高二英語gettingalongwithothers課件1

1、 Unit 1 Getting along with others Grammar and usage To-infinitive and Verb-ing form as a noun Part 1 To-infinitive 1.to do as a subject The cat said, “To take roller coaster is terrible ”. 不定式短語作主語時(shí)不定式短語作主語時(shí),可以直接放在句首可以直接放在句首,但在但在 很多情況下很多情況下,尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中尤其是在疑問句和感嘆句中,往往往往 放在謂語之后放在謂語之后,而用先行代詞而用先行代詞it作形

2、式主語。作形式主語。 The cat said, “Its terrible to take roller coaster.” How long did it take you to take roller coaster? How terrible it is to take roller coaster! 不定式作主語常見句型不定式作主語常見句型: a) It is + adj. (easy, important, difficult) + 不定式不定式 b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, ones duty, a shame) + 不定式不定式 c) I

3、t takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience) + 不定式不定式 It requires patience to be a good teacher. Its my duty to teach you how to be a student of Nanjing No.3 Middle School. 2.to do as a predictive Our most important task now is to make a plan. 當(dāng)句子的主語是當(dāng)句子的主語是aim, idea, policy, q

4、uestion, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主語是等或者主語是what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從引導(dǎo)的名詞性從 句句時(shí)時(shí),后面可以用不定式做表語后面可以用不定式做表語,用以說明主語用以說明主語 所包含內(nèi)容。所包含內(nèi)容。 注注:作表語的不定式都帶作表語的不定式都帶to,但當(dāng)主語部分有但當(dāng)主語部分有 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)時(shí),to可以省略可以省略。 Now the only thing we can do is wait. 3.to do as an object The cat said “Remember not to take it nex

5、t time!” (Tips:不定式否定為不定式否定為not to) a) 可以直接用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞很多可以直接用不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞很多,如如agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish 2005年天津卷年天津卷12題題:I dont want _ like Im speaking ill of anybody, but the managers plan is unfair. A

6、. to sound B. to be sounded B. C. sounding D. to have sounded 當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長時(shí)當(dāng)不定式短語比賓補(bǔ)長時(shí),往往將往往將 不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后不定式放到賓補(bǔ)后,而用先行代詞而用先行代詞it 作形式賓語作形式賓語,常用動(dòng)詞有常用動(dòng)詞有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。等。 The cat felt it terrible to take roller coaster. b) 只有少數(shù)介詞如只有少數(shù)介詞如but, except等后面可以跟不等后面可以跟不 定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語

7、的不定式定式作賓語。一般情況下作介詞賓語的不定式 都帶都帶to,但但如果如果but或或except所在句子里的謂語所在句子里的謂語 動(dòng)詞含有動(dòng)詞含有do, does, did時(shí)時(shí),通常省略通常省略to。 We have no choice but to wait. Cf. We can do nothing but wait. 4. to do as an object complement You should get them to help you . (They will help you.) They believed him to be honest. (He was honest

8、.) (常用謂語動(dòng)詞有常用謂語動(dòng)詞有: get,ask,force, order, tell, invite, allow, wish, want,like ,expect,advise , beg等等。) 但在謂語動(dòng)詞但在謂語動(dòng)詞believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后等后 面面 跟跟to be作賓補(bǔ)作賓補(bǔ),不跟不跟to do The boss made her work long hours. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ) She 主語主語 was made 謂語謂語 to work 主補(bǔ)主

9、補(bǔ) long hours (by her boss). 2005全國卷全國卷(I)No.18 While watching television, _. A. The doorbell rang B. The doorbell rings C. We heard the doorbell ring D. We heard the doorbell rings 2005福建卷福建卷No.23 If anyone happens to drop in while Im out, _ him or her leave a message. A. have B. get C. ask D.tell T

10、ips:有些動(dòng)詞后面須接有些動(dòng)詞后面須接不帶不帶to 的不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語的不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語,常用的動(dòng)詞有常用的動(dòng)詞有: make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,fe el; look at, listen to; help, observe 等等, 但是句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后但是句子變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后, 不定式不定式 成為句子的主語補(bǔ)足語成為句子的主語補(bǔ)足語,需帶需帶to. I would rather _ (go) swimming. You had better _ (tidy) your bedroom. Why not _ (visit) your cou

11、sin in Japan? go tidy visit Tips:有些句型后面須接有些句型后面須接不帶不帶to的不定式。的不定式。 She told me _(be) cheerful and _(look) on the bright side. We had nothing _(do) but _(watch) TV. to be loo k to dowatc h Tips: 當(dāng)兩個(gè)不定式當(dāng)兩個(gè)不定式and, or, expect, but, than 或或rather than連接起來時(shí)連接起來時(shí),第二個(gè)不定式第二個(gè)不定式符號符號 省略。省略。 5. to do as an attri

