電大【實(shí)用衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)】作業(yè)第二次答案參考小抄

1、專業(yè)好文檔實(shí)用衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)行考冊(cè)作業(yè)2答案一、 名詞解釋1、 統(tǒng)計(jì)表：統(tǒng)計(jì)表是以表格的形式列出統(tǒng)計(jì)指標(biāo)，它是對(duì)資料進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)描述時(shí)的一種常用手段。2、 抽樣誤差：在同一總體中隨機(jī)抽取樣本含量相同的若干樣本時(shí)，樣本指標(biāo)之間的差異以及樣本指標(biāo)與總體指標(biāo)的差異，稱為抽樣誤差。3、 均數(shù)的抽樣誤差：在同一總體中隨機(jī)抽取樣本含量相同的若干樣本時(shí)，樣本指標(biāo)之間的差異以及樣本指標(biāo)與總體指標(biāo)的差異，稱為抽樣誤差。統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上，對(duì)于抽樣過程中產(chǎn)生的同一總體中均數(shù)之間的差異稱為均數(shù)的抽樣誤差。4、 檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)：也稱為顯著性水準(zhǔn)，符號(hào)為。是預(yù)先規(guī)定的概率值，通常取0.05，它是“是否拒絕h0的界限”。5、 檢驗(yàn)效能：又稱為把

2、握度。它的含義是：當(dāng)兩總體確實(shí)有差別時(shí)，按規(guī)定的檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)兩總體間差別的能力。二、 填空題1、 標(biāo)題；標(biāo)目；線條；數(shù)字2、 符合邏輯、主次分明；橫標(biāo)目在表中作主語，縱標(biāo)目作謂語，連貫在一起閱讀可以組成一句完整而通順的話。3、 參數(shù)估計(jì)；假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)4、 準(zhǔn)確度；精確度5、 個(gè)體差異；抽樣誤差；樣本指標(biāo)；總體指標(biāo)；樣本指標(biāo)6、 t檢驗(yàn)；z檢驗(yàn)；方差分析7、 i型錯(cuò)誤；ii型錯(cuò)誤三、 選擇題1、c 2、b 3、c 4、a 5、a 6、c 7、c 8、d 9、c 10、d四、簡(jiǎn)答題1、答：（1）繪制統(tǒng)計(jì)表的基本原則是：a、一張表必須且只能有一個(gè)中心；b、項(xiàng)目的排列要合理，充分運(yùn)用表格縱橫交叉的形式

3、使之一目了然。（2）統(tǒng)計(jì)表與統(tǒng)計(jì)圖式統(tǒng)計(jì)描述的重要工具，統(tǒng)計(jì)表有利于計(jì)算、分析和對(duì)比，統(tǒng)計(jì)圖有利于直觀分析。 2、答：i型錯(cuò)誤：拒絕了實(shí)際上成立的h0 ，這類“棄真”的錯(cuò)誤稱為i型錯(cuò)誤。 ii型錯(cuò)誤：接受了實(shí)際上不成立的h0 ，這類存?zhèn)蔚腻e(cuò)誤稱為ii型錯(cuò)誤假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)的注意事項(xiàng)：（1）假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)的前提可比性 （2）選用的假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)方法應(yīng)符合其適用條件 （3）正確理解假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)過程中樣本均數(shù)與總體均數(shù)間的關(guān)系 （4）正確理解“差別有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義”的含義3、答：（1）誤差有：a、系統(tǒng)誤差 b、隨機(jī)測(cè)量誤差 c、抽樣誤差（2）均數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤是樣本均數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差，它反映了樣本均數(shù)之間的離散程度，也反映了均數(shù)抽樣誤差的大

4、小。（3）見教材p69表5.5。4、答：見教材p70表5.35、答：（1）方差分析的基本思想是將總變異分解成兩個(gè)或多個(gè)部分，除隨機(jī)誤差外，其余每個(gè)部分的變異可以由某因素的作用來解釋，通過比較可能由某因素所致的變異與隨機(jī)誤差的均方，由f檢驗(yàn)作出統(tǒng)計(jì)推斷，從而了解該因素有無作用。（2）t檢驗(yàn)與方差分析均是用來比較總體之間均數(shù)的差別。一般方差分析可用于多個(gè)樣本均數(shù)的比較，而t檢驗(yàn)一般僅用于兩樣本均數(shù)的比較。6、答：z檢驗(yàn)的適用條件：總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差未知，但樣本含量n較大（n50）或總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差已知時(shí)，用z檢驗(yàn)。t檢驗(yàn)的適用條件：當(dāng)總體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差未知，樣本n較小時(shí)（）方差分析的適用條件：a、各處理組來自正態(tài)總體

5、b、各樣本是相互獨(dú)立的隨機(jī)樣本 c、各處理組的總體方差相等，即方差齊性。五、計(jì)算題1、解：（1）是配對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)；是自身對(duì)照設(shè)計(jì)（2）可以用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)；可以用秩和檢驗(yàn)，不過若能判斷差值是屬于正態(tài)分布的宜選用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn)。（3）先求出每一個(gè)患者給藥前和給藥后的差值d，h0：，即給藥前后病人血管流量相同h1：，即給藥前后病人血管流量不相同，所以p0.05，應(yīng)拒絕零假設(shè)，說明給藥前后病人血管流量不同，即該藥有效果。2、解：（1）完全隨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)；（2）應(yīng)滿足方差齊性，即甲、乙兩組總體方差應(yīng)相等。（3）；，；，所以有，尚不能認(rèn)為兩樣本的方差不等。（3）建立檢驗(yàn)假設(shè)：拒絕h0，因此飲食對(duì)腸蠕動(dòng)效果有差別。3、解：（

6、1）存在錯(cuò)誤：a、沒有標(biāo)題；b、不必要的線條太多；c、橫標(biāo)目應(yīng)為醫(yī)院（2）修改后的表格為甲乙兩醫(yī)院某年內(nèi)外科住院病人統(tǒng)計(jì)情況醫(yī)院 內(nèi)科 外科甲醫(yī)院 800 1200乙醫(yī)院 750 1250winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from

7、 a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, close

8、ly followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to wi

9、n the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is i

10、n london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to f

11、ind out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were sur

12、prised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at

13、 the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the

14、 tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to

15、 the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised thro

16、ugh to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.t

17、hey have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.it is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.in johnathan thurston, cooper cronk, cameron smith and either billy slater or greg inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. they have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset goi