考研英語經(jīng)典：100句長難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析必備學(xué)習(xí)

1、美式論文、報告寫作技巧 編者按：美式教育的特點即是課程內(nèi)容強調(diào)學(xué)生參與及創(chuàng)新運用，因此，報告便成了常見的考核學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)成果的方式，比如實驗報告、學(xué)期報告、專題報告、研究報告及論文（含畢業(yè)論文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的機會更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占學(xué)期成績很大比例。如何完成報告、論文同時得到良好的成績，是本文提供給有志留學(xué)的有心人參考的目的。 美國大學(xué)生由於自小已養(yǎng)成自動尋找答案習(xí)慣，在啟發(fā)式的教育環(huán)境下，寫報告、論文對他們來說比較不陌生，雖然專業(yè)知識上美國學(xué)生不見得比外籍學(xué)生強，但是表達(dá)能力由於自小培養(yǎng)，加上英語能力的優(yōu)勢，常比外籍學(xué)生在報告、論文方面有較隹的

2、利基。反之中國學(xué)生比較缺乏報告寫作的訓(xùn)練，因此如果在留學(xué)過程中無法適應(yīng)美式教育會比較辛苦，其實論文、報告的寫作要領(lǐng)其實不難，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常論文由篇首(preliminaries)，本文(texts)以及參考資料(references)三部分構(gòu)成；而這三大部分各自內(nèi)容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(title) 序言(preface) 謝詞(acknowledge) 提要(summary) 目錄(tables and appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(introduction) 主體，含篇(part)、章(chapter)、節(jié)(section) 、以及注釋 (foot

3、notes) (三)參考資料： 參考書目(references or bibliography) 附錄資料(appendix)。 進(jìn)行論文或報告寫作之前，先要確定想要表達(dá)的主題，主題確定后，將其具體表達(dá)，即為題目。題目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范圍 三.資料搜集的范圍 四.預(yù)期研究成果 通常在確定題目之後就開始找資料從事研究，建議在找資料之前最好去問教授有哪些參考資料來源可供參考引用。構(gòu)思為確定寫作大綱或 proposal 的先前步驟， 大綱是論文、報告的骨干， proposal 是研究的架構(gòu)、流程及范圍的說明書。如何構(gòu)思大綱或proposal為論文、報告寫作前的必要準(zhǔn)備工作

4、。好的論文或研究報告，要基于在完整、詳實的資料上，而參考資料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的來源就是圖書館了，一般參考資料來源可分成教科書或手冊、政府機構(gòu)的報告、科技或商業(yè)方面的雜志，及會議性質(zhì)的資料。此外現(xiàn)代的電腦資料庫也可幫助收集資料，在國外可利用學(xué)校的電腦連線資料庫尋找自己需要的資料。當(dāng)一切準(zhǔn)備就緒，即可開始著手寫報告，一般報告還分大報告如期末、專題等報告，及小報告如 seminar 式的報告。 就算是小報告，也至少應(yīng)含 (一)title pages ：包含主題名稱、作者、日期 (二)summary： 即主要的結(jié)論 (三)introduction：包括理論背景及內(nèi)容 (四)technical

5、 sections：是論文的主體，為最重要的部份應(yīng)再細(xì)分為 幾個片斷。 (五)conclusions：即扼要的結(jié)論 (六)appendixes：復(fù)雜公式的導(dǎo)引及叁考資料和電腦程式的報表可附加在 此項 美式報告的撰寫通常要打字，兩行式，行間若有未拼完的字要以音節(jié)來連接。寫報告通常需要用到電腦，如有計算數(shù)字統(tǒng)計圖表的需求，也常會用到程式軟體如pascal、lotus，統(tǒng)計分析軟體如sas，也是不可或缺的，電腦繪圖在今日已成為工商界及學(xué)術(shù)界的重要工具，文書處理更是最基本的要求，因此word for window、powerpoint、excel便成了頗受歡迎的工具。此外在英文語法、文法上的潤飾與修改