12、butive 能帶不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞能帶不定式作賓語的動(dòng)詞,其同源名詞可以其同源名詞可以 帶不定式作定語。常見的有帶不定式作定語。常見的有 attempt, decision, promise, plan等等 H e h a s n o t k e p t h i s p r o m i s e _(write) to his parents regularly. 不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語不定式可以在句子充當(dāng)后置定語,修飾名詞。修飾名詞。 以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語以下幾類情況常用不定式作定語: She made a decision _(go)abroad for a year. to

13、 write to go 常與不定式搭配的形容詞常與不定式搭配的形容詞,其其 同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。同源名詞一般可以用不定式作定語。 常見的有常見的有ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等等 His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear. 序數(shù)詞序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級或被形容詞最高級或被only, last, next等等 修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。修飾的名詞可以用不定式作定語。 She was the only person to survive after the ear

14、thquake. Tips: 不定式在作定語時(shí)不定式在作定語時(shí),有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞有時(shí)與被修飾的名詞 有意義上的有意義上的主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系、同位關(guān)系、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,如如 果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞果該不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞,它后面需要加上適當(dāng)它后面需要加上適當(dāng) 介詞介詞。 Hes always the first to come and the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系) I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位同位 關(guān)系關(guān)系) She

15、has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting) Theres nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系動(dòng)賓關(guān)系) 6. to do as an adverbial不定式可以作狀語不定式可以作狀語, 表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。表示目的、結(jié)果、原因、條件等。 so as to (不能放句首不能放句首), to, in order to作目的狀語作目的狀語 2005年遼寧卷年遼寧卷22題題:All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time

16、 for Christmas. A. in order to have received B. in order to receive B. C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving 在在soas to, suchas to, only to 結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式作 結(jié)果狀語結(jié)果狀語,其中其中only to用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。用于表示意想不到的結(jié)果。 He hurried to the station only _ that the train had gone. A. to find B. finding C. found D

17、. to have found enough to, tooto結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) The boy isnt old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school. 形容詞（形容詞（glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）等）+ 不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作原因不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作原因狀語狀語 Im glad to meet you. 7. 作插入語作插入語,用來說明說話人的用來說明說話人的 態(tài)度、看法

18、、對整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解釋態(tài)度、看法、對整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行解釋, 如如to be frank（坦白地說）（坦白地說）,to be sure（確實(shí)）（確實(shí)） 等。等。 To tell you the truth, I hate you. 8. 作同位語作同位語 The order to start the general attack soon came. 不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):以以it為形式主語或形式賓語引為形式主語或形式賓語引 導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),如前面的形容詞指行為的性質(zhì)如前面的形容詞指行為的性質(zhì) 就用就用:for sb. to do sth.這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中 可作主

19、、表、賓、定、狀等?？勺髦鳌⒈?、賓、定、狀等。 It is necessary for us to go there.(主語主語) There is no need for him to leave.(定語定語) My suggestion is for you to do the job.(表表 語語) 如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì)如果該形容詞是指行為的性質(zhì),同時(shí)又指行同時(shí)又指行 為的人為的人,則用則用of sb. to do sth.。這種句式中。這種句式中 的常用形容詞有的常用形容詞有:right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise

20、, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。等。 Its very kind of you to come to see me. It was foolish of him to believe her. I think it wise of her not to accept their offer. Tips:連接代（副）詞連接代（副）詞+不定式不定式（包括包括whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, （不包括不包括why/if）,在句中起名詞作用在句中起名詞作用,通

21、常跟在通常跟在 tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等動(dòng)詞后作主、賓或表語。等動(dòng)詞后作主、賓或表語。 No one can tell me where to find John. When to the exam is still unknown. The problem is how to get enough money. 不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式不定式的進(jìn)行式、完成式和被動(dòng)式 不定式的進(jìn)行式不定式的進(jìn)行式:to be + V-ing, 用來表示用來表示 謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí),不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。不定式的動(dòng)

22、作正在進(jìn)行。 Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in. 不定式完成式不定式完成式:to have + V-ed 構(gòu)成構(gòu)成,用來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。用來表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。 2005年江蘇卷年江蘇卷No.25 - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to leave C. t

23、o have been D. to be left 2006年四川卷年四川卷No.26 The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008. A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held The book is said to have been translated into many languages. 當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是不定式所表示 的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。不定式要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。 不定式的被動(dòng)式分為一般式

24、被動(dòng)不定式的被動(dòng)式分為一般式被動(dòng)to be V-ed和和 完成式被動(dòng)完成式被動(dòng)to have been V-ed The question is difficult to answer. =The question is difficult for me to answer. =It is difficult for me to answer the question. He is hard to get along with. =It is hard to get along with him. 表語表語 主語主語 賓語賓語 不定式 賓語補(bǔ)足語賓語補(bǔ)足語 定語定語 狀語狀語 Homework

