英美文選復習摘要

1、優(yōu)質文檔Chapter4 Victorian Period1836-1901 2. background （ 1）early years ： rapid （ 2 ）the next twenty years of earnestness ， respectability （ 3） the last three decades of the Victorian valueseconomic development as well as serious social problems ： prosperityand relative stability. a national spirit， mo

2、desty domesticity： the decline of the British empire and the decay相信能就一定能3. idea ：（ 1）Darwin s The Origin basis of the traditional faith（2）（3） values ，（4）4.criticalof Species ； The Descent of Manshook the theoreticalUtilitarianism ： whether it could promote the material happiness socially conscious

3、writers criticized cold indifference towards human feeling literature ： magnitude and diversity realist writers2） s depreciation of culturalcriticizedtheromantically and realistically society ， concernedabout the fateof common peopleCharles Dickens1.theme ：criticalrealistwriters ，criticize：poverty ，

4、injusticehypocrisy ，corruptness2.works ： Oliver Twist Son； A Tale of Two Cities Expectations3.characteristics ：The Pickwick Paper Bleak House ； Little Dorrit； David Copperfield； Hard TimesDomeby and； Great（ 1） he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary（ 2） character portrayal（ 3） char

5、acters are mostly innocent， helpless ， persecuted child characters（ 4） a mixture of humor and sympathism（ 5） bizarre figure， horrible4.Oliver Twist ： the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse system and the dark criminal underworld lifeThe Bronte Sisters1. scene ：vast ， rough ，untouched moorland wi

6、lderness2. Charlotte Bronte ： Jane EyreMr. Rochester and Jane Eyre.Rochester ： a grim-looking ， energetic ， quick-tempered ， but an understanding middle-aged manJane Eyre ： has a burning spirit and a longing to love and be lovedJane Eyre ：struggles for recognition of her basic rights and equality as

7、 a woman. It s an individual conscious struggle towards self-realization. She gets joythrough the sacrifice of herself or her weakness overcome3. Emily Bronte ： Wuthering Heights （ uses flashbacks ）Nelly ： Catherine s old nurse ，narrator ，told Mr.Lockwood ，a temporary tenant the storyAlfred Tennyson

8、1. Crossing the Bar ； Ulysses ； Break ， Break ， Break2. evaluation ： Poet Laureate （ Wordsworth ， Southey ）3. features ： a powerful expression of the poet s philo sophical and religiousthoughts ， his doubts about life， soul.Robert Browning1. features ： perfects “ dramatic monologue ”， keeps readers

9、onmouseover ， thoughtful and enlightened2. works ： My Last Dutches ， in heroic couplets， dramatic monologueGeorge Eliot1.idea ： founder of “ stream of consciousness ”， focus on inner struggle. hereditary influences govern human action. concern for the destiny of woman. the tragedy of women lies in t

10、heir very birth（ hereditary influences）2. works features： naturalistic and psychological novel3. works ： Middlemarch ：a full view of life in a small EnglishtownThomas Hardy1. evaluation ： naturalist （ D.H.Lawrance ； Theodore Dreiser ； George Eliot ）， also critical realist writer（ Dickens ）2. works ：

11、 Wessex， The Return of the Nature ； The Mayor of Casterbridge ； Tess of the D Urbervilles ； Jude the Obscure3. features ： nostalgic （ Washington Irving ； F.Scott Fitzergerald； WilliamFaulkner ）， also pessimistic4. naturalism ：Darwin s idea of “survival of the fittest”（ 1） man is born with tragic， in

12、evitably bound by his own hereditary traits（ 2） man proves powerless before fate however he tries， he seldom escapes hisdoomed destiny5. Tess of the D Urbervilles ：（ 1） criticize the society， hypocrisy of the society（ 2） nauralism ， the misery ， poverty Tess suffersChapter5 The Modern Period（ Englan

13、d ）1. background ： second half of the 19th century to early of the 20th decades（ 1） natural and social sciences enormously advanced（ 2） capitalism came into its monopoly stage（ 3） the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened（ 4） World War 1 2 broke2. what ideas influence this period： a

14、ll kinds of philosophical ideas（ 1） Karl Marx ： scientific socialism（ 2）Darwin s theory of evolution， “survival of the fittest”（ 3） Freuds analytical psychology（ 4） The irrationalist philosophers give immense influence3.ideas ：（ 1）Modernism originated from skepticism and disillusion of capitalism（ 2

15、） The French symbolism announced modernism（ 3） takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.The major themes are the distorted ，alienated and ill relationships4. difference between Modernism and RealismModernism is a reaction against realism in many aspec

16、ts（ 1） Modernism rejects rationalism ， which is the theoretical base of Realism （ 2） Modernism refects the source of Realism ， i.e. the external ， objective material world（ 3） Modernism rejects almost all the traditional elements in literature5. D.H.Lawences works features ：（1）he interests in explor

17、ing the psychological development， he thinks lifeimpulse is man s instinct. any conscious oppression will cause distortion of the individual s personality（ 2）make a psychological exploration of human relationships ， especially those between men and women own property.（3）he emphasizes that it inhuman

