高考英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧

1、高考英語閱讀理解主旨大意題解題技巧主旨大意題在高考閱讀理解中出現(xiàn)的頻率很高，因?yàn)檫@類題主要考查考生能否通過理解、分析全文，區(qū)分主要信息和次要信息，進(jìn)而總結(jié)歸納文章或段落的大意。測試點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在對文章的主題、目的、中心思想的把握以及標(biāo)題的選擇。這類題型常見的提問方式有：whats the main idea of the passage?what does the passage mainly discuss?the topic of paragraph is .which of the following best states the theme of the passage?a good/

2、suitable title for this passage would be .我們知道：文章的主旨是通過段落來表達(dá)的，而段落的大意主要由主題句來體現(xiàn)，所以段落的主題句是構(gòu)成文章中心思想的有機(jī)組成部分。因此，識別各段落的主題句并由此歸納出文章的中心思想是解答該類題的關(guān)鍵。由于文章內(nèi)容和體裁的不同，作者的寫作手法也不盡相同，主題句在段落中出現(xiàn)的位置也不固定。一般說來，采用歸納法的段落，細(xì)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，主題句在段尾;采用演繹法的段落，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后演繹例證，由一般到特殊，主題句出現(xiàn)在段首;若作者采用由“特殊 一般 特殊”的方式，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)，作者沒有寫出明顯的主

3、題句，我們要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容去概括出主題句，進(jìn)而歸納出文章的主題。做這類題時(shí)常用略讀法。快速閱讀文章找出各個(gè)段落的主題句。把各個(gè)段落的主題句聯(lián)系起來著眼于全文結(jié)構(gòu)安排，了解文章的重心，就能概括出文章的中心。文章的標(biāo)題是中心思想最精煉的表達(dá)形式，選擇的標(biāo)題意義范圍要能涵蓋全文，不能太大也不能太小。命題者在出這類題時(shí)，常常利用生活常識編造干擾項(xiàng)，把文中的細(xì)節(jié)當(dāng)主旨，利用局部信息編造干擾項(xiàng)，編制超出文章范圍的標(biāo)題或不能涵蓋文章中心意義的標(biāo)題來考查考生的理解程度，考生要特別留意。對選擇標(biāo)題類題，若遇到拿不太準(zhǔn)的情況時(shí)，可以自己思考一下：“如果是我寫這個(gè)題目，我會(huì)怎樣寫?”。看看下面兩個(gè)例題：(05

4、廣東卷 b 篇)being considered a leader in our society is indeed of high praise.leadership means power,commands respect and, most important, encourages achievement.unlike vitamin c, leadershipskills cant be easily swallowed down.they must be carefully cultivated.different from popular belief, most good le

5、aders are made, not born.they learn their skills in their everyday lives.but which do they develop? how do they (and how can you) get others to follow?always give credit.many leaders note that the most efficient way to get a good performancefrom others is to treat them like heroes.giving public cred

6、it to someone who has earned it is the best leadership technique in the world.it is also an act of generosity (慷慨) thats never forgotten.giving credit is more effective than even the most constructive criticism (批評) , which oftenhurts rather than helps.kenneth blanchard, the author of the one-minute

7、 manager, agrees.catch people doing something right! he says.then tell everyone about it.take informed risks. the best leaders know that taking a risk is not a thoughtless exercise,says management adviser marilyn machlowitz, sky divers dont go up in an airplane without checking the parachutes (降落傘)

8、beforehand.because the idea of risk also carries with it the possibility of failure, many of us usually waitfor others to take charge.but if you want to be a leader, you must learn to fail - and not die athousand deaths.pick yourself up and start all over again.encourage enthusiasm (熱情).when people

9、understand the importance of work, they lendtheir mental strengths, says lee ducat.but when they get excited about the work, all their energy gets poured into the job.thats a great force! is this the best way to create excitement? be enthusiastic yourself. you will be followed by everyone.63.which o

10、f the following can be the best title for the passage?a.leadership is of skills and techniquesb.leadership is very importantc.not many can be leadersd.how to be a leader解析：這一題考查主旨大意，要考生為文章選擇標(biāo)題。文章第一第二兩段提出：leadership skills must be carefully cultivated.most good leaders are made, not born.(領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力要精心培養(yǎng)。)

