3437.C 加快山東省加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的對(duì)策研究 英文文獻(xiàn)

1、題目：加快山東加工貿(mào)易轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的對(duì)策研究英文文獻(xiàn)1資料：processing trade, mainly referring to the external processing and assembly, small and medium-sized compensation trade and processing trade feed. the benefits of the development of processing trade is less investment and time is short, effective and is conducive to take fu

2、ll advantage of chinas abundant labor resources and to expand exports and increase foreign exchange earnings. it is generally talking about three to a meeting, referring to the processing, assembly, sample processing, compensation trade and small and medium-sized, sample processing, which is not wit

3、hin the scope of the processing trade. processing trade is characterized by processing the re-export business, a variety of ways, a common way of processing trade include: 1. into the material processing. into custody in a known, refers to foreign exchange to buy foreign raw materials, auxiliary mat

4、erials, the use of their technology, equipment and labor, after processing into finished products, sold to foreign markets. this type of business enterprise to the identity of the buyer to purchase raw materials and foreign contracts signed, on the identity of the seller to sign export contracts fin

5、ished. embodiment of the two contracts for the two transactions, they are characterized by transfer of title sale of goods. feed processing trade should pay attention to the processing of the finished product in the international market to be marketable. otherwise, the imported raw materials difficu

6、lt to balance the foreign exchange, from this point of view processing with imported materials prices have to bear the risks and the risk of product sales. 2. processing. it usually refers to processing by the foreign party to the other party to provide raw materials, auxiliary materials and packagi

7、ng materials, in accordance with the two sides agreed that the quality, specifications, style processing into finished products to each other, their processing fees charged. incoming from the other side have all, some part of incoming from the other side, part of the country by the processing of raw

8、 materials to the materials used. in addition, sometimes the other side only pattern, specifications and other requirements, the use by the processing of local raw materials for processing. this is often referred to as sample processing. 3. assembly operations. assembly by the party providing the ne

9、cessary equipment, technology and related components, spare parts, assembly for products from the other party after the delivery. incoming materials processing and assembly operations, including two trade process, first, the import of raw materials, and the other is exports. but these two processes

10、are the same two aspects of trade, rather than two transactions. providers of raw materials and products with the recipient is a business, the sale transaction the relationship between the two sides does not exist, but the relationship between commission processing, processing is the one earned for

11、services rendered, so this type of trade is trade in services areas. the benefits of it is: the processing side can play their own advantages of abundant labor resources and provide more employment opportunities; to add to lack of domestic raw materials, give full play to the countrys productive pot

12、ential; by the introduction of foreign advanced production technology, advanced management from abroad experience, improve their technological level and product quality, improve their products marketability in the international market capacity and competitiveness. of course, processing and assembly

13、operations is only the initial stage of a service trade, processing fees to be earned, the product from raw materials into finished products in the process of value-added, the basic occupied by the other party. as a result of this trade than the risk of small feed processing, carried out in chinas r

14、elatively broad access to a better economic efficiency. 4. collaborative production. it is part of one party or the main component parts, and the use of their production from the other side of the other parts assembled into a product exports. trademarks can be determined through mutual consultation,

15、 either with the processing side, the other side can also be used. the price for the accessories can be deducted from the purchase price. society edit this paragraph definition of administrative rules and regulations peoples republic of china customs supervision of processing trade goods approach (t

16、he general administration of customs no. 113) stipulates that the processing trade, enterprises refer to all or part of imported raw and auxiliary materials, parts, components, packaging materials (hereinafter referred to as material pieces), after re-processing or assembly, will be re-exported prod

17、ucts of business activities, including materials processing and processing with imported materials. processing refers to the imported materials and parts provided by foreign enterprises, enterprises do not require payment of imports, in accordance with the requirements of foreign enterprises for pro

18、cessing or assembly, only to collect processing fees, sales of manufactured goods from outside the enterprise business activities. processing with imported materials, imported materials and parts refer to enterprises and payment from import, export manufactured goods exported by enterprises business

19、 activities. 英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)2processing trade in china with the deepening of reform and opening up and growing, since 1996, processing trade in china, since the childhood, in chinas foreign trade volume occupies deodorants. currently involved in processing trade industry, in the majority of pulling the healthy

