高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、 高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(I)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念語(yǔ)態(tài)也是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，表示主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系。英語(yǔ)有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.(II)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式是由“助動(dòng)詞be+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be隨著主語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)，數(shù)，時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)氣的不同而變化。各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式如下：1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) am/is/are+V(p.p

2、)人們利用電能運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)器。People use electricity to run machines.Electricity is used to run machines.Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isnt.2.一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were + V(p.p)昨天我們?cè)谏狡律戏N了許多樹(shù)。We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.Were many trees plan

3、ted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.3.一般將來(lái)時(shí) will/shall +be+V(p.p)下星期我們將舉行一場(chǎng)運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。We will hold a sports meeting next week.A sports meeting will be held next week.Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it wont.4.過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) should/would +be+V(p.p)他告訴我們?nèi)藗儗⒃谒亦l(xiāng)建一

4、個(gè)大水壩。He told us that people would build a big reservoir in hishometown.We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we werent.5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are +being+V(p.p)他正在油漆房子。He is painting the house.A hou

5、se is being painted.Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt .6.過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were +being+V(p.p)當(dāng)我進(jìn)廚房時(shí)，她正在做蛋糕。She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasnt.

6、7.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has +been+V(p.p)2 / 12他已經(jīng)結(jié)束工作了。He has finished his work. His work has been finished.Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasnt.8.過(guò)去完成時(shí) had +been+V(p.p)到上個(gè)月為止，他們已經(jīng)把這本書(shū)翻譯成了英語(yǔ)。They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.The book had been translated into

7、English by the end of last month.Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadnt.9.將來(lái)完成時(shí)will have +been+V(p.p)The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.Will 2,000 words

8、have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they wont.10. 過(guò)去將來(lái)完成時(shí)would have +been+V(p.p)He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.注：1.含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的謂語(yǔ)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，

9、用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+V(p.p)”構(gòu)成。如：You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustnt.2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)，變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，分別用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to+be+V(p.p)”。如：We are going to discuss the problem at

10、the meeting.The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.3.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除常用be加過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成外，還可用“get+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用在口語(yǔ)中。如：The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)沒(méi)有完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也沒(méi)有將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如果要將這些時(shí)態(tài)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，可以用完成時(shí)態(tài)或一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表示

11、。如：他已被檢查過(guò)了。He had been being examined.通常用He has been examined.來(lái)代替。當(dāng)我們到那兒時(shí)他將正被檢查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.(III)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的幾種句型將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，通常分以下四步進(jìn)行：1.將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的賓語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)。2.將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的動(dòng)詞改為“be+V(p.p)”3.原來(lái)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的主語(yǔ)，如果需要，放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn)，如沒(méi)有必要，可以省略。4.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中

12、的其他句子成分不變。由于主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的不同，因而轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的方式也各有不同，現(xiàn)分類(lèi)說(shuō)明如下：a.由及物動(dòng)詞形成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：(1)S+V+O 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.注：帶有賓語(yǔ)從句的句子轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，需要將賓語(yǔ)從句變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)從句，通常用形式主語(yǔ)來(lái)代替，而將主語(yǔ)從句后置。They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.類(lèi)似的還有：It is reported / beli

13、eved /hoped /supposed that .(2)S+V+O+C 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.注：在主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)應(yīng)加上to作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。奴隸們被奴隸主強(qiáng)迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-own

14、ers.(3)S+V+Oi+Od 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞+間賓+直賓昨天他給了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.注：用直接賓語(yǔ)作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要在間接賓語(yǔ)前加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。如：to, for, of等，以加強(qiáng)間接賓語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)氣。b.由動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)形成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一般情況下，只有及物動(dòng)詞才能跟賓語(yǔ)，而不及物動(dòng)詞不能跟賓語(yǔ)，所以只有

15、及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)詞則沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。但有些不及物動(dòng)詞后面跟上介詞或副詞后，變成一個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，就可以形成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。約翰打開(kāi)了收音機(jī)。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.注：千萬(wàn)不要遺漏介詞或副詞。c.祈使句的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)通常借助let句式請(qǐng)把窗戶(hù)關(guān)上。Please close the window.Let the window be closed.(

16、IV)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用時(shí)機(jī)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的使用往往不是任意的，而是按照表達(dá)思想，描述事物的需要，通常在下列情況下使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。1.不知道或不必說(shuō)出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。這本書(shū)已被翻譯成許多種語(yǔ)言。This book has been translated into many languages.2.動(dòng)作的對(duì)象是談話(huà)的中心。我們家鄉(xiāng)將建一條新鐵路。A new railway will be built in our hometown.3.修辭的需要，為了使句子更加簡(jiǎn)練勻稱(chēng)：他出現(xiàn)在舞臺(tái)上受到了觀眾的熱烈歡迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by

17、 the audience.注：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)便于論述客觀事實(shí)，故常用于科技文章，新聞報(bào)道，書(shū)刊介紹及景物描寫(xiě)。(I)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：所謂系表結(jié)構(gòu)，在此指“連系動(dòng)詞+用作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。它與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式完全一樣，所以在應(yīng)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意它們的區(qū)別。1.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是動(dòng)詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)。前者通?？捎胋y+人或by+抽象名詞表動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，而后者則一般用by+物或不用。如：The tree was uprooted by the wind.（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）那棵樹(shù)被風(fēng)連根拔起。The tree was uprooted when we saw i