11、接下來文章從三個(gè)方面闡述了培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力的方法：always give credit/ take informed risks/ encourage enthusiasm (熱情)。根據(jù)各個(gè)段落的主題句，結(jié)合文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們不難歸納出文章的中心：這篇文章講的是怎樣培養(yǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)才能。由此，我們判斷選項(xiàng)d 在意義上涵蓋了文章的中心，是最好的標(biāo)題。(05 天津卷 a 篇)everyones at it , even my neighbors . i thought i might be the only person left in the world who hadnt done an ebay dea

12、l . so, i decided to try my hand at online auction (網(wǎng)上拍賣) . buying for beginners: sign up on www.ebay.co.uk . most items (e. g. tables, computers, and books) ready for auction will come with a picture and a shart description ; others may be marked with “buy it now” and have a fixed price . you can b

13、uy these right away.if the item is being auctioned , you offer the highest price you are prepared to pay and ebay bids (出價(jià)) for you . the bid will be increased little by little until it goes beyond your highest bid, then you are emailed and asked if you would like to bid again. auctions last up to 1

14、0 days and when they finish you get an email telling you whether you have won the item.how to pay : sellers decide how they would like to be paid and you need to check this before placing a bid as you might not want to post a cheque or postal orders . the easiest way is through paypal, an online pay

15、ment system that takes the money away from your credit card (信用卡).selling made simple: if you plan to sell on ebay, it helps to include a picture of the item . i followed my friends advice and put up the items i wanted to sell for a 10-day auction, starting on a thursday. this way buyers had two wee

16、kends to bid.the big things in life: its easy to post a small item , but furniture is a big part of ebay and this has to be collected or sent by deliverymen . check the ways of delivery before you bid.36.what is the passage mainly about?a.how to make payment online.b.ways of making delivery online.c

17、.advantages of an online-auction system.d.how to use an online-auction system.解析：這是一篇說明文，文章結(jié)構(gòu)清晰明了，第一段介紹注冊網(wǎng)址、網(wǎng)上的拍賣品;第二段介紹怎樣競價(jià);第三段介紹怎樣付款。把三段的大意聯(lián)系起來我們就可以概括出文章的中心：網(wǎng)絡(luò)拍賣系統(tǒng)的使用方法。由此，我們很容易得出答案：d。【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)六】(05 福建卷 c 篇)walk through the amazon rainforest today and you will find it is steamy, warm, damp and thick

18、. but if you had been around 15,000 years ago, during the last ice age ,would it have been the same? for more than 30 years, scientists have been arguing about how rainforests like the amazon might have reacted(反應(yīng))to the cold, dry climates of the ice ages, but until now, no one has reached a satisfy

19、ing answer.rainforests like the amazon are important for mopping up co2 from the atmosphere and helping to slow global warming. currently the trees in the amazon take in around 500 million tones of co2 each year; equal to the total amount of co2 giving off in the uk each year. but how will the amazo

20、n react to future climate change? if it gets drier, will it still survive and continue to draw down co2? scientists hope that they will be able to learn in advance how the rainforest will manage in the future by understanding how rainforests reacted to climate change in the past.unfortunately, getti

21、ng into the amazon rainforest and collecting information are very difficult. to study past climate, scientists need to look at fossilized pollen, kept in lake muds. going back to the last ice age means drilling deep down into lake sediments(沉淀物), which requires specialized equipment and heavy machin

22、ery. there are very few roads and paths, or places to land helicopters and aeroplanes. rivers tend to be the easiest way to enter the forest ,but this still leaves vast areas between the rivers completely unsampled(未取樣). so far, only a handful of cores have been drilled that go back to the last ice

23、age and none of them provide enough information to prove how the amazon rainforest reacts to climate change.67.the best title for this passage may probably be .a.studies of the amazon b.climates of the amazonc.secrets of the rainforests d.changes of the rainforests【實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練練習(xí)七】(05 上海卷 d 篇)equipped only

24、with a pair of binoculars(雙筒望遠(yuǎn)鏡) and ready to spend long hours waiting in all weathers for a precious glance of a rare bullfinch(紅腹灰雀). britains birdwatchers had long been supposed to be lovers of a minority sport. but new figures show birdwatching is fast becoming a popular pastime, with almost thr

25、ee million of us absorbed in our fluttering feathered friends.devoted birdwatchers, those prepared to travel thousands of miles for a sighting of a rare siberian bird are fast being joined by a new breed of follower whose interest is satiated by watching a few finches(雀科鳴鳥) on a sunday walk or putti

26、ng up a bird-box in the back garden.“almost three million uk birdwatchers is certainly possible if you include everyone with only a casual interest.” stephen moss said in his newly published book-a bird in the bush a social history of birdwatching-which records the pursuit from the rich victorian en

