定語從句與賓語從句

1、定語從句與賓語從句定語從句一. 定語從句的基本概念 在復合句中，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句，被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞，引導定語從句的有關系代詞who, whom, whose, which, that和關系副詞where, when, why。關系代詞和關系副詞在定語從句中擔任句子成份。 例：This is the boy who often helps me.二. 關系代詞和關系副詞的功能 關系代詞和關系副詞用來引導定語從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來。關系代詞和關系副詞又在定語從句中充當一個成分。關系代詞可作主語、賓語、定語，關系副詞可作狀語。1. 作主語：關系

2、代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞的人稱和數須和先行詞一致。 例：I dont like people who talk much but do little.2. 作賓語 例：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.3. 作定語：關系代詞whose在定語從句中作定語用。 例：Whats the name of the young man whose father is a doctor?4. 作狀語 例：Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

3、三. 關系代詞和關系副詞的具體用法1. who 指人，在定語從句中作主語。 例：The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom 指人，在定語從句中作賓語，可省略。 例：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？3. whose 指人，在定語從句中作定語。 例：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.4. which 指物，在定語從中作主語或賓語。作賓語時可省略。 例：A dictionar

4、y is a book which gives the meaning of words.5. that 多指物，有時也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時可省略。 例：Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指時間，在定語從句中作狀語。 例：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.7. where 指地點，在定語從句中作狀語。 例：The factory where his father works is in the east

5、of the city.【注意】關系代詞 whom， which 在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語從句之間，有時為了關系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語從句的后面。 例：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room which we had lived in for ten years. 四. 特殊用法1. 只用that不用which 的情況（1）先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everythi

6、ng, anything 等不定代詞時。 例：All that he said is true. （2）先行詞被only, no, any, one of等詞修飾時。 例：The giant panda is one of the most lovely animals in the world that live in the mountains of China. （3）先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾的詞。 例：The desk is the second thing that I have made. .（4）先行詞是形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級修飾的詞。 例：This is the be

7、st book that I have read this year.（5）先行詞既包括人又包括物時。 例：He talked about the people and the things that he remembered.2. 只用which不用that 的情況（1）在非限制性定語從中。 例：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.（2）定語從句由介詞+關系代詞引導，先行詞是物時。 例：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.定語從句

8、練習1. Yesterday Li Ming went to the village _ he visited five years ago. A. where B. who C. that 2. The girl _ is reading is my sister A. who B. whom C. which 3. They like to live in a house _ is not very big but bright and comfortable . A. that B. who C. what 4. When she got home, the first thing _

9、she did was to clean the house. A. which B. what C. that 5. Running man is a very relaxing TV program _ is hot among the young people. A. what B. which C. who 6. The photo _ taken by my brother last week is very nice. A. which were B. that wereC. which was7. China has the worlds longest high-speed r

10、ailway _ we are proud of. A. that B. which C. what8. Those people and exciting stories _ happened in the movie are well worth learning to us. A. which B. who C. that9. I dont like those _ talk much but do little. A. who B. whoseC. which 10. - Dad, Im hungry. Do we have anything to eat? - You can hav

11、e some bread _ from the supermarket. Its on the table. A. which I am buying B. that I will buy C. that I bought 11. - What are you going to do this summer vacation? - Im going to start a club to help students _ not interested in schoolwork. A. who is B. that is C. who are 12. - Dont eat too much jun

12、k food. - Youre right. However, I do like the food _ tastes good. A. that B. what C. when13. - Hi, Kimmy. Do you know Jam Hsiao? - Sure. He is a popular singer _ comes from Taiwan. A. who B. which C. Whom14. I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees. A. which

13、 B. where C. that15. I can think of many cases (例子) _ students obviously (明顯地) knew a lot of English words and expressions (表達) but couldnt write a good essay (文章). A. why B. which C. where16. - Why does she always ask you for help? - There is no one else _, is there? A. who to turn to B. she can tu

14、rn to C. for whom to turn 17. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which 18. Alec asked the policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. A. with him B. who C. with whom 19. The sun h

15、eats the earth, _ makes it possible to grow crops. A. which B. that C. where20. Is this the factory _ you visited last week? A. where B. which C. when 賓語從句一. 賓語從句的分類 賓語從句是一種名詞性從句，在句中作及物動詞的賓語或介詞的賓語。根據引導賓語從句的不同連詞，賓語從句可分為三類。1. 由that引導的賓語從句。連詞that只起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，沒有實在的意義，在口語和 非正式文體中常常省略。 例：He knew (tha

