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1、計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 2015.8 Software engineering course Computer English Translation, words. Requirements: 1 Amplify your vocabulary in Software Engneering 2 Try to improve your reading ability 3 Translation competence for Document Literature The final score consists of three parts: 1 Final examination (80%) 2 Q

2、uiz (An examination consisting of a few short questions. Aperiodically I will give you some quizzes during our class, you can do it in a paper with your name and student number. ) or I will give you dictation. 3 Attendance (the act of being present (at a class.) (20%) Hardware Programming and progra

3、mming language Operating system Computer networks Databse Multimedia Artificial intelligence Data structure and Algorithms Software Development Network security Chapter 1 Computer Hardware New words: Processor Primary storage Bit CPU Control unit Arithmetic and logic unit Chip Secondary storage Real

4、locate Capacity Coaxial cable Program and data Instruction Register Location Hardwired Semiconductor Byte-level Peripheral Bus Pathway Interconnection In parallel Hierarchy Integrated Architecture Bandwidth Interface Route Switch Configuration Driver Utility Compatible Scalability Integrated circuit

5、 Electronic component Resistor Conductor Package Chaper 1 Computer Hardware New words: Circuitry Multicore processor Streams of data Data-dependent Interprocessor link Chapter 1 Computer Hardware New words: Processor 處理器 Primary storage 主存儲(chǔ)器 Bit 位 二進(jìn)制位 比特 CPU 中央處理器 Control unit 控制部件 控制 器 Arithmetic

6、and logic unit 算 術(shù)邏輯單元 Chip 芯片 Secondary storage 輔助存儲(chǔ)器 二級(jí)存儲(chǔ)器 Reallocate 重新分配 Capacity 容量 Coaxial cable 同軸電纜 Program and data 程序和數(shù)據(jù) Instruction 指令 Register 寄存器 注冊(cè) Location 單元 位置 Hardwired 硬連線 硬件線路實(shí)現(xiàn) 的 Semiconductor 半導(dǎo)體 Byte-level 字節(jié)級(jí) Chapter 1 Computer Hardware Route 線路 路由 發(fā)送 Switch 開關(guān) 交換機(jī) Configurat

7、ion 配置 Driver 驅(qū)動(dòng)程序 Utility 使用程序 Compatible 兼容的 協(xié)調(diào)的 Scalability 可伸縮性 可擴(kuò)展性 Integrated circuit 集成電路 Electronic component 電子元件 Resistor 電阻 Conductor 導(dǎo)體,導(dǎo)線 New words: Peripheral 外圍設(shè)備 外圍的 外設(shè) Bus 總線 Pathway 通路 路徑 Interconnection 互連 In parallel 并行地 Hierarchy 分層(結(jié)構(gòu)),層次 Integrated 集成 Architecture 體系結(jié)構(gòu) Bandwid

8、th 帶寬 Interface 接口 界面 Package 封裝 集成塊 Circuitry 電路 Multicore processor 多核處理器 Streams of data 數(shù)據(jù)流 Data-dependent 數(shù)據(jù)依賴的 數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān)的 Interprocessor link 處理機(jī)間的連接 Chapter 1 Computer Hardware A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into t

9、hree major parts or three primary subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem. The CPU performs many operations and controls computer. The memory subsystem is used to store program being executed by the CPU, along with the programs data. The I/O subsystem allows the CPU to inter

10、act with input and output devices such as the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer. The components of the computer are connected to the buses. The part of the computer that performs the bulk of data processing operations is called the central processing unit and is referred to as the CPU. In

11、microcomputer, it is often called the microprocessor. The CPU is made up of three major parts: control unit, ALU, and register set. Chapter 1 Computer Hardware Memory is also known as internal memory or main memory. It refers to the circuits in the computer that hold whatever programs and data are a

12、vailable for immediate use by the CPU. I/O subsystem includes I/O devices and interface. There are a wide variety of I/O devices, such as mouse, printer, sensor, disk, and so on. Input-output interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices.