27、glishmans love of shooting rare birds to the less offensive observational tendencies of birdwatchers today.television wildlife programmes have helped to fuel the new trend. last summer, bbc 2s britain goes wild was a surprise success .it pulled in three million viewers and led to bird-houses selling

28、 out across the uk as 45,000 people promised to put up a box.birdwatchers networking system first came to the attention of the nation in 1989, when a birdwatcher caught sight of the first vermivora chrysoptera - a goldenwinged songbird from north america-to be seen in britain. he put a message our o

29、n the network service birdline, and the next day 3,000 birdwatchers proved the fell pull of a truly rare bird as they visited the tesco car park in kent, where it had settled. today, birdwatchers can log on to www.birdline.co.uk or have news of the latest sightings texted to their phones.“multimilli

30、on-pound spending on, binoculars, bird food and boxes point to the increasing numbers of birdwatchers,” said david cromack, the editor of bird watching magazine “the number of people involved is so big that they have great potential to influence government decisions affecting the environment.”79.the

31、 passage mainly tells us about _ in uk.a.the history of birdwatchig b.a growing passion for birdwatchingc.the impact of media on birdwatching d.birdwatcing as a popular expensive sport高考英語閱讀理解猜測詞義題解題技巧在閱讀中我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到許多生詞。這時(shí)許多同學(xué)立即翻閱詞典，查找詞義。這樣做不但費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力，而且影響閱讀速度、影響對語篇的整體把握。事實(shí)上，閱讀材料中的每個(gè)詞與它前后的詞語或句子甚至段落都有聯(lián)系。我們可

32、以利用語境(各種已知信息)推測、判斷某些生詞的詞義。近年來全國統(tǒng)一高考中加大了對考生猜詞義能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜詞技巧，對突破高考閱讀理解、提高我們的英語語言能力都有非常重要的意義。這種題常見的提問方式有：the word “” in paragraph can best be replaced by .the underlined word “” most probably means .by saying “”, the author means the expression “” is closest to according to the passage, the phrase

33、 “” suggests the underlined part “ ” (in para. ) means .做這種類型的題，要根據(jù)詞、詞組、句子所在的語境來判斷其意義。因此熟練掌握一些猜詞技巧是做好這類題的關(guān)鍵。命題者在出這類題時(shí)慣用常規(guī)詞義來麻痹考生，我們要特別注意熟詞生義，切不可脫離語境想當(dāng)然。猜測詞義時(shí)，一般可利用以下三個(gè)方面的線索：一. 針對性的解釋針對性解釋是作者為了更好的表達(dá)思想，在文章中對一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或高深的詞匯等所做的通俗化的解釋。這些解釋提供的信息明確具體，所使用的語言通俗易懂，利用它們來猜測詞義就非常簡單。1. 根據(jù)定義(definition)猜測詞義如果

34、生詞有一個(gè)句子或段落來定義，那么理解這個(gè)句子或段落本身就是推斷詞義。定義常用的謂語動(dòng)詞多為：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。例如：(05 湖北卷a段)do you know what a “territory” is ? a territory is an area that an animal ,usually the male, claims(聲稱)as its own.由定義可推知，這里territory指的是：“動(dòng)物的地盤”。(04

35、浙江卷b段)green building means “reducing the impact (影響) of the building on the land”.由定義我們可以推斷這里 green building 指的是什么。2.根據(jù)復(fù)述推測詞義雖然復(fù)述不如定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是它提供的信息可以為閱讀者猜測詞義提供依據(jù)，至少讀者可以根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測生詞的大致“義域”(意義范圍)。復(fù)述部分可以是詞、短語、或從句。同位語復(fù)述：在復(fù)述中構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩部分之間常用逗號連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號，冒號，分號，引號和括號等。同位語前常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in

36、other words, namely, or other, say, i.e. 等。例如：(05浙江卷b段)in fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the u.s. today.由同位語an endangered wild cat我們很快猜出生詞ocelots的義域：一種瀕臨滅絕野貓。定語從句復(fù)述：例如：(04 福建卷e段)here is the pines ,whose cook has developed a special way of mixing foreign food such as ca

37、ribou ,wild boar ,and reindeer with surprising sauces .according the passage, the pines is a .a.place in which you can see many mobile homesb.mountain where you can get a good view of the valleyc.town which happens to be near the banff national parkd.restaurant where you can ask for some special kin

