土木工程英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)原文及中文翻譯

1、 civil engineering introduction papers英語(yǔ)原文abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in china or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. the world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of scie

2、nce and development. mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. but before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.k

3、ey words : civil engineering; architecture; mechanics, materials.civil engineering is build various projects collectively. it was meant to be and military project corresponding. in english the history of civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemical engineering belong t

4、o to engineering, because they all have minyongxing. later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to engineering became civil engineering of specialized nouns. so far, in english, to engineering include wat

5、er conservancy project, port engineering, while in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering fa

6、cilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.civil engineering is a kind of with peoples food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. among them w

7、ith live relationship is directly. because, to solve the live problem must build various types of buildings. to solve the line, food and clothes problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. line, must build railways, roads, bridges, feed, must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm i

8、rrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build va

9、rious buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering

10、, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. 1civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity.

11、civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of peoples life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefor

12、e, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. purpose is for human life and production provide places.houses will be like a man, its like a mans life planning enviro

13、nment is responsible by the planners, its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, its structure is like a persons bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, its water, heating ventilation and elec

14、trical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city i district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and

15、construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.after all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. we have to solve the problem of discipline cal

16、led architectural mechanics. architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition o

17、f, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. in load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has ce

18、rtain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. while these relationships can be improve

19、d by mechanics formula solved through calculation.building materials in building and has a pivotal role. building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. in ancient times, the human lives, the line uses is the rocks andtrees. the 4th centu

20、ry bc, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. the 17th century had cast iron and shoutie later, until the eighteenth century had portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. now all sorts of high-stre

21、ngth structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. in all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, mas

22、onry. in recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in mee

23、t the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.in construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. cons

24、truction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole juchao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through construction means. a construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, dee

25、p foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions u

26、sing relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issu

27、ed by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance chinas construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, ha

28、ve to bear. formation support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. foundation, and the foundation and the superstruc

29、ture is a building of three inseparable part. according to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is

30、divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in bui

31、lding scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures. 3as people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of bui

32、lding space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. this needs to decorate a building to be necessary. if architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the bu

33、ilding, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in peoples in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to

34、achieve conception must express effect. building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, constructi

35、on technology and economic feasibility, etc. housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, bridges, tunnels has made great progress.in general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the fu

36、ture of the civil engineering will occupy in peoples life more important position. the environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. in the near future, some major projec

37、ts extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanbridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. the development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and marine development, provide mankind broader sp

38、ace of living. in recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of toward

39、s a higher point. meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. the word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of com

40、puter, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.this is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. without a gen

41、tle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. in this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal

42、of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.this is a responsible and caring industry. should have a single responsible heart - i ones life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility.finally, this is a constant purs

43、uit of perfect industry. pyramid, spectacular now: the great wall, the majestic. but if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification,

44、 through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. and such pursuit, not confined in the past. just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of

45、 in formation. one of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.reference:1 luofuwu editor. civil engineering (professional). introduction to wuhan. wuhan university of technology press. 20072 wa

46、ngfuchuan, palace rice expensive editor. construction engineering materials. beijing. science and technology literature press. 20023 jiang see whales, zhiming editor. civil engineering introduction of higher education press. beijing. 1992 土木工程概論 譯文摘要：土木工程是個(gè)龐大的學(xué)科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑無(wú)論是在中國(guó)還是在國(guó)外，都有著悠久的歷史，長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展

47、歷程。整個(gè)世界每天都在改變，而建筑也隨科學(xué)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展。力學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)，材料的更新，不斷有更多的科學(xué)技術(shù)引入建筑中。以前只求一間有瓦蓋頂?shù)姆课荩F(xiàn)在追求舒適，不同的思想，不同的科學(xué)，推動(dòng)了土木工程的發(fā)展，使其更加完美。關(guān)鍵詞：土木工程；建筑；力學(xué)；材料。土木工程是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它的原意是與“軍事工程”相對(duì)應(yīng)的。在英語(yǔ)中，歷史上土木工程、機(jī)械工程、電氣工程、化工工程都屬于civil engineering，因?yàn)樗鼈兌季哂忻裼眯浴：髞?lái)，隨著工程科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，機(jī)械、電氣、化工都已逐漸形成獨(dú)立的科學(xué)，civil engineering就成為土木工程的專門名詞。至今，在英語(yǔ)中，civil engin