18、 machines. And the desires for power relationships6.John Osborne： “Look back in Anger” drama and the Theater of AbsurbGeorge Bernard Shawn1.idea ：against reflecting humanlife2.works features（1）（2）3.works ：showing oneinversionMrs Warrenart for arts capitalist industrialization that turn man intoand m

19、oney cause the alienation of humanAngry Young Man”， the working-class， art should serve social purposes by social contradictionss sake ”， revealing： prolem plays ， only one passion s character by the expense of anotherand educating commonpeople ： indignations Profession （ a playplay ）；The Apple Cart

20、about the economic （politicalplay ）；oppressionThe Doctorof woman）； s DilemmaSt. Joan（ historical （political play）John Galsworthy1.works ： trilogy2.The Manof Property ：Soame（s husband）the predominant possessive instinct of the ForsytesSoames represents the principle that the accumulation of wealth in

21、 the aim of life ，for he considers everything in terms of ones property ， he never pays anyattention to hiswife s thoughts and feelings ， he takes her merely as part of his：The Man of Property； In Chancery ；，Irene （ wife ），Bosinney（wifeTo Lets lover ）theme： human relationships of the contemporary En

22、glish Society are merely an extension of property relationshipsWilliam Butler Yeats1. works ：The Lake Isle of Innisfree； Down by the Salley GardensT.S.Eliot1. works ：The Waste Land（ 1） presents physical disorder and spiritual decadence in the modern western society（ 2） reflects disillusion and despa

23、ir of a whole post war generation.anguish menace，sterilityhad been afflicting all sensitive members of the postwar generation（ 3） concerns with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning（ 4） reflects the 20th century peoples disillusion and frustration in

24、 ameaningless and boring world2. works ： The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock ： dramatic monologue in ironic tone content ： the meditation of an aging young man over the proposing marriage theme： the speaker s incapabilityof facing up to love and to life in a sterileupper-class worldD.H.Lawence1. work

25、s ： The Rainbow ； Women in Love ； Lady Chatterley s Lover2.Sons and Loverscontents ： ignorant ， drunken and brutish father（ Mr.Morel ）， the weary ，frustrated mother （ Mrs.Morel ）， the intelligentand ambitious woman， tries to findemotional fulfillment in her sons（ Paul ）。 she hopes her sons should ne

26、ver becameminers ，they will be educated to realize her ideals of success ，happiness and social respect. Paul is incapable of escaping the overpowering emotional bond imposed by her mothers love.（ distorted relationship）James Joyce1. scene ： the same setting ： Ireland ， especially Dublin ， the same s

27、ubject ： the Irish people and their life2. works ： Ulysses ： an account of man s life during one day3. stream of consciousness ：presents unspoken materials directly from the psyche of the characters ， or make the characters tell their own inner thoughts in monologues ； a literary form presenting psy

28、chological aspects of charactersThe events seem to be trivial ， insignificant ， but below the surface of them， the natural flow of mental reflections， the shifting moods and impulses in thecharacters inner world are richly presented in an frank and penetrating way.（ Ulysses ）4. Araby （ from Dubliner

29、s ）： a tale of the frustrated quest for beautytheme ： the child lives not with his parents but with an uncle and aunt ， a symbol of that isolation and lack of proper relation between parents and childrenChapter7 The Realistic Period 1865-19141. background ： the Civil War affected both the social and

30、 the value system（ 1）transformed from an agriculturalone to an industrialized and commercializedone（ 2） stimulated technological development（ 3） stepped up urbanization（ 4） people became dubious about the human nature and the charity of God The Gilded Age2. American Realistic Period and English Real

31、istic Period（ Victorian Period）common ground（ 1） a great interest in the realities of life， aim at the interpretation ofthe actualities of any aspect of life（ 2） what was brutal or filthy， the open portrayal of class struggle（ 3） common people mostly depicteddifferences （ America ）（ 1）native trends

32、in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces（ 2） perfect the dialect style（ 3） concern about “l(fā)ocal colorism ”， a unique variation of American literary realism3. American Naturalism ： influenced by Darwin s evolutionary theory（ 1）accept the more negative implications of it and use

33、 it to explain the behavior of those characters in litrary works（ 2） inherited qualities， and habits confined by social forces are depicted（ 3） theme： human “bestiality ”， especially the sexual desire（ 4） unpolished language（ 5） philosophically ， the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes of

34、 the individual ， or beyond his control（ 6） material source from the lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty（ 7）naturalism is evolved from realism.author s tone in writing is less seri ous and sympathetic ， more ironic and pessimisticMark Twain1. works ： Life on the Mississippi ； The Adven

35、tures of TomSawyer ； Adventures of Huckleberry Finn（ trilogy of Mississippi）； The Celebrated Jumping Frog ofCalaveras County ； Innocents Abroad ； The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg2. features ：（ 1） paid more attention to the“l(fā)ife（ 2） preferred to have his own region colorism ”（ 3） concerned with the

36、life of a small people（ 4） nostalgic in a vanishing way of before their eyes（ 5）skillfullyused the colloquialism” of the Americansand people in his stories ， i.e. “ local ， well-defined region and the lower-class life and recorders of a present that faded the language is simple ，direct ，

37、tagonists spoke in vernacular， both realistically and symbolically（ 6）his humor is remarkable ， his humor is not only funny elements making people laugh ， but a kind of artistic style to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism3. Advantures of Huckleberry Finn ： The climax

38、 is Hucks inner struggle on the Mississippi ， between his affection for Jim and the laws， finally he follows hisown good-hearted morality rather than the conventional village oneHuckleberry Finn ： a typical American boy with“ a sound heart and a deformedconscien ce”， innocent and rebelHenry James1.