6、，如能請老美幫忙會比較好。 論文、報告完成后有時會需要做解說(presentation)，用英文來講演對中國人來說算是一大挑戰(zhàn)，通常課堂講演時間為十五分鐘到三十分鐘，若是論文囗試則至少一小時。投影機及麥克風(fēng)的使用對講演的效果有很大幫助，正式講演前多預(yù)習(xí)幾次，時間宜控制適中，上臺時忌諱低頭拿著報告照念，需留意聽眾的反應(yīng)，切中主題，避免太多數(shù)字的導(dǎo)引。2012考研英語經(jīng)典復(fù)習(xí)資料：考研長難句結(jié)構(gòu)分析最新經(jīng)典100 句1. the american economic system is. organized around a basically private-enterprise, marketo

7、rientedeconomy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending theirmoney in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.參考譯文美國的經(jīng)濟是以基本的私有企業(yè)和市場導(dǎo)向經(jīng)濟為架構(gòu)的，在這種經(jīng)濟中，消費者很大程度上通過在市場上為那些他們最想要的貨品和服務(wù)付費來決定什么應(yīng)該被制造出來。2. thus, in the american economic system it is the dem

8、and of individual consumers, coupledwith the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize theirincomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.參考譯文因此，在美國的經(jīng)濟體系中，個體消費者的需求與商人試圖最大化其利潤的欲望和個人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相結(jié)合，一起決定了什么應(yīng)該被制

9、造，以及資源如何被用來制造它們。3. if, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.參考譯文另一方面，如果大量制造某種商品導(dǎo)致其成本下降，那么這就有可能增加賣方和制造商能提供的供給，而這

10、也就會反過來降低價格并允許更多的消費者購買產(chǎn)品。4. in the american economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownershipof productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.參考譯文在美國經(jīng)濟中，私有財產(chǎn)的概念不僅包

11、含對生產(chǎn)資源的所有權(quán)，也指其他一些特定的權(quán)利，如確定一個產(chǎn)品價格和與另一個私人個體(經(jīng)濟單位)自由簽定合同的權(quán)利。5. at the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers arethe most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. and theyalso identify preferred customers for promotional campaig

12、ns.參考譯文同時這些計算機記錄下哪些時間是最忙的，哪些員工工作效率最高，這樣就能相應(yīng)地做出人員人事安排。而且它們(計算機)也能為促銷活動找到那些擁有優(yōu)先權(quán)的顧客。6. numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas an2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整理sail2011 2d electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers th

13、rough the use of computers.參考譯文不計其數(shù)的其他商業(yè)企業(yè)，從劇院到雜志出版商，從公用燃?xì)怆娏υO(shè)施到牛奶處理廠，都通過計算機的使用給消費者帶來更好、更有效率的服務(wù)。7. exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age forthese children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.參考

14、譯文殘疾兒童在許多關(guān)鍵方面都與其同齡人不同。為了讓這些孩子發(fā)展其全部的成人后的潛能， 他們的教育必須適應(yīng)這些不同。8. the great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop thei

15、r capabilities.參考譯文在過去的30 年中，公共教育中顯示的對殘疾兒童的巨大關(guān)注表明了我們社會中的一種中強烈的情緒，那就是所有的公民，不管其情況有多特殊，都應(yīng)享有充分發(fā)展其能力的機會。9. it serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.參考譯文它(廣告

16、)能夠直接幫助貨物以比較合理的價格被迅速分銷出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一個堅固的國內(nèi)市場，同時也使以具有競爭力的價格提供出口變得可能。10. apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of parliament govern the terms of advertising,no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.參考譯文除去議會有27 件法案來規(guī)范廣告的條件，沒有任何一個正式的廣告

17、商敢于推銷一種商品卻不能兌現(xiàn)其在廣告中的承諾。11. if its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult ifnot impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.參考譯文如果

18、其信息只被局限于告知一一就廣告而言，如果這不是完全不可能達(dá)到的，也是非常難做的，因為即便是一個諸如襯衫的顏色的選擇這樣的細(xì)節(jié)都會具有微妙的說服意味，那么廣告就會如此地乏味以至于沒有人會關(guān)注它。12. the workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner wholearns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for t2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整

19、理sail2011 3here efforts.參考譯文得到了升遷的工人們，成績進(jìn)步的學(xué)生，學(xué)會了一門新語言的外國人一一這些都是那些有可衡量的結(jié)果宋顯示其努力的人們的例證。13. as families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will

20、 be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.參考譯文隨著家庭離開他們原來穩(wěn)定的社區(qū)，離開他們多年的朋友和擴展的家庭關(guān)系，非正式的信息流動被切斷了，隨之而去的是對在需要時能獲得可靠和值得信賴的信息的信心。14. the individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specif