48、eering還包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我國(guó)，水利工程和港口工程也成為與土木工程十分密切的相對(duì)獨(dú)立分支。土木工程既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程設(shè)施，也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)施工，保養(yǎng)，維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。 土木工程是一種與人們的衣、食、住、行有著密切關(guān)系的工程。其中與“住”的關(guān)系是直接的。因?yàn)?，要解決“住”的問(wèn)題必須建造各種類型的建筑物。而解決“行、食衣”的問(wèn)題既有直接的一面，也有間接的一面。要“行”，必須建造鐵路、道路、橋梁；要“食”，必須打井取水、興修水利、進(jìn)行農(nóng)田灌溉、城市供水排水等，這是直接關(guān)系。而間接關(guān)系則不論做什么，制造汽車、輪船也好，紡紗、織布、制衣也好

49、，乃至生產(chǎn)鋼鐵、發(fā)射衛(wèi)星、開展科學(xué)研究活動(dòng)都離不開建造各種建筑物、構(gòu)筑物和修建各種工程設(shè)施。 土木工程隨著人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展，至今已經(jīng)演變成為大型綜合性的學(xué)科，它已經(jīng)出許多分支，如：建筑工程，鐵路工程，道路工程，橋梁工程，特種工程結(jié)構(gòu)，給水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。1土木工程作為一個(gè)重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科，有其重要的屬性：綜合性，社會(huì)性，實(shí)踐性，統(tǒng)一性。土木工程為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善提供了重要 的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)眾多產(chǎn)業(yè)的振興發(fā)揮了促進(jìn)作用，工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的基本生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，因此，建筑業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)成為許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱之一。 建筑工程就是興建房屋規(guī)劃，勘測(cè)，設(shè)計(jì)

50、，施工的總稱。目的是為人類的生產(chǎn)和生活提供場(chǎng)所。 房屋好比一個(gè)人，它的規(guī)劃就像人生活的環(huán)境，是由規(guī)劃師負(fù)責(zé)的；它的布局和藝術(shù)處理相應(yīng)于人的體形、容貌、氣質(zhì)，是由建筑師負(fù)責(zé)的；它的結(jié)構(gòu)好比人的骨骼和壽命，是由結(jié)構(gòu)工程師負(fù)責(zé)的；它的給排水、供熱通風(fēng)和電氣等設(shè)施就如人的器官、神經(jīng)，是由設(shè)備工程師負(fù)責(zé)的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一樣，在城市我地區(qū)規(guī)劃基礎(chǔ)上建造房屋，是建設(shè)單位，勘察單位、設(shè)計(jì)單位的各種設(shè)計(jì)工程師和施工單位全面協(xié)調(diào)合作的過(guò)程。結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)穿了，不過(guò)就是受力體的反力與內(nèi)部應(yīng)力如何與外力達(dá)到平衡。建筑首先要解決，也是必須要解決的問(wèn)題就是受力的問(wèn)題。我們把解決 這個(gè)問(wèn)題的學(xué)科稱為建筑力學(xué)。建筑力學(xué)有可

51、以分為：靜力學(xué)，材料力學(xué)和結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)三大力學(xué)體系。建筑力學(xué)是討論和研究建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及構(gòu)件在荷載和其他因素影響的 工作狀況，也就是建筑的強(qiáng)度，剛度，穩(wěn)定性。在載荷作用下，承受載荷和傳遞載荷的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件會(huì)引起周圍的物體對(duì)它們的作用，同時(shí)物件本身受載荷作用而 產(chǎn)生變形，并且存在著被破壞的可能性，但是結(jié)構(gòu)本身就具有一定的抵抗變形和破壞的能力，而結(jié)構(gòu)的承載能力的大小是與構(gòu)件的材料，截面的幾何尺寸，受力性質(zhì)，工作條件和構(gòu)造情況有關(guān)。而這些關(guān)系都可以由力學(xué)關(guān)系式通過(guò)計(jì)算而得以解決。 建筑材料在建筑中也有著舉足輕重的作用。建筑材料是隨著人類社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和科學(xué)技術(shù)的提高而逐步發(fā)展起來(lái)的。遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代，人類的住、行采用的

52、是石塊和樹木。公元前124世紀(jì)先后創(chuàng)制了瓦和磚，人類才有用人造材料做成的住房。17世紀(jì)有了生鐵和熟鐵以后，直到18世紀(jì)有了波特蘭水泥，才使后來(lái)的鋼筋混凝土工程得到蓬勃發(fā)展。如今各種高強(qiáng)度結(jié)構(gòu)材料、新型裝飾材料和防水材料的開發(fā)，則和20世紀(jì)中期以來(lái)高分子有機(jī)材料在土木工程中的廣泛應(yīng)用密切相關(guān)。在所有材料中，最為主要和最為大眾的是鋼材、混凝土、木材、砌體。近年來(lái)，采用兩種材料的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，將它們組合在一起，做成的組合結(jié)構(gòu)得到很快發(fā)展。現(xiàn)在的建筑中，工程質(zhì)量的優(yōu)劣通常與所采用材料的優(yōu)劣，性能及使用的合理與否有直接的聯(lián)系，在滿足相同技術(shù)指標(biāo)和質(zhì)量要求的前提下，選擇不同的材料不同的使用方法，都對(duì)工程的造價(jià)有直