13、Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication links for interfacing them with the CPU. The purpose of the communication link is to resolve the differences that exist between the central computer and each peripheral. Chapter 1 Computer Hardware 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)由硬件系統(tǒng)和軟件系統(tǒng)組成。計(jì)算機(jī)的硬件通常分為三個(gè)主要部分或三個(gè)主要

14、計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)由硬件系統(tǒng)和軟件系統(tǒng)組成。計(jì)算機(jī)的硬件通常分為三個(gè)主要部分或三個(gè)主要 子系統(tǒng):子系統(tǒng):CPU、存儲(chǔ)器子系統(tǒng)和輸入、存儲(chǔ)器子系統(tǒng)和輸入/輸出子系統(tǒng)。輸出子系統(tǒng)。 CPU執(zhí)行許多操作并控制計(jì)算機(jī)。存儲(chǔ)器子系統(tǒng)用來存儲(chǔ)正在被執(zhí)行許多操作并控制計(jì)算機(jī)。存儲(chǔ)器子系統(tǒng)用來存儲(chǔ)正在被CPU執(zhí)行的程序,連同程執(zhí)行的程序,連同程 序的數(shù)據(jù)。輸入序的數(shù)據(jù)。輸入/輸出子系統(tǒng)允許輸出子系統(tǒng)允許CPU與諸如個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)的鍵盤和監(jiān)視器那樣的輸入和輸出與諸如個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)的鍵盤和監(jiān)視器那樣的輸入和輸出 設(shè)備交互。計(jì)算機(jī)的這些組成部分都連接到總線。設(shè)備交互。計(jì)算機(jī)的這些組成部分都連接到總線。 計(jì)算機(jī)執(zhí)行大量數(shù)據(jù)處理操作的

15、部件叫做中央處理機(jī),并被稱作(計(jì)算機(jī)執(zhí)行大量數(shù)據(jù)處理操作的部件叫做中央處理機(jī),并被稱作(be referred to as) CPU。在微機(jī)中,它經(jīng)常稱為微處理器。在微機(jī)中,它經(jīng)常稱為微處理器。CPU由三個(gè)主要部件組成:控制器、由三個(gè)主要部件組成:控制器、ALU和寄存器和寄存器 組。組。 存儲(chǔ)器也被認(rèn)為是(存儲(chǔ)器也被認(rèn)為是(be known as)內(nèi)存或主存。它是指計(jì)算機(jī)中的電路,這些電路保持)內(nèi)存或主存。它是指計(jì)算機(jī)中的電路,這些電路保持 的無論是(的無論是(whatever)程序還是數(shù)據(jù),都是)程序還是數(shù)據(jù),都是CPU立即可使用的。立即可使用的。 輸入輸入/輸出子系統(tǒng)包括輸入輸出子系統(tǒng)包括

16、輸入/輸出設(shè)備和接口。有各種各樣的輸入輸出設(shè)備和接口。有各種各樣的輸入/輸出設(shè)備,如鼠標(biāo)、打輸出設(shè)備,如鼠標(biāo)、打 印機(jī)、傳感器、磁盤等。輸入印機(jī)、傳感器、磁盤等。輸入/輸出接口提供一種在內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器和外部輸入輸出接口提供一種在內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)器和外部輸入/輸出設(shè)備之間傳輸出設(shè)備之間傳 輸信息的方法。為了與輸信息的方法。為了與CPU接口,連接到計(jì)算機(jī)的外部設(shè)備需要專用的通信連接。該通信接口,連接到計(jì)算機(jī)的外部設(shè)備需要專用的通信連接。該通信 連接的目的是解決中央計(jì)算機(jī)和每個(gè)外部設(shè)備之間存在的差別。連接的目的是解決中央計(jì)算機(jī)和每個(gè)外部設(shè)備之間存在的差別。 Chapter 1 Computer Hardware C

17、omputer Hardware New words: optical laser disk laser beam access arm gigabyte(GB) magneto-optical disk resolution sharpness monitor electron frame crystal filter active-matrix passive-matrix boost position backup Computer Hardware New words: optical laser disk 光盤,激光光盤,激光 盤盤 laser beam 激光束激光束 access

18、arm 存取臂存取臂 gigabyte(GB) 千兆字節(jié),吉千兆字節(jié),吉 字節(jié)(字節(jié)(109字節(jié))字節(jié)) magneto-optical disk 磁光盤磁光盤 resolution 分辨率,清晰度,分辨率,清晰度, 解決,解答解決,解答 sharpness 清晰度,銳度,清晰度,銳度, 銳利銳利 monitor 監(jiān)視器,監(jiān)控器監(jiān)視器,監(jiān)控器 electron 電子電子 frame 幀,畫面,框架,幀,畫面,框架, 鏡框鏡框 crystal 晶體,水晶,晶體,水晶,LCD 液晶顯示液晶顯示 filter 濾波器,過濾器,濾濾波器,過濾器,濾 光器光器 active-matrix 主動(dòng)矩陣主動(dòng)矩