20、 development of the national economy and promote domestic industries development, promote domestic industrial structure adjustment and technical progress, using double play a positive role.as the vice premier wu yi said, processing trade in chinas opening up and economic development plays an importa

21、nt role. because of its rapid growth, china has become the worlds trading powers.from the development of processing trade, we have experienced the process from to a to the processing, from the two outside workshop to foreign-funded enterprises as the main body, from simple processing machinery and t

22、echnology to high-tech products processing trade structure transformation, which represents the development of chinas processing trade. currently, economic globalization and new technology revolution brought the new pattern of international industrial division, world of multinational companies began

23、 to different production, distribution network, supply chain management and r&d center, in the global scope, the rational allocation of chinese processing trade for future development of new opportunities. and the direction of future development of processing trade is: to expand the area of activity

24、 of processing trade, domestic development and opening to the requirements, continuously improve world manufacturing base function, the main processing trade by foreign investment enterprises to gradually to the domestic enterprises, especially private enterprises, for processing trade supervision f

25、rom strict to risk management, trade and investment with standard high-effect scientific convenient way of supervision.a, processing trade for promoting economic and social development of the positive contributionreform and opening up, especially in 25 years since 1998, the processing trade has made

26、 considerable progress in china, to improve the international payments and expand employment, promote structure upgrade and technology progress, have played an important role. in 1981, the total import and export processing trade in 25 billion dollars, the total import and export 5.7%, which exit 11

27、 billion, accounting for more than 5%, imported $14 billion, accounting for more than 6.4%, processing trade rate was 21.4%. by 2003, import and export processing trade amounted to us $4048 billion in total import and export, the 47.6%, one 2418 billion, accounting for export, import kills than 55.2

28、%, accounting for more than $market, processing trade rate 47%, when creating trade surplus 789 billion dollars. for many years, the processing trade accumulative create 30 million jobs, accumulative total trade surplus 504514 billion dollars.after chinas entry into the wto and the background, the r

29、elative growth difference, due to foreign direct investment stock price gap and relatively comprehensive factors, our country actual use of foreign direct investment scale of enterprises with foreign investment, trade and mechanical processing and high-tech products processing trade exports are made

30、 rapid growth. in 2003, foreign investment enterprise processing trade accounts for 80 percent of the total processing trade, the proportion of export processing export processing, the higher the 4-instar larva 27 percent, enterprises with foreign investment enterprises and other enterprises, in pro

31、cessing exports respectively, 6.6%, as high as 90.2% 3.2%, growth, and achieved respectively 43.5% 53.8% 16%. at the same time, the processing of import proportion also 76%, higher than processing import 26.2 percent, enterprises with foreign investment enterprises and other enterprises, the proport

32、ion of imported in processing 93.4%, 4.1 per cent respectively, respectively, 2.4% growth, and were 41.9%. 9.2% in physics, mechanical and electrical products export 2275 billion dollars, the total export processing trade 51.9%, which accounts for approximately 75%, export of high-tech products, pro

33、cessing trade to 90%.文獻(xiàn)1中文翻譯：加工貿(mào)易,主要指對(duì)外加工裝配、中小型補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易和進(jìn)料加工貿(mào)易。發(fā)展加工貿(mào)易的好處是投資少，時(shí)間短，見(jiàn)效快，有利于充分利用我國(guó)豐富的勞動(dòng)力資源，有利于擴(kuò)大出口，增加外匯收入。而通常所說(shuō)的“三來(lái)一補(bǔ)”,指來(lái)料加工,來(lái)件裝配、來(lái)樣加工和中小型補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易,其中來(lái)樣加工不在加工貿(mào)易的范圍內(nèi)。 加工貿(mào)易是以加工為特征的再出口業(yè)務(wù)，其方式多種多樣，常見(jiàn)的加工貿(mào)易方式有： 1.進(jìn)料加工。又叫以進(jìn)養(yǎng)出，指用外匯購(gòu)入國(guó)外的原材料、輔料，利用本國(guó)的技術(shù)、設(shè)備和勞力，加工成成品后，銷(xiāo)往國(guó)外市場(chǎng)。這類(lèi)業(yè)務(wù)中，經(jīng)營(yíng)的企業(yè)以買(mǎi)主的身份與國(guó)外簽訂購(gòu)買(mǎi)原材料的合同，又以賣(mài)主