16、t) he should work hard.2. 由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which等和連接副詞when, where, why, how等引導的賓語從句。這 些連接代詞和連接副詞起連接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意義。 例：I wonder where he got so much money.3. 由if或whether引導的賓語從句。If和whether起連接作用，在從句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解， 在口語中多用if。 例：He asked me whether ( if ) I could help him.二. 賓語從句的語序 賓語從句的語序是陳

17、述句語序，即“連接詞+主語+謂語+其它成分”。特別強調：它的主語和謂語的語序是陳述句語序，而不是疑問句的倒裝結構。 例：Can you tell me how I can get to zoo?注意：陳述句變?yōu)橘e語從句時，要注意人稱和時態(tài)的變化，語序不變。一般疑問句和特殊疑問句變?yōu)橘e語 從句時，也要注意人稱和時態(tài)的變化，后面接陳述句語序。 例：She said, “I will leave a message on the desk.” She said she would leave a message on the desk. “Where are the tickets?” I aske

18、d him. I asked him where the tickets were.三. 賓語從句的時態(tài) 賓語從句中謂語動詞的時態(tài)，常常受到主句謂語時態(tài)的制約，這就是時態(tài)呼應。如果主句謂語是一般現(xiàn)在時或將來時，從句謂語的時態(tài)不受限制；如果主句謂語的時態(tài)是一般過去時，從句一般要隨著改為相應的過去時態(tài)（一般過去時、過去進行時、過去將來時、過去完成時）。 例：Please tell us where he is. He told me that he was preparing for the sports meet.注意：當賓語從句敘述的是客觀真理時，不管主句謂語的時態(tài)如何，從句都用一般現(xiàn)在時。

19、例：The teacher told us (that) the earth moves around the sun.四. 賓語從句和狀語從句的區(qū)別例：（1）I will go out tomorrow if it is fine. （2）I dont know if the train has arrived. 句（1）中if引導的是狀語從句。這個從句表示“條件”，修飾主句。整個句子的意思是如果明天天氣好，我就出去。句（2）中if引導的是賓語從句，充當謂語動詞dont know的賓語。整個句子的意思是我不知道火車是否到達。判斷方法：1. 可以從整個句式看。狀語從句一般可以放在主句的前面或后

20、面（個別除外），賓語從句只能放在主句謂 語動詞之后。2. 從引導詞看。if充當賓語從句的連接詞時，相當于whether， 詞義為“是否”，充當狀語從句的連接詞 時，詞義為“如果”。when充當賓語從句的連接詞時，意為“什么時候”，充當狀語從句的連接詞時， 意為“當的時候”。3. 從時態(tài)看。if和when作連接詞時，引導賓語從句要注意：從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)應根據主句的時態(tài)作 相應的變化。if和when充當從屬連詞時，引導條件和時間狀語從句，若主句的謂語動詞用一般將來時， 則從句的時態(tài)應用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。賓語從句練習1. - Im afraid I cant remember _. - In

21、Beijing, I think. A. where did I first meet you B. where I first met you C. when I first met you 2. - Can you find out our city _ a lot in the last few years? - Yes. The road is wider and the buildings are taller. A. has changed B. changes C. changed 3. - Do you know _ Jenny comes to school every da

22、y?來源:學*科*網Z*X*X*K - Of course I do. She rides her bike A. whether B. when C. how 4. - Are you sure you have to? Its been very late. - I dont know _ I can do it if not now. A.where B. how C. when5. - Amy, do you know if Daniel _ to the farm with us tomorrow if it _? - Sorry, Ive no idea. A. will go;

23、will rain B. will go; rains C. goes; will rain 6. I dont know if he _ to the party. I will let you know if he _. A. will come; comes B. will come; will come C. comes; comes 7. - Could you tell me _? - By searching the Internet. A. how you got the information B. when you got the information C. how di

24、d you get the information 8. - Are you clear about the trip next Saturday? - One more thing. I want to know _.A. that Mr. Yang will goB. if Mr. Yang will go or not C. whether Mr. Yang will go來9. Do you know _ tomorrow ? A. when did she come B. when will she come C.when she will come10. Could you tell me _? A. what she had done with the newspaper B. which is the way to the nearest hospital C. which gate I should go