21、ic problem is complicated, time-consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.參考譯文現(xiàn)在每個人能夠得到的信息比任何時代的人都多，而找到與他她的特定問題相關(guān)的那一點信息的任務(wù)不僅復(fù)雜、耗時，有時甚至令人難以招架。15. expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jo

22、bs to travel to a distant conference site.參考譯文通過遠(yuǎn)程會議，專家知識可以在全世界范圍內(nèi)被分享，而爭論的問題能夠得到解決，同時相關(guān)人員也不必離開他們的家庭或工作跑到一個遙遠(yuǎn)的開會地點。16. the current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive a-types seem in some way better than t

23、heirb type fellows.參考譯文現(xiàn)在這種讓孩子們和其同學(xué)或時間競爭的熱情導(dǎo)致了一個雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，在這個結(jié)構(gòu)里面善于競爭的a 類好像在某個方面要比他們b 類的同輩更勝一籌。17. while talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your wares and abilities must be displayed in an ord

24、erly and reasonably connected manner.參考譯文在跟你談話的時候，可能成為你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、經(jīng)驗和其他資格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的商品和能力一定要以一種有條不紊而且合情合理的相互關(guān)聯(lián)的方式被展示出來。18. the corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a

25、 nation wide debate in2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整理sail2011 4britain.參考譯文英國廣播公司將作為一個公共基金支持的廣播組織存在下來，至少目前會這樣，但是它的角色、它的規(guī)模和它的節(jié)目現(xiàn)在在英國成了全國上下的討論話題。19. the debate was launched by the government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the bbc-including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about

26、 the corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.參考譯文這場辯論是由政府發(fā)動的，政府請任何一個對英國廣播公司有意見的人一包括普通的聽眾和觀眾一來說說這個公司好在哪里或壞在哪里，甚至要說說他們是否認(rèn)為這個公司值得被保留下來。20. the change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency

27、that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 參考譯文這種變化通過引入許多的專業(yè)因素從而適應(yīng)了這個新時代的技術(shù)要求，并且它(這種變化)防止了效率的降低。這種效率的降低在精力充沛的創(chuàng)業(yè)者之后的第二代和第三代人(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)公司)的時候，經(jīng)常會毀掉那些家族公司的財富。21. such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly incr

28、eased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsiblewealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached fromthe responsible management of business.參考譯文這樣巨大而非個人的對資金和產(chǎn)業(yè)的操縱極大地增加了股東的數(shù)量和他們作為一個階級的重要性，這是國

29、家生活中代表不負(fù)責(zé)任的財富的一個因素，這種財富不但遠(yuǎn)離了土地和土地?fù)碛姓叩呢?zé)任，而且?guī)缀跬瑯优c公司的負(fù)責(zé)任的管理毫無關(guān)系。22. towns like bournemouth and east bourne sprang up to house large comfortable classeswho had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a sha

30、reholders meeting to dictate their orders tothe management.參考譯文像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本這樣的城鎮(zhèn)的涌現(xiàn)是為了給那些數(shù)量很多的舒適階級提供居住場所。這些人依賴于其豐厚收入而不工作，他們除了分紅和偶爾參加一下股東大會，向管理層口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社會的其他階層毫無瓜葛。23. the shareholders as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held

31、shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.參考譯文這樣的股東對他擁有股份的公司所雇用的工人們的生活、思想和需求一無所知，而且他們對勞資雙方的關(guān)系都不會產(chǎn)生積極的影響。2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整理sail2011 524. the paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that

32、 familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which theemployer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passingaway.參考譯文代表公司的花錢雇來的經(jīng)理與工人及其需求的關(guān)系更加直接，但是就連他對工人們也沒有那種熟識的私人之間的了解。而在現(xiàn)在正在消失的古老家族公司的那種更加家長式的制度下的雇主們卻常常對他們的工人有這樣的私人關(guān)系。25. among the many shaping factors, i woul

33、d single out the countrys excellent elementary schools: a labor force that we l comed the new technology； the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the american genius for nonverbal, spatial thinking about things technological.參考譯文在許多形成因素當(dāng)中，我將挑選出這些：這個國家優(yōu)秀的小學(xué)教育：歡迎新技術(shù)的勞動者們：獎勵發(fā)明者的做法；而