53、接的影響。2 在建筑過(guò)程中，建筑工程施工是和與建筑力學(xué)，建筑材料同樣重要的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。建筑施工是將設(shè)計(jì)者的思想，意圖及構(gòu)思轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)的過(guò)程，從古代的穴居巢處到現(xiàn)在的摩天大樓，從農(nóng)村的鄉(xiāng)間小道到城市的高架道路都需要通過(guò)“施工”的手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。一個(gè)工程的施工包括許多工種工程，諸如土石方工程，深基坑支護(hù)工程，基礎(chǔ)工程，鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)工程，結(jié)構(gòu)吊裝工程，防水工程，裝飾工程等，各個(gè)工種工程都有自己的規(guī)律，都需要根據(jù)不同的施工對(duì)象及施工環(huán)境條件采用相應(yīng)的施工技術(shù)，在土建施工的同時(shí)，需要與有關(guān)的水電及其它設(shè)備組成一個(gè)整體，各工程之間合理的組織與協(xié)調(diào)，更好的發(fā)揮投資的效益。土木工程施工在發(fā)揮效益的同時(shí)，還要嚴(yán)格按

54、照國(guó)家頒發(fā)的有關(guān)施工技術(shù)規(guī)范，從而進(jìn)一步提高我國(guó)的施工水平，保證施工質(zhì)量，降低工程成本。 任何建筑無(wú)不修建在地球表面的地層上，建筑的重量最后都會(huì)傳給地層，有地層來(lái)承受。支撐建筑的地層被統(tǒng)稱為地基，建筑物在地面以下并將上部 結(jié)構(gòu)的自重與所承擔(dān)的載荷傳遞到地基上的構(gòu)件或部分構(gòu)件稱為基礎(chǔ)。地基，基礎(chǔ)和上部結(jié)構(gòu)是建筑物的三個(gè)不可分割的部分。三者的功能不同，但在載荷的作用下， 它們彼此相關(guān)，是共同作用的整體。地基可分為天然地基和人工地基，基礎(chǔ)根據(jù)埋深分為深基礎(chǔ)和淺基礎(chǔ)。，基礎(chǔ)和地基的質(zhì)量是保證建筑物的安全和正常使用的關(guān) 鍵所在，建筑物的地基在建筑物的載荷作用下既要保持整體的穩(wěn)定性又要是地基產(chǎn)生的沉降在建

55、筑物許可范圍內(nèi)，而地基本身應(yīng)有足夠的強(qiáng)度，剛度和耐久性，同時(shí)還要考慮修基礎(chǔ)的方法和必要的擋土擋水及相關(guān)措施。 3隨著人們生活的水平的不斷提高，人們對(duì)自己所處的建筑空間已經(jīng)不僅僅單純從數(shù)量上提出更高的要求，而且從質(zhì)量上也提車了更高的要求，要求環(huán)境的美觀，有一定的舒適度。這就需要對(duì)建筑進(jìn)行必要的裝修。如果說(shuō)建筑主體工程構(gòu)成了建筑的骨架，那么裝飾后的建筑則成了有血有肉的有機(jī)體，最終以豐富的，完善的面貌出現(xiàn)在人們的面前，最佳的建筑應(yīng)該充分體現(xiàn)各種裝飾材料的有關(guān)特性，結(jié)合現(xiàn)有的施工技術(shù)，最有效的手法，來(lái)達(dá)到構(gòu)思所要表達(dá)的效果。建筑裝 修要考慮建筑空間的使用要求，保護(hù)主體機(jī)構(gòu)免受損害，給人以美的享受，滿足

56、消防疏散的要求，裝飾材料和方案的合理性，施工技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的可行性等。房屋建筑發(fā)展的同時(shí)，像房屋建筑一樣影響著人們生活的道路，橋梁，隧道等也取得了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展。 總的來(lái)說(shuō)土木工程是一門古老的學(xué)科，它已經(jīng)取得了巨大的成就，未來(lái)的土木工程將在人們的生活中占據(jù)更重要的地位。地球環(huán)境的日益惡化，人口的不斷增加，人們?yōu)榱藸?zhēng)取生存，為了爭(zhēng)取更舒適的生存環(huán)境，必將更加重視土木工程。在不久的將來(lái)，一些重大項(xiàng)目將會(huì)陸續(xù)興建，插入云霄的摩天大樓，橫跨大洋的橋梁，更加方便的交通將不是夢(mèng)想?？萍嫉陌l(fā)展，以及地球不斷惡化的環(huán)境必將促使土木工程向太空和海洋發(fā)展，為人類提供更廣闊的生存空間。近年來(lái)，工程 材料主要是鋼筋，混凝土，