19、陣 passive-matrix 被動(dòng)矩陣被動(dòng)矩陣 boost 提高,升提高,升 position 定位,位置定位,位置 backup 備份,做備份備份,做備份 Computer Hardware interleave bit-interleaved module tailor serial parallel simultaneously terminal USB (Universal serial Bus) port modem odd card case connector auto-detect activate twisted cable compatibility Computer

20、Hardware interleave 交替,交錯(cuò),交叉交替,交錯(cuò),交叉 bit-interleaved 位交替的位交替的 module 模塊,模,模數(shù)模塊,模,模數(shù) tailor 剪裁,改裝,改編剪裁,改裝,改編 serial 串行的串行的 parallel 并行的并行的 simultaneously 同時(shí),同時(shí)發(fā)生同時(shí),同時(shí)發(fā)生 terminal 終端終端 USB 通用串行總線通用串行總線(Universal serial Bus) port 端口,港口端口,港口 modem 調(diào)制解調(diào)器調(diào)制解調(diào)器 odd 奇數(shù)的,單只的,奇數(shù)的,單只的, 額外的,零散的額外的,零散的 card 卡,插件卡

21、,插件 case 機(jī)箱,外殼,案機(jī)箱,外殼,案 例例 connector 連接器,插連接器,插 頭,插座頭,插座 auto-detect 自動(dòng)檢測(cè)自動(dòng)檢測(cè) activate 激活激活 twisted 雙紐線,雙絞雙紐線,雙絞 線線 cable 電纜,有線電電纜,有線電 視視 compatibility 兼容性兼容性 Computer Hardware New words: power up enumeration interrupt parameter Computer Hardware New words: power up 開機(jī),加電開機(jī),加電 enumeration 計(jì)數(shù),列舉,計(jì)數(shù),列

22、舉, 枚舉枚舉 interrupt 中斷中斷 parameter 參數(shù),參量參數(shù),參量 Computer Hardware Storage hardware provides permanent storage of information and programs for retrieval by the computer. Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk. Usually a permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives

23、 can store large amounts of information and retrieve that information very quickly. Although fixed hard drive systems offer faster access and have a higher storage capacity than optical discs, optical disc systems use removable media a distinct benefit. Optical discs primary CDs and DVDs are much mo

24、re widely used than removable hard drive systems. They are the standard today for software delivery, as well as commonly used for storing high-capacity music and video files. There are also versions of both CD and DVD drives available for home audio and home theater use. Optical discs are commonly r

25、eferred to as compact discs. Computer Hardware 存儲(chǔ)硬盤提供由計(jì)算機(jī)檢索的信息和程序的永久存儲(chǔ)。硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器把存儲(chǔ)硬盤提供由計(jì)算機(jī)檢索的信息和程序的永久存儲(chǔ)。硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器把 信息存儲(chǔ)在嵌入(信息存儲(chǔ)在嵌入(embed)在磁盤上的磁微粒()在磁盤上的磁微粒(particle)中。通常,)中。通常, 計(jì)算機(jī)的永久部分,硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器能夠存儲(chǔ)大量的信息,并且能很快地計(jì)算機(jī)的永久部分,硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器能夠存儲(chǔ)大量的信息,并且能很快地 取回那些信息。取回那些信息。 雖然固態(tài)硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器系統(tǒng)比光盤提供更快的存取并且有更高的存儲(chǔ)雖然固態(tài)硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器系統(tǒng)比光盤提供更快的存取并且有更

26、高的存儲(chǔ) 容量,但是光盤系統(tǒng)使用可移動(dòng)介質(zhì)容量,但是光盤系統(tǒng)使用可移動(dòng)介質(zhì)一個(gè)明顯的好處。光盤一個(gè)明顯的好處。光盤 主要是主要是CD和和DVD比可移動(dòng)硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器系統(tǒng)用得更廣泛。它們是比可移動(dòng)硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器系統(tǒng)用得更廣泛。它們是 現(xiàn)今軟件交付的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同樣一般用來存放高容量音樂和視頻文件。也現(xiàn)今軟件交付的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),同樣一般用來存放高容量音樂和視頻文件。也 存在著可用于家庭音響和家庭影院使用的既是存在著可用于家庭音響和家庭影院使用的既是CD也是也是DVD驅(qū)動(dòng)器的版驅(qū)動(dòng)器的版 本。光盤常稱做緊密盤。本。光盤常稱做緊密盤。 Chapter 2 Programming and Programming langua