34、且最重要的是美國人在對那些技術(shù)性事物的非言語的、空間性的思考方面的天賦。26. as eugene ferguson has pointed out, a technologist thinks about objects that can not bereduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process.the designer and the inventor., are able to assemble and manipulat

35、e in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.參考譯文正如尤金弗格森所指出的那樣：一個技術(shù)專家思考那些不能被簡化成能被清楚的語言描述的東西。這些東西在他的思維中是通過一種視覺的、非語言表述的過程宋處理的設(shè)計者和發(fā)明者能夠在他們的腦中裝配并操作那些還不存在的裝置。27. robert fulton once wrote, the mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges,wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alpha

36、bet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.參考譯文羅伯特法歐特曾經(jīng)這樣寫到：一個技師會坐在杠桿、螺絲釘、楔子、輪子等等當(dāng)中，就像一個詩人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把這些字母看成自己思想的展示，在這樣的展示中，每種新的次序安排都傳達(dá)了-種新的思想。28. in the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beatin

37、g.he describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.參考譯文在最后三章中，他脫下手套，將神造論者好好地揍了一頓。他描述了他們的活動和戰(zhàn)術(shù)，而且，對于那些對神造論者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人來說，神造論者的欺騙和扭曲事實的程度可能會令這些人有一種不快的詫異。2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整

38、理sail2011 629. on the dust jacket of this fine book, stephen jay gould says: this book stands for reason itself. and so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.參考譯文在這本杰出的書的外紙封面上，史蒂芬杰伊古爾德寫道：這本書本身就代表理性。而它確實是這樣的-而且如果理性成為神造論地化論之間的辯論中的惟一評判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的話，一切就都好辦了。

39、30. after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, australias northern territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.參考譯文 經(jīng)過了六個月的爭論以及最后16 個小時激烈的議會辯論，澳大利亞北部地區(qū)成了世界上第一個允許醫(yī)生終止希望死去的絕癥病人生命的

40、立法當(dāng)局。31. some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the australian medical association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. but the tideis unlikely to turn back.參考譯文一些機構(gòu)終于松了一口氣，但是其他一些機構(gòu)，包括教堂，倡導(dǎo)生命之權(quán)的團體和澳大利亞醫(yī)學(xué)協(xié)會，尖銳地抨擊這個法案，指責(zé)法案的通過過于匆忙。但

41、是大勢已定，不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。32. in australia- where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.參考譯文在澳大利亞-人口老齡化，延長壽命的技術(shù)和變化看的社會態(tài)度，這些因素都在發(fā)揮作用一一其他的州也會考慮制定相似的關(guān)于安樂死的法律。33. there a

42、re, of course, exceptions. small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the us. yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.參考譯文當(dāng)然，例外是存在的。在美國，心胸狹窄的官員，粗魯?shù)膫髡撸蜎]有禮貌的出租車司機也并不少見。然而人們常常得出這樣的觀察意見，這使得它值得被討論一下。34. we live in a society in w

43、hich the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, acigarette for the nerves.參考譯文我們生活在一種藥品(毒品)的醫(yī)學(xué)用途和社會用途都很廣泛的社會里：一片用來止頭痛的阿斯匹林，一些用來社交的葡萄酒，早上自己提提神所喝的咖啡，一支用來定神的香煙。35. dependence is marked fi

44、rst by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substan2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整理sail2011 7ce required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant with drawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.參考譯文對藥品的依賴性首先表現(xiàn)為不斷增長的耐藥量，要產(chǎn)生想得到的效果所需要的藥品劑量越來越大，然后表現(xiàn)為當(dāng)停止用藥后，令人不快的停藥

45、癥狀的出現(xiàn)。36. is this what you intended to accomplish with your careers? senator robert dole askedtime warner executives last week. you have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation andthreaten our children as well?參考譯文上星期參議員羅博特多爾質(zhì)問時代華納公司的高級管理人員們：難道這就是你們希望能夠成就的事業(yè)?你們已經(jīng)出賣了自己的靈魂，但是難道你們還非要腐化我們的國家，威脅

46、我們的孩子們嗎?37. the test of any democratic society, he wrote in a wall street journal column, lies not inhow well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression thewidest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.參考譯文對任何一個民主社會的考