57、木材和磚材，在未來(lái)，傳統(tǒng)材料將得到改觀，一些全新的更加適合建筑的材料將問(wèn)世，尤其是化學(xué)合成材料將推動(dòng)建筑走向更高點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)方法的精確化，設(shè)計(jì)工作的自動(dòng)化，信息和智能化技術(shù)的全面引入，將會(huì)是人們有一個(gè)更加舒適的居住環(huán)境。一句話，理論的發(fā)展，新材料的出現(xiàn)，計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用，高新技術(shù)的引入等都將使土木工程有一個(gè)新的飛躍。這是一門需要心平氣和和極大的耐心和細(xì)心的專業(yè)。因?yàn)槌汕先f(wàn)，甚至幾十萬(wàn)根線條要把建筑物的每一處結(jié)構(gòu)清楚的反映出來(lái)。沒有一個(gè)平和的心態(tài)，做什么事情都只是浮在表面上，對(duì)任何一幢建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)要從事的事業(yè)便不可能有一個(gè)清晰、準(zhǔn)確和深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)，這自然是不行的。從事這個(gè)行業(yè)，可能沒有挑燈夜戰(zhàn)的

58、勇氣，沒有不達(dá)目的不罷休的精神，只會(huì)被同行所淘汰。這是一個(gè)需要責(zé)任感和愛心的行業(yè)。要有一顆負(fù)責(zé)的心我一人之命在我手，千萬(wàn)人之命在我手。既然選擇了土木，就應(yīng)該踏踏實(shí)實(shí)的肩負(fù)起這個(gè)責(zé)任。 最后，這是一個(gè)不斷追求完美的行業(yè)。金字塔，壯觀吧；長(zhǎng)城，雄偉吧.但如果沒有一代又一代人的不斷追求，今天的我們或許還用那種最古老的辦法來(lái)造這同樣的建筑。設(shè)計(jì)一幢建筑的結(jié)構(gòu)是很繁，但是這都是經(jīng)歷了數(shù)個(gè)世紀(jì)的滌蕩，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷的積累，不斷改良，不斷創(chuàng)新所得到的。而且這樣的追求，絕不局限于過(guò)去。試想，如果設(shè)計(jì)一幢建筑能夠像計(jì)算一加一等于二一樣簡(jiǎn)單而易于掌握，那何了而不為呢？因此，土木工程師總是在不斷的求索中。一個(gè)最簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)

59、，最少的耗費(fèi)，最大的功用。選擇土木，選擇了一條踏實(shí)勤奮，不斷創(chuàng)新，追求完美的道路。參考文獻(xiàn)：1羅福午主編.土木工程（專業(yè)）概論.武漢.武漢理工大學(xué)出版社.2007年 2王福川，宮米貴主編.建筑工程材料.北京.科學(xué)技術(shù)文獻(xiàn)出版社.20023江見鯨，葉志明主編.土木工程概論.北京.高等教育出版社.1992年 蚈袈肄莁薄袇膆薇蒀袇艿莀螈袆羈薅蚄羅肁莈薀羄膃薃蒆羃芅莆裊羂肅腿螁羂膇蒅蚇羈芀芇薃羀罿蒃葿罿肂芆螇肈膄蒁蚃肇芆芄蕿肆羆葿蒅肆膈節(jié)襖肅芀薈螀肄莃莀蚆肅肂薆薂蠆膅荿蒈蠆芇薄螇螈羇莇蚃螇聿薃蕿螆芁蒞薅螅莄羋袃螄肅蒄蝿螃膆芆蚅螃羋蒂薁袂羈芅蕆袁肀蒀螆袀膂芃螞衿莄葿蚈袈肄莁薄袇膆薇蒀袇艿莀螈袆羈薅蚄羅肁莈薀羄膃薃蒆羃芅莆裊羂肅腿螁羂膇蒅蚇羈芀芇薃羀罿蒃葿罿肂芆螇肈膄蒁蚃肇芆芄蕿肆羆葿蒅肆膈節(jié)襖肅芀薈螀肄莃莀蚆肅肂薆薂蠆膅荿蒈蠆芇薄螇螈羇莇蚃螇聿薃蕿螆芁蒞薅螅莄羋袃螄肅蒄蝿螃膆芆蚅螃羋蒂薁袂羈芅蕆袁肀蒀螆袀膂