38、ds of food通過whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句，我們可以推測到：the pines 是一家餐館的名字，由此不難推出理解題的答案為：d。3. 根據(jù)舉例猜測詞義恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測生詞的重要線索。例如：(04 遼寧卷c段)the course gives you chances to know great power polities between nation states. it will provide more space to study particular issues such as relationship among countries in the european u

39、nion, third world debt, local and international disagreement, and the work of such international bodies as the united nations, the european union, nato, and the world bank.根據(jù)such as 后面列舉的一系列例子，我們應(yīng)該能推斷出句中的issue 是指“議題”。二. 內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測詞義是指應(yīng)用語言知識分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系，然后根據(jù)邏輯聯(lián)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。1. 根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測詞義在一

40、個(gè)句子或段落中，有對兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞的反義詞猜測其詞義。表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。表示對比關(guān)系的句子結(jié)構(gòu)：while 引導(dǎo)的并列句。例如：(nmet 2002 e篇)a childs birthday party doesnt have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.what does the underlined word “hassle” (paragraph 1) prob

41、ably mean?a. a party designed by specialistsb. a plan requiring careful thoughtc. a situation causing difficulty or troubled. a demand made by guests根據(jù)對比關(guān)系，這里hassle 和 a basket of fun 是相反的意義，很容易判斷理解題的答案為c。2. 根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測詞義同對比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要有：similarly, like, just as, also, as well as 等。

42、例如：green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk和loquacious 之間的比較關(guān)系，其意義相近。由此我們可推斷出loquacious的意思是“健談的”。3. 根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推測生詞詞義。例如：(05上海卷b段)i feel that since you are my superior , it would be presumptuous of me to tell yo

43、u what to do .”the word “presumptuous” in the middle of the passage is closest in meaning to “ ”.a.full of respect b.too confident and rudec.lacking in experience d.too shy and quiet根據(jù)since 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容(“既然你是我的上司”)，我們可以推斷這里presumptuous的意思是：“冒失的，放肆的”意思，后半句的意思是：我告訴你怎么做會(huì)是一種放肆/冒失的行為。對應(yīng)的理解題答案為：b。(05江西卷d段

44、)pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves.根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以判斷pruning的意思是：“修剪(樹枝等)”的意思。4. 根據(jù)同義、近義、并列、替代、說明等關(guān)系猜測詞義在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境所表示的關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義。例如：(05 江蘇卷e段)william shakespeare said. “the web of our life is of a mingled yarn(紗線)，good and ill toget

45、her.”the underlined word “mingled” in the last paragraph most probably means .a.simple b.mixed c.sad d.happy句中g(shù)ood and ill together 更具體地說明了 a mingled yarn的意義，據(jù)此我們不難推測mingled的意思是：“混合的，交織的”，答案是：b。(04 湖北卷c段)is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs ? the answer is “yes”, according to the

46、 researchers at johns hopkins and three other medical centers.根據(jù)and three other medical centers 這種并列關(guān)系，我們很容易推斷出：johns hopkins 是一家醫(yī)療中心。三. 通過構(gòu)詞法在猜測詞義過程中，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞法方面的知識，從生詞本身猜測詞義。1. 根據(jù)前綴猜測詞義例如：(05江西卷e段)do you have any strong opinion on co-educational or single-sex schools?根據(jù)詞根educational (教育的)，結(jié)合前綴co-

47、(共同，一起)，我們便可以猜出co-educational的意思是：“男女同校教育的”意思。2. 根據(jù)后綴猜測詞義例如：(05 廣東卷e段)its a quiet, comfortable hotel overlooking (俯瞰) the bay in an uncommercialized cornish fishing village on englands most southerly point.后綴 -ise/ize意思是“使成為;使化”，結(jié)合詞根commercial(商業(yè)的)，不難猜出 uncommercialized 的意思是：“未被商業(yè)化的”。3. 根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測詞

48、義例如：(05 北京卷b段)good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. well designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward(別扭的)hand positions.well-designed 或許是個(gè)生詞，但我們分析該詞的結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測出其含義。它由well (好，優(yōu)秀)和design (設(shè)計(jì))兩部分組成，合在一起便是“設(shè)計(jì)精巧的”意思。(04浙江卷d 段)we live in a technological society where most goods are mass-produced by unskilled labor. because of this, most people that craft (手藝) no longer exists.根據(jù)合成詞中的mass (大量的)和produce (生產(chǎn))，我們可以推測 mass-produce的意思是：“大批量生產(chǎn);規(guī)模生產(chǎn)”的意思。綜上所述，利用各種已知的信息推測判斷生詞詞義是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀技能。在閱讀中我們可以根