普遍施改集中施；2.測(cè)土培方施肥；3.新型施肥、控釋肥；4.綠肥、生物肥；5.減少地表徑流。三、加強(qiáng)對(duì)畜禽排泄物、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)廢水及村鎮(zhèn)生活污水的有效處理：1.合理布局；2.控制發(fā)展規(guī)模，企業(yè)建設(shè)統(tǒng)籌規(guī)劃；3.制定實(shí)施各項(xiàng)環(huán)境管理制度和政策；4.興建簡(jiǎn)易污水處理設(shè)施。農(nóng)業(yè)污染源特點(diǎn)：分散、無(wú)組織的排放廢水及污水：如農(nóng)村大面積的地表徑流，往往夾帶著大量的化肥農(nóng)藥；農(nóng)村人畜排放的糞尿，大多沒(méi)有管道收集，而是任意排泄，隨雨水徑流進(jìn)入天然水

5、體。水功能區(qū)劃定義：就是根據(jù)流域區(qū)域水資源狀況，水資源開(kāi)發(fā)利用現(xiàn)狀以及一定時(shí)期社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)在不同地區(qū)、不同用水部門(mén)對(duì)水資源的不同需求，同時(shí)考慮水資源的可持續(xù)利用，在江河胡庫(kù)等水域劃定具有特定功能的水域，并提出不同的水質(zhì)目標(biāo)。一級(jí)區(qū)劃步驟 先易后難：首先劃定保護(hù)區(qū)，然后劃定緩沖區(qū)和開(kāi)發(fā)利用區(qū)，最后劃定保留區(qū)。第六章水利建設(shè)對(duì)環(huán)境的正效應(yīng) 1.提高抵御自然災(zāi)害的能力：防洪、治澇、灌溉、排水等水利建設(shè)可以提高抗御洪、澇、旱、堿等自然災(zāi)害的能力；2.減輕能源污染：水電作為一種清潔易控制的能源在很大程度上可以代替火電、核電，而且水電還具有平衡電力系統(tǒng)負(fù)荷的“調(diào)峰”作用；3.提供改善航運(yùn)環(huán)境：通過(guò)控制河勢(shì)改善

6、河道，使本不能通航或短期通航的河道，通過(guò)渠劃增加新的航線，提供良好的航運(yùn)條件；4.改善生態(tài)環(huán)境，提高生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)力與自我恢復(fù)能力：改善局部地區(qū)氣候（平均氣溫改變、最高氣溫降低、相對(duì)濕度提高） 改善濕地生態(tài)環(huán)境（增強(qiáng)濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)能力 改造某些蟲(chóng)害發(fā)生基地） 改善沙漠生態(tài)環(huán)境 減少地區(qū)流行病 改善水質(zhì)及供水條件 改善擴(kuò)大水生生態(tài)環(huán)境；5.創(chuàng)造或改善旅游環(huán)境水利建設(shè)對(duì)環(huán)境的負(fù)效應(yīng) 1.蓄水淹沒(méi)影響 2.水庫(kù)移民影響 3.改變地下水狀況影響 4.影響環(huán)境系統(tǒng)平衡（河流、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)） 5.水庫(kù)水溫分層形成的泄水影響 6.環(huán)境地質(zhì)問(wèn)題 7.疾病介水傳染 8.其他影響（干擾水體自凈、影響泄洪航運(yùn)、影響

7、水庫(kù)水體、河道灘區(qū)功能發(fā)揮）水庫(kù)誘發(fā)條件 1.特定的構(gòu)造應(yīng)力場(chǎng) 2.處于區(qū)域的大構(gòu)造和活動(dòng)構(gòu)造帶 3.庫(kù)區(qū)地下水深部循環(huán)的水文地質(zhì)條件 4.庫(kù)區(qū)地殼介質(zhì)特征（斷裂的脆弱巖體、破碎的滲透性地層）第七章多層次模糊綜合評(píng)判方法基本思路 1.根據(jù)水利水電工程對(duì)環(huán)境影響的特征，將不同層次建立環(huán)境因素集，即評(píng)價(jià)樹(shù) 2.將各層次環(huán)境因子劃分評(píng)價(jià)等級(jí)，構(gòu)成評(píng)價(jià)集，得到各層次模糊關(guān)系矩陣 3.由低層次向高層次進(jìn)行模糊綜合評(píng)判與矩陣運(yùn)算 4.最終獲得水利水電工程對(duì)環(huán)境總體影響的綜合評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果第八章環(huán)境監(jiān)理的目標(biāo) 1.以適當(dāng)?shù)沫h(huán)境保護(hù)投資充分的發(fā)揮工程潛在的效益 2.使環(huán)境影響報(bào)告書(shū)中所確認(rèn)的不利影響得到緩解或者消除

8、 3.落實(shí)招標(biāo)文件中環(huán)境保護(hù)條款及與環(huán)境有關(guān)的合同條款 4.施工區(qū)和移民安置區(qū)沒(méi)有大規(guī)模的傳染病爆發(fā)和流行 5.實(shí)現(xiàn)工程建設(shè)的環(huán)境、社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的統(tǒng)一。環(huán)境監(jiān)理內(nèi)容 1.生活供水（確保生活供水的安全可靠，環(huán)境監(jiān)理工程師要監(jiān)督承包商做好預(yù)防、加氯消毒和水質(zhì)監(jiān)測(cè)等工作） 2.生產(chǎn)廢水、生活污水處理（對(duì)處理措施進(jìn)行監(jiān)督檢查） 3.固體廢棄物處理（包括生產(chǎn)、生活垃圾和生產(chǎn)廢渣處理，要求合理存放工程材料、器械及工程建設(shè)所生產(chǎn)的廢料，督促進(jìn)行必須的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)處理以達(dá)到合同要求） 4.大氣污染防治（要求裝運(yùn)車輛覆蓋封閉、道路定期灑水、拌合工序防塵除塵） 5.噪聲防治（要求采取減噪弱振設(shè)備和工藝） 6.健康與安全

9、（要求為工人提供有安全保障和衛(wèi)生保障的作息環(huán)境，另外還需要與衛(wèi)生部門(mén)合作，提前采取可能存在的疾病、傳染病的預(yù)防措施，并保證急救設(shè)施、救護(hù)設(shè)施的完善性）winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggr

10、avated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuiv

11、asa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in

12、both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the fo

13、otball associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his ex

14、perience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappoi

15、nted by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, condit

16、ions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount evere

17、st (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space

18、at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final an

19、d so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stu