39、evaluation ： fluenced by Freud ， pioneer of “ stream -of- consciousness ”， founder of psychological realism2. works ：The Portrait of A Lady（ masterpiece ）： international themes3. Daisy Millernarrator ： Frederick WinterbourneDaisy Miller ： Freedom an individuality ， innocent ， a pretty American Flirt

40、Emily Dickinson1.works features ：（ 1） she uses a particular rhyme pattern ， uses dashes and captical letters as a means of emphasis（ 2） simplicity and plainness（ 3） focus on a single image or symbol（ 4） poems are personal and meditative（ 5） personification2.idea ：skeptical about the relationship bet

41、ween manand nature ， concerns religion ， death ， immortality ， love ， nature3. works ：This is myletter to the World ； I heard a Fly buzz-when I died ； Because I could not stop for DeathTheodore Dreiser1.works ： Sister Carrie greatest work： An American Tragedy2. trilogy of desire ： The Financier ； Th

42、e Titan ； The Stoic3.idea ： naturalist（ 1） heredity and environment are the f orces determining man s destiny ， under what life was ironic， even tragic（ 2）human beings life was trapped intoa welter of inscrutable forces（ 3）Darwin s idea of “ survial of the fittest” is embodied as “kill or tobe kille

43、d ” in Dreiser s works（ 4） explain the insignificance of life and attack the conventional moral standards（ 5） materialism is the core. man has a meaningless， endless search forsatisfaction of his desires， desires for money（ 6） sex is another human desire. sexual beauty symbolizes the social statusCh

44、apter8 The Modern Period（ America ）1.age ： second half of the 19th century to early decades of the 20th century2. background ：（ 1） the U.S. has become the most powerful country（ 2） technological revolution（ 3） a decline in moral standard， a spiritual wasteland， feelings of fear ，loss ， disorientatio

45、n and disillusionment3. influencing ideas：（ 1） the same as English Modern period： Karl Marx ， Darwin ， Freud（ 2） stream of consciousness：4. “ The Lost Generation ” by Gertrude5. John Steinbeck ： “ The Grapes of Wrath ”Allen Ginsberg ： “ Howl”， the manifesto of Beat MovementSalinger ： “ The Catcher i

46、n the Rye ”6. modernism s features ：literature ： convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decaywriter ： develop techniques that could represent a break with the past. modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation7. The differences between Modernism America and England（ 1） American write

47、rs emphasize the concrete sensory images or details as the direct conveyor of experience（ 2） modern fiction employ the first narration or confine the reader to the“ central consciousness ” or one character s point of viewcommon ground： directness ， compression ， vividness ， sparing of wordsEzra Poun

48、d1.imagist ：（ 1） direct treatment of poetic subjects（ 2） eliminate ornamental words（ 3） rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronomeexample ：“ In a Station of the Metro”2.works ：In a Station of the metro ； The River- Merchents Wife ； A pact

49、（ free verse ） Robert Lee Frost1.works ：The RoadNot Taken， Mountain Interval ， uncertainty of the speaker s choice between safety and unknown（ meditative ）Stopping by Woods on a snowy Evening-New HampshireAfter Apple-Picking ， a man s best ef forts ever satisfy God ？2.idea ： a momentary stay against

50、 confusion， like Wordsworth3. The Road Not Taken ： took the one less traveled by and that has made all the differenceEugene I Neill1.works ： The Hairy Apecharacters seek meaning and purpose in their lives through love or religion or revenge. the result is disappointment or despair. use Expressionism

51、2.The Hairy Ape： concerns the problem of modern man s position. Yank s sense of belonging nowhere is a typical of the mood of isolation and alienation in the early twentieth century in the US and the whole world as well.F.Scott Fitzgerald1.both an insider and outsider of the Jazz Age2.The Great Gats

52、by narrator ： Nick Carraway Ernest Hemingway 1.Hemingway hero（ 1） a wounded hero confronts all the difficulties of the situation with his dignity and courage.（ In Our Times-Nick Adams ）（ 2） a group of wandering ， amusing and aimless people caught in the war. （ The Sun Also Rises-The Lost Generation

53、）（ 3）mansuffers both physically and mentally ， and is doomed to suffer ， refute God s kindness to man. （ A Farewell to Arms-Frederick Henry）（ 4） proves life s worth and there are causes worth dying for.（ For Whom theBell Tolls-Robert Jordan ）（5）show great respect for the struggle of mankind against unconquerable naturalforces ，though only a partial（6）he is with the honesty fights a losing battle of lifevictory is possible. （The O