25、: P.9 Fill in the blankets, using to- infinitives. P.92 C1 Answer the questions using to-infinitives. Part 2 Verb-ing form as a noun 1.動(dòng)名詞的句法功能動(dòng)名詞的句法功能:動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞加動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞加ing構(gòu)構(gòu) 成成,與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動(dòng)名詞主要與現(xiàn)在分詞的形式相同。動(dòng)名詞主要 起名詞作用起名詞作用,在句中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓在句中擔(dān)任主語、表語、賓 語和定語。語和定語。 作主語作主語,可以直接放在句首可以直接放在句首,也可以用先也可以用先 行代詞行代詞it作為

26、形式主語作為形式主語,而把動(dòng)名詞后置。而把動(dòng)名詞后置。 Seeing is believing. (眼見為實(shí)眼見為實(shí)) Collecting stamps is a good hobby. (單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí)單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞短語作主語時(shí),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)) 動(dòng)名詞作主語還有以下兩個(gè)習(xí)慣表答法動(dòng)名詞作主語還有以下兩個(gè)習(xí)慣表答法: It is no use (good) + 動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞:做某事沒用做某事沒用(不不 好好) Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水難收覆水難收) Its no good spitting in public. There is

27、 no + 動(dòng)名詞動(dòng)名詞 (= It is impossible to do sth.) There is no knowing what may happen. （未來的事無法知道）（未來的事無法知道） 作表語作表語:通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容通常是說明主語的內(nèi)容,注意它與注意它與 謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別 His hobby is collecting stamps. (此句為此句為SVC結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)) 可改為可改為:Collecting stamps is his hobby. Cf. He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí)是

28、謂語動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行時(shí),此句為此句為SVO結(jié)結(jié) 構(gòu)構(gòu)) 不能改為不能改為:Collecting stamps is he. 2005年上海卷年上海卷No.32 He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he could not risk _ the good opportunity. A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost 2006年北京卷年北京卷No.35. I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ ta

29、lking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. To work; to stop 作賓語作賓語 A.作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語 (stand, admit, dislike, imagine, delay, consider, mind, understand, avoid, enjoy, practise, miss, finish, keep, suggest, appreciate, escape, miss) 2006年江蘇卷年江蘇卷N0.32 -The

30、re is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. -My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old. A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having been Tips:有些動(dòng)詞（有些動(dòng)詞（ continue, prefer,begin, hate, like, start,love）后面既可以接不定式作賓語）后面既可以接不定式作賓語,也也 可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語可以接動(dòng)名詞作賓語,意義差別不大。通常認(rèn)為意義差別不大。通常認(rèn)為 用動(dòng)名詞泛指一般的傾向性用動(dòng)名詞泛指

31、一般的傾向性,用不定式則表示特用不定式則表示特 定或具體某一種動(dòng)作。定或具體某一種動(dòng)作。 I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter. I prefer to drive rather than to be driven. I prefer driving to riding. 有些動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞,如如forget, remember, regret等等,后面接動(dòng)后面接動(dòng) 名詞表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作名詞表示的動(dòng)作先于謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作,不定式表示的動(dòng)不定式表示的動(dòng) 作后于謂語動(dòng)詞。作后于謂語動(dòng)詞。 2005年北京卷年北京卷No.30 When

32、 asked by police, he said that he remembered _ at he party, but not _. A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave 在下列句型中動(dòng)名詞作真正賓語在下列句型中動(dòng)名詞作真正賓語: 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+it（形式賓語）（形式賓語）+賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)+動(dòng)名詞（真正賓語）動(dòng)名詞（真正賓語） B. 作介詞的賓語作介詞的賓語 2005年浙江卷年浙江卷No.3 The president spoke at the busines

33、s meeting for nearly an hour without _ his notes. A.bringing up B. referring to C. looking for D. trying on be used to doing 習(xí)慣于做習(xí)慣于做;look forward to doing 盼望做盼望做;devote ones life to doing 致力于致力于 做做;spend time (in) doing 花時(shí)間做花時(shí)間做;be fond of doing 喜愛做喜愛做;be good at doing 擅長做擅長做;be proud of doing 為做為做

34、而自豪而自豪;be tired of doing 對做對做 感到厭倦感到厭倦;feel like doing 欲想做欲想做; go on doing 繼續(xù)做（原來的事）繼續(xù)做（原來的事）; keep on doing 不停地做不停地做;what about doing 做做怎怎 么樣么樣;think of doing 考慮做考慮做;be interested in doing 對做對做感興趣感興趣;have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困難做某事有困難;be busy (in) doing 忙于忙于 做做;instead of doing 做做而不做而不做 2005年江蘇卷年江蘇卷No.23 Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes. A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up 作定語作定語 動(dòng)名詞可作前置定語動(dòng)名詞可作前置定語,表示所修飾的詞的用表示所修飾的詞的用 途或目的途或目的,可用可用for改寫改寫;而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 時(shí)時(shí),可用定語從句改寫?？捎枚ㄕZ從句改寫。 swimmi