大氣污染模型.

1、h環(huán)境系統(tǒng)模si201997年印度尼西亞大火產(chǎn)生的煙霧NV33OHaqsiaaoiv siavdix-i3H3HdSOJAIlV竿蔚蔚倉AHlSII5i?H3 OiH：4HdSWJ；IHSIlldSOIUNV7I3OAMJ-SIIV：1H3 -039 oraH/IH layer用Pasquill Gifiord分奏怯借址邊界 層 Uses Gaussian distribution in all inel cundilions缽有SfcfKF均位用刪布 Simple model jng of hills and huildings山址利建氛4的ffMMK戰(zhàn)Gaussian modeksimpl

2、e and advanced (2) rLfl單的和復(fù)雜的離斯模型(2)Hills should affect the ind Held and the turbulence field.山地肩風(fēng)場和畑l場ADMS iniHlels tlic physicsADMSM的物理第椅lapproach noeffect on flow field傳兢方法沒有 M 地形對(duì)1厲的形英國空氣質(zhì)量模型UPWINDBackground Atlantic Air co2 ch4 n2o coDOWNLAYERsampling at 30 m, with profiles every 100 km along t

3、rajectory367 1865 312.5 ppb105 ppbA BOUNDARY LAYERENHANCEMENTco ch410-100 20-150PPb ppbREQUIRES c early defined boundary layer no deep convection no frontal activity along trajectory steady boundary layer winds (3-15 msd)Measurement platform: new FA AM BAe-146Measured species Gases:/ f Long-lived: C

4、O2, CO, N2O, CH4 Reactive inorganic: SO2, NO, NO2, O3 nh3, hno3 Organic: VOCs Mercury Aerosol: Non-refractory sub-micron NH4+, NO3_, SO42, orga nics Heavy metalsComponents of the boundary layer budget模型種類1. FRAME (Fine Resolution Atmospheric Multi-species Exchange) model2. NAME (Nuclear Accident Mod

5、el)3. Box model of MCMModel FRAME / K /統(tǒng)計(jì)的拉格朗日多層擴(kuò)散模型“優(yōu)點(diǎn)：表面/大氣交換模型、垂直擴(kuò)散 弱點(diǎn)：線性、沒有考慮有機(jī)化學(xué)過程和側(cè)風(fēng)擴(kuò)散 /FRAME Model Model used for NH3, SO2, NOX (ineluding /chemistry with HNO3, HClf associated aerosols and PAN)7/ Non-chemistry version for N2O, CH4, CO2 and Heavy Metals Runs on 132km x 244km UK grid at 5km re

6、soluti onCH4 and N2O modellingEnhancement of CH4 due to UK emissionsEnhancement of N2O due to UK emissionspredicted with FRAME under W wind at 8.6 m s*1. predicted with FRAME under W wind at 8.6 m s 1重金屬模擬的金屬包括As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb,Se, V 禾口 ZrK/干沉降依賴于顆粒的尺寸和地形、地貌 的種類。濕沉降依賴于降水等。Heavy MetalsPb deposit

7、ionAs depositionModel 右 NAME拉格朗日擴(kuò)散模型考慮化學(xué)變化Model 3: Box modelBox model of Master Chemical Mechanism to simulate photochemistry O3的產(chǎn)生模擬簡化的水平對(duì)流模型的選擇1. Simulate non-reactive gases (CO, CO2, CH4, N2O) with FRAME2. Simulate non-reactive gases with NAME3. Simulate inorganic chemistry withFRAME /4. Simulate

8、 organic chemistry with boxmodel少城市中光化學(xué)煙霧的模型光化學(xué)煙霧9由光化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的煙霧排入大氣的NOx和碳?xì)浠衔锏?次污染物，經(jīng)過 陽光照射，各種污染物之間發(fā)生相互反應(yīng)，生成。3、 / 醛類、過氧乙酰硝酸酯、過氧苯酰硝酸酯等二次污 染物，一次和二次污染物在大氣中形成一種有刺激 性的、淺藍(lán)色的混合煙霧。臭氧（。3）、過氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN）、過氧苯酰 硝酸酯（PBN）和其他能使碘化鉀的碘離子氧化的 痕量物質(zhì)，都稱為光化學(xué)氧化劑；它們都是光化學(xué) 煙霧的組成物。模型一box modelRate constant k (ppm)0.339 2.08xl053. O

9、3+NO一 NO2+O22.52x10Basic EquationsBox model equation(LWZ)dq = WLQdt IuWZqdt(1)血皐+為丄Q生一組dt Z L L Z Z=+7_2_lZuZ w Z U二(Q-QQ +刁-弩土uZZ u_ /q = pQZ(4)uZChemical Reaction SubmodelAtmospheric photochemical reactions for simulation model:Step4. O3+2NO22HNO3+O25. NO+NO22HNO26. HNO2+ hy OH- +NO7. CO+OH -Q CO2

10、+HO2-8. HO2 +NO* HNO2+O29. HC+O _ aRO2-10 HC+O3 pRO2 + y RCHO11. HC+OH 匕 5RO2- + eRCHO12. RO2 +NO- NO：+ 0 OH-13 RO2 +NCh PAN2.06 xlO1 22.0x101.5 xlO22.0 xlO314. HO2 +NUNO.+OH-Sub-model Basic EquationsdtMP AN)-。3：PAN:O:HNO2 :OH:RO2-:HO2 :模型的修改計(jì)算。3、PAN的濃度要與觀測值對(duì)照。子模型中所涉及的化學(xué)反應(yīng)將直接影響 模型的結(jié)果。 /多箱模型可以代替單箱模型以

11、達(dá)到更好 的模擬效果。大r污染物的調(diào)查基準(zhǔn)年：1999年歹區(qū)域：北京8個(gè)城區(qū)，包括面積1782 km2 卩考察污染物：PM10, SO2 and NOX污染源：電廠、工業(yè)鍋爐和窯爐、加熱 鍋爐、機(jī)動(dòng)車、民用爐等北京8個(gè)城區(qū)及其網(wǎng)格劃分IXlchencnMkgClMl4gIUZuftfivurvChrigvenVlotdl nVIChiey昱/iShi JiTChiFeast alDISTICICTS:BOHITORIHG STATtOMS：?-1mMiaaC, erBouixlarv layer described in lenns of h anl I.vo用英寧臭林夫長曲述邊界戾 Skewed Gaus