47、驗，他在華爾街雜志的一個專欄文章中寫到，不在于它能夠多有效地控制各種意見的表達(dá)，而在于這個社會是否能給予思考和表達(dá)的盡可能廣泛的自由，不管有時候這種結(jié)果是多么的富有爭議或令人不快38. during the discussion of rock singing verses at last months stockholders meeting, levinasserted that music is not the cause of societys ills and even cited his son, a teacher in the bronx, new york, who uses

48、 rap to communicate with students.參考譯文在-上個月的股東大會上關(guān)于搖滾歌詞的討論中，萊文宣稱說：音樂不是社會問題的原因，他甚至還以他的兒子為例。他的兒子是紐約州布朗克斯的一個教師，并用說唱音樂與學(xué)生們進(jìn)行溝通。39. much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy toa soft landing of a touch on the brakes ， makes it sound like a precise science. nothin

49、g couldbe further from the truth.參考譯文有很多用于描述貨幣政策的詞匯，例如輕踩剎車以操縱經(jīng)濟軟著陸，使貨幣政策聽起來像是一門精確的科學(xué)。沒有什么比這更遠(yuǎn)離實際情況的了。40. economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in britain and the united states, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially americas, hav

50、e little productive slack.參考譯文經(jīng)濟學(xué)家們對英國和美國的有利的通貨膨脹數(shù)據(jù)尤其感到驚訝，因為傳統(tǒng)的計量方法顯示兩國的經(jīng)濟，特別是美國的經(jīng)濟，幾乎沒有生產(chǎn)蕭條的時候。2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整理sail2011 841. the most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. some economists arguethat powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic mod

51、els that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.參考譯文很不幸，這最令人震驚的解釋有一點缺陷。一些經(jīng)濟學(xué)家認(rèn)為世界經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)的強有力的變化已經(jīng)結(jié)束了那個以經(jīng)濟增長和通貨膨脹的歷史關(guān)聯(lián)為基礎(chǔ)的舊的經(jīng)濟模式。42. the aswan dam, for example, stopped the nile flooding but deprived egypt of the fertilesilt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir

52、of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.參考譯文例如，阿斯旺大壩使得尼羅河不再洪水泛濫，但是它也奪去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥-這些換宋的就是這么個疾病滋生的水庫，現(xiàn)在這個水庫積滿了淤泥，幾乎不能發(fā)電了。43. new ways of organizing the workplace-all that re-engineering and downsizing-are onlyone contribution to the overall productivity of

53、an economy, which is driven by many other factorssuch as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training,參考譯文企業(yè)重組的新方法-所有那些重新設(shè)計、縮小規(guī)模的做法-只是對一個經(jīng)濟的整體生產(chǎn)力做出了一方面的貢獻(xiàn)。這種經(jīng)濟還受許多其他因素的驅(qū)動，比如結(jié)合設(shè)備和機械上的投資、新技術(shù)，以及在教育和培訓(xùn)上的投資。44. his colleague, michael beer, says tha

54、t far too many companies have applied reengineeringin a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to longtermprofitability.參考譯文他的同事邁克爾比爾說，有太多的公司已經(jīng)用一種機械的方式實行公司內(nèi)部的重新設(shè)計，在沒有充分考慮長期贏利的能力下削減了成本。45. defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as the

55、flight from science and reason , held in new york city in 1995, and science in the age of (mis) information, which assembled last june near buffalo.參考譯文科學(xué)衛(wèi)士們在會議上也表述了他們的關(guān)注，比如1995 年在紐約市舉行的逃離科學(xué)與理性會議，以及去年6 月在布法羅附近召開的(錯誤)信息時代的科學(xué)會議。46. a survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has

56、been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocksof smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.參考譯文一項關(guān)于1996 年新聞報道的調(diào)查顯示，反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽還可以貼在許多其他團體身上，從提倡消滅最后存留的天花病毒的權(quán)威機構(gòu)，到鼓吹削減基礎(chǔ)研究經(jīng)費的共和黨2011 年考研精品資料清風(fēng)揚帆收集整理sail2011 9人(都被貼上了反科學(xué)的標(biāo)簽)。47. the true enemies of science, argues paul ehrllch of stanford university, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletionof the ozon