計算機系外文翻譯歷史的計算

1、畢業(yè)設計(論文)外文資料翻譯系 別 計算機信息與技術系 專 業(yè) 計算機科學與技術 班 級 姓 名 學 號 外文出處 附 件 1. 原文； 2. 譯文 2012年3月history of computingmain article: history of computing hardwarethe first use of the word computer was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with t

2、he same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. from the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations. limited-function early computersthe jacquard loom, on display at the museum of science and industry in manchester, engl

3、and, was one of the first programmable devices.the history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. a few devi

4、ces are worth mentioning though, like some mechanical aids to computing, which were very successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the sumerian abacus, designed around 2500 bc of which a descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculat

5、ing machine in japan in 1946, the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five apollo space missions, including to the moon and arguably the astrolabe and the antikythera mechanism, an ancient astronomical computer built by the greeks around 80 bc. the greek mathematician hero of a

6、lexandria (c. 1070 ad) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. this is the essence of programmability

7、.first general-purpose computersduring the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated analog computers, which used a direct mechanical or electrical model of the problem as a basis for computation. however, these were not programmable and g

8、enerally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.alan turing is widely regarded as the father of modern computer science. in 1936 turing provided an influential formalisation of the concept of the algorithm and computation with the turing machine, providing a blueprint for th

9、e electronic digital computer. of his role in the creation of the modern computer, time magazine in naming turing one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, states: the fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working

10、on an incarnation of a turing machine. edsac was one of the first computers to implement the stored-program (von neumann) architecture.die of an intel 80486dx2 microprocessor (actual size: 126.75 mm) in its packaging.the first program-controlled computer was invented by konrad zuse, who built the z3

11、, an electromechanical computing machine, in 1941. the first programmable electronic computer was the colossus, built in 1943 by tommy flowers.george stibitz is internationally recognized as a father of the modern digital computer. while working at bell labs in november 1937, stibitz invented and bu

12、ilt a relay-based calculator he dubbed the model k (for kitchen table, on which he had assembled it), which was the first to use binary circuits to perform an arithmetic operation. later models added greater sophistication including complex arithmetic and programmability. a succession of steadily mo

13、re powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. the use of digital electronics (largely invented by claude shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but def

14、ining one point along this road as the first digital electronic computer is difficult. notable achievements include. konrad zuses electromechanical z machines. the z3 (1941) was the first working machine featuring binary arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmabilit

15、y. in 1998 the z3 was proved to be turing complete, therefore being the worlds first operational computer.the non-programmable atanasoffberry computer (commenced in 1937, completed in 1941) which used vacuum tube based computation, binary numbers, and regenerative capacitor memory. the use of regene

16、rative memory allowed it to be much more compact than its peers (being approximately the size of a large desk or workbench), since intermediate results could be stored and then fed back into the same set of computation elements.the secret british colossus computers (1943), which had limited programm

17、ability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. it was used for breaking german wartime codes.the harvard mark i (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.the u.s. armys ballistic rese

18、arch laboratory eniac (1946), which used decimal arithmetic and is sometimes called the first general purpose electronic computer (since konrad zuses z3 of 1941 used electromagnets instead of electronics). initially, however, eniac had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring t

19、o change its programming.stored-program architecturesemiconductors and microprocessorscomputers using vacuum tubes as their electronic elements were in use throughout the 1950s, but by the 1960s had been largely replaced by semiconductor transistor-based machines, which were smaller, faster, cheaper

20、 to produce, required less power, and were more reliable. the first transistorised computer was demonstrated at the university of manchester in 1953. in the 1970s, integrated circuit technology and the subsequent creation of microprocessors, such as the intel 4004, further decreased size and cost an

21、d further increased speed and reliability of computers. by the late 1970s, many products such as video recorders contained dedicated computers called microcontrollers, and they started to appear as a replacement to mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. the 1980s witnes

22、sed home computers and the now ubiquitous personal computer. with the evolution of the internet, personal computers are becoming as common as the television and the telephone in the household.modern smartphones are fully programmable computers in their own right, and as of 2009 may well be the most

23、common form of such computers in existenc.歷史的計算主要文章:計算機硬件的歷史 在第一次使用“計算機”這個詞被記錄在1613年,指的是對一個人進行了計算,或計算,與詞的意思相同,直到繼續(xù)20世紀中期。19世紀末開始其更熟悉的含義,一個機器進行計算。limited-function早期計算機 雅卡爾的展覽上,在科學工業(yè)博物館在曼徹斯特,是英國最早的一種可編程設備。 現(xiàn)代計算機的歷史開始于兩個獨立的技術,自動計算和可編程,但沒有一種單一的設備可以看成是最早的電腦,部分的原因是由于不應用那個術語。一些設備值得一提的是,雖然喜歡一些機械復制計算,很成功,并且存

24、活了幾個世紀,來臨的電子計算器,像蘇美爾算盤,大約在公元前2500年左右的設計贏得競爭的后代對現(xiàn)代書桌速度計算機器在1946年日本滑動規(guī)則,起源于1620年代,進行了五阿波羅太空機構,包括月球等機制,一個古老的天文計算機建造大約在公元前80年的希臘人。亞歷山大的希臘數(shù)學家的英雄(公元前10 -公元70年)建造了一個機械劇院演了一出劇的持續(xù)10分鐘的時間,是一個復雜的旋轉系統(tǒng)操作的繩索和桶,可能會被認為是一種手段決定的哪個部位進行行為和機理的時候。這是可編程的本質(zhì)。 第一次通用計算機 在20世紀初,許多科學計算需要受到了越來越復雜的模擬計算機,它通過直接機械或電氣模型為基礎計算問題。然而,這不是

25、編程,通常缺乏的通用性和準確性的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機。 阿蘭圖靈就被廣泛認為是現(xiàn)代計算機科學之父。在1936年提供了一個有影響力的正規(guī)化涂林的概念和計算方法與涂林機器,提供電子數(shù)字計算機的藍圖。他的角色在創(chuàng)作現(xiàn)代計算機的時候,時代雜志在20世紀命名圖靈的100位最具影響力的人物之一,聲明:“事實是,每個人在一個鍵盤,打開水龍頭電子數(shù)據(jù)表或一個字處理程序,正在涂林的化身”。這zuse虛擬的某種知識世界,1941年,被認為是世界上的第一個工作可編程、全自動計算機器。edsac是其中第一個計算機來實現(xiàn)stored-program(馮。諾依曼)的建筑。 一個英特爾80486 dx2微處理器(實際尺寸:126.75毫米),在它的包裝。 第一個程控計算機發(fā)明的康拉德祖薩、誰建的虛擬的某種知識世界,機電一體化計算機器,在1941年。第一個可編程電子計算機是龐然大物,始建于1943年由湯米花朵。 喬治是國際公認的父親的現(xiàn)代數(shù)字計算機。在工作時,在貝爾實驗室在1937年11月,stibitz發(fā)明,搭建了一個基于