18、t.（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）當(dāng)我們看到那棵樹(shù)時(shí)，它已經(jīng)被連根拔起了。2.系表結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)這四種時(shí)態(tài)；而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)除了不用于完成時(shí)態(tài)外，可用于其它任何時(shí)態(tài)。The composition has been written.這篇作文已寫(xiě)完了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The composition is being written.這篇作文正在寫(xiě)。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）3.系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的過(guò)去分詞可被very修飾，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞須用much修飾。He was very agitated.他很激動(dòng)。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）He was much agitated by the news. 他聽(tīng)到消息

19、后很激動(dòng)。（被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)）4.be+不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞通常是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如：be gone, be learned, be ashamed這些動(dòng)詞通常是表示狀態(tài)，智力活動(dòng)或心態(tài)的動(dòng)詞。be+延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞通常是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：be loved, be encouraged, be praised 等。(II)主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義在下列情況中，謂語(yǔ)形式是主動(dòng)的，但具有被動(dòng)的含義。1.轉(zhuǎn)化為系動(dòng)詞的感官動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)The food tastes delicious.這種食物嘗起來(lái)很可口。The idea sounds good.這個(gè)主意聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。2.有少數(shù)及物動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來(lái)的不及物動(dòng)詞，常見(jiàn)的有：cu

20、t, lock, open, read, sell, shut, wash,wear, write等。此時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)一般是物，而且這些動(dòng)詞常和表示行為的狀語(yǔ)，如：well, easily或與否定詞連用構(gòu)成否定句。如：The apples sell well.這些蘋(píng)果很好賣(mài)。The door wont shut.這門(mén)關(guān)不上。注：含有這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞的句子也可寫(xiě)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子，但含義不同。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示現(xiàn)狀，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則側(cè)重某一動(dòng)作的發(fā)生。The clothes wash well.這些衣服很好洗。The clothes arent well washed.這些衣服沒(méi)好好洗。3. 某些動(dòng)詞以物作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其進(jìn)

21、行時(shí)也可表被動(dòng)意義。The dinner is cooking. 正在燒飯。The book is printing.書(shū)正在印刷中。4.一些固定句型表示被動(dòng)含義a. be worth doing sthThe film is well worth seeing.這部電影很值得一看。b. have/ get sb/sth donehave作使役動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但可用這種結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)或使役。I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。c. sth need/want/require doing=sth need /want/require to be doneThe room ne

22、eds cleaning.=The room needs to be cleaned.這間房屋需要打掃。d. to be under/in +抽象名詞The railway is under construction.這條鐵路正在被修建。e.一些不定式（1）There beThere are a lot of things to do.有許多工作要做。(2)不定式修飾want, have等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，且句子主語(yǔ)是不定式動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。I have a lot of things to do.我有許多事情要做。(3)動(dòng)詞不定式前有表性質(zhì)的形容詞，且動(dòng)詞不定式中的動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。The q

23、uestion is easy to answer.這個(gè)問(wèn)題很容易回答。(4)當(dāng)不定式修飾buy, get, give等動(dòng)詞的直接賓語(yǔ)，而間接賓語(yǔ)是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)I bought him a story-book to read.我給他買(mǎi)了本故事書(shū)看看。(5)在 “This(that) is +名詞”的句型中，修飾表語(yǔ)的不定式用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)。This is a hard question to answer.這是個(gè)很難回答的問(wèn)題。(III)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)不能改成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況1.有些動(dòng)詞雖是及物動(dòng)詞，但由于表示的是狀態(tài)或關(guān)系，通常不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，常見(jiàn)的這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有l(wèi)eave, enter, re

24、ach, resemble, suit, lack, benefit等。這男孩像他爸爸。The boy resembles his father.2.不可拆開(kāi)的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如：take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour等短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。臺(tái)灣屬于中國(guó)。Taiwan Island belongs to China.3.賓語(yǔ)是a.反身代詞，相互代詞，同源賓語(yǔ)，不定式，動(dòng)名詞等。b.虛詞it,如foot it, cab it等。c.身體的某一部分如shake ones head等。d.某些抽象名詞等，如：interest等。主動(dòng)形式表

25、被動(dòng)的意思，有些詞主動(dòng)形式有被動(dòng)的意味，如open sell read shut wash wear Write等，此時(shí)句子的主語(yǔ)一般是物egThese books sell well 這些書(shū)很暢銷(xiāo)The door wont shut 這門(mén)關(guān)不上The clothes wash well 這些衣服很好洗。練習(xí)題:I. Multiple choice1. No permission has _ for anybody to enter the building.(MET 88)A. been given B. given C. to give D. be giving2. I _ ten min

26、utes to decide whether I should reject the offer.(MET 89)A. gave B. was given C. was giving D. had given3. The police found that the house _ and a lot of things _.(MET90)A. has broken into; has been stolen B. had broken into; had been stolenC. has been broken into; stolen D. had been broken into; st

27、olen4. -Have you moved into the new house?- Not yet, the rooms _.(MET 91)A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painted5. As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.(NMET 2001)A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed6. Cleaning women in big cities usually get _ by t

28、he hour.(NMET 98)A. pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay7. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of factories _.A. have been taken place, have been set upB. have taken place, have been set upC. have taken place, have set upD. were taken place, were set up8. The suits finished, _ it?A. doesnt B. isnt C.

29、hasnt D. has9. The surface of the table _ smooth enough.A. hasnt felt B. doesnt feel C. isnt feeling D. isnt felt10. Such plants never _ in this part of the world.A. have grown B. are growing C. grow D. are grown11. These kinds of shoes _ well.A. were not sold B. wont be sold C. are not sold D. dont sell12. Text books _ to come in time.A. require B. required C. are required D. are