34、的身份簽訂成品的出口合同。兩個(gè)合同體現(xiàn)為兩筆交易，它們都是以所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移為特征的貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)。進(jìn)料加工貿(mào)易要注意所加工的成品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上要有銷(xiāo)路。否則，進(jìn)口原料外匯很難平衡，從這一點(diǎn)看進(jìn)料加工要承擔(dān)價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和成品的銷(xiāo)售風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 2.來(lái)料加工。它通常是指加工一方由國(guó)外另一方提供原料、輔料和包裝材料，按照雙方商定的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、款式加工為成品，交給對(duì)方，自己收取加工費(fèi)。有的是全部由對(duì)方來(lái)料，有的是一部分由對(duì)方來(lái)料，一部分由加工方采用本國(guó)原料的輔料。此外，有時(shí)對(duì)方只提出式樣、規(guī)格等要求，而由加工方使用當(dāng)?shù)氐脑?、輔料進(jìn)行加工生產(chǎn)。這種做法常被稱(chēng)為“來(lái)樣加工”。 3.裝配業(yè)務(wù)。指由一方提供裝配所需設(shè)備、技術(shù)和有關(guān)

35、元件、零件，由另一方裝配為成品后交貨。來(lái)料加工和來(lái)料裝配業(yè)務(wù)包括兩個(gè)貿(mào)易進(jìn)程，一是進(jìn)口原料，二是產(chǎn)品出口。但這兩個(gè)過(guò)程是同一筆貿(mào)易的兩個(gè)方面，而不是兩筆交易。原材料的提供者和產(chǎn)品的接受者是同一家企業(yè)，交易雙方不存在買(mǎi)賣(mài)關(guān)系，而是委托加工關(guān)系，加工一方賺取的是勞務(wù)費(fèi)，因而這類(lèi)貿(mào)易屬于勞務(wù)貿(mào)易范疇。它的好處是：加工一方可以發(fā)揮本國(guó)勞動(dòng)力資源豐裕的優(yōu)勢(shì)，提供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)；可以補(bǔ)充國(guó)內(nèi)原料不足，充分發(fā)揮本國(guó)的生產(chǎn)潛力；可以通過(guò)引進(jìn)國(guó)外的先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)工藝，借鑒國(guó)外的先進(jìn)管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提高本國(guó)技術(shù)水平和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，提高本國(guó)產(chǎn)品在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的適銷(xiāo)能力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。當(dāng)然，來(lái)料加工與裝配業(yè)務(wù)只是一種初級(jí)階段的勞務(wù)貿(mào)易，加工

36、方只能賺取加工費(fèi)，產(chǎn)品從原料轉(zhuǎn)化為成品過(guò)程中的附加價(jià)值，基本被對(duì)方占有。由于這種貿(mào)易方式比進(jìn)料加工風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小，目前在我國(guó)開(kāi)展得比較廣泛，獲得了較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 4.協(xié)作生產(chǎn)。它是指一方提供部分配件或主要部件，而由另一方利用本國(guó)生產(chǎn)的其他配件組裝成一件產(chǎn)品出口。商標(biāo)可由雙方協(xié)商確定，既可用加工方的，也可用對(duì)方的。所供配件的價(jià)款可在貨款中扣除。協(xié)編輯本段行政法規(guī)定義 中華人民共和國(guó)海關(guān)對(duì)加工貿(mào)易貨物監(jiān)管辦法（海關(guān)總署令第113號(hào))規(guī)定，加工貿(mào)易，是指經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)進(jìn)口全部或者部分原輔材料、零部件、元器件、包裝物料（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)料件），經(jīng)加工或者裝配后，將制成品復(fù)出口的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)，包括來(lái)料加工和進(jìn)料加工。來(lái)料加工，是指進(jìn)口料件由境外企業(yè)提供，經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)不需要付匯進(jìn)口，按照境外企業(yè)的要求進(jìn)行加工或者裝配，只收取加工費(fèi)，制成品由境外企業(yè)銷(xiāo)售的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)。 進(jìn)料加工，是指進(jìn)口料件由經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)付匯進(jìn)口，制成品由經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)外銷(xiāo)出口的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)。文獻(xiàn)2 的中文翻譯：加工貿(mào)易在我國(guó)隨著改革開(kāi)放的不斷深入而不斷壯大，自1996年以來(lái)，加工貿(mào)易在我