27、ges New words: Programming debug code domain Software engineering bandwidth disposal leak algorithm 程序設(shè)計(jì)程序設(shè)計(jì) 規(guī)劃規(guī)劃 設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì) 排除故障排除故障 排錯(cuò)排錯(cuò) 調(diào)試調(diào)試 代碼代碼 編碼編碼 范圍范圍 領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)域 論域論域 軟件工程軟件工程 帶寬帶寬 處理處理 處置處置 漏漏 使泄露使泄露 算法 Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages New words: Buffer overflow Race conditons Portabilit

28、y Compile Bug Paradigm Scripting language Embedded application Call 緩沖器溢出緩沖器溢出 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件 可移植性可移植性 可攜帶性可攜帶性 編譯編譯 編輯編輯 故障故障 錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)誤 范式范式 范例范例 樣式樣式 腳本語言腳本語言 嵌入式應(yīng)用嵌入式應(yīng)用 調(diào)用 Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages New words: object-oriented develop class strong overload preprocessor retrofit procedure

29、 abstract data type 面向?qū)ο蟮拿嫦驅(qū)ο蟮?開發(fā),發(fā)展開發(fā),發(fā)展 類類 強(qiáng)類型強(qiáng)類型 超載,重載超載,重載 預(yù)處理器,預(yù)處理程序預(yù)處理器,預(yù)處理程序 式樣翻新式樣翻新 過程,手續(xù)過程,手續(xù) 嵌入式應(yīng)用嵌入式應(yīng)用 抽象數(shù)據(jù)類型抽象數(shù)據(jù)類型 Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages New words: Attribute Instance Encapsulation Interface Subclass Template Derived class Instrumentation Inheritance 屬性屬性 品質(zhì)品質(zhì)

30、實(shí)例實(shí)例 包裝包裝 封裝封裝 界面接口界面接口 子類子類 模板模板 派生類派生類 檢測(cè)儀表檢測(cè)儀表 測(cè)試設(shè)備測(cè)試設(shè)備 繼承繼承 遺傳遺傳 遺產(chǎn)遺產(chǎn) Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages New words: Format Extendability Virtual function Routine Complie Pointer Constructor Scripting language Browser 格式格式 格式化(磁盤)格式化(磁盤) 可擴(kuò)充性可擴(kuò)充性 虛函數(shù)虛函數(shù) 例行程序例行程序 編譯編譯 指針指針 構(gòu)造符構(gòu)造符 構(gòu)造器構(gòu)

31、造器 腳本語言腳本語言 瀏覽器瀏覽器 Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages New words: Validate Form Cookie Embed Embedded system Interpreted language Syntax Snippet Statement 確認(rèn)確認(rèn) 證實(shí)證實(shí) 驗(yàn)證驗(yàn)證 表單表單 表格表格 形式形式 當(dāng)你訪問某個(gè)站點(diǎn)時(shí),隨當(dāng)你訪問某個(gè)站點(diǎn)時(shí),隨 某個(gè)某個(gè)HTML網(wǎng)頁(yè)發(fā)送到你的網(wǎng)頁(yè)發(fā)送到你的 瀏覽器中的一小段信息瀏覽器中的一小段信息 嵌入嵌入 使嵌入使嵌入 嵌入式系統(tǒng)嵌入式系統(tǒng) 解釋型語言解釋型語言 語法

32、語法 句子構(gòu)造句子構(gòu)造 小片小片 片段片段 摘錄摘錄 語句語句 (聲明(聲明 陳述陳述 綜述)綜述) Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages New words: Portable Distributed Distributed system Real-time End-user Adaptable Client-server multimedia Graphical user interface 可移植的可移植的 便攜式的便攜式的 分布式的分布式的 分布式系統(tǒng)分布式系統(tǒng) 實(shí)時(shí)的實(shí)時(shí)的 終端用戶終端用戶 直接用戶直接用戶 能適應(yīng)的能適應(yīng)的

33、 可修改的可修改的 客戶機(jī)客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器服務(wù)器 多媒體多媒體 圖形用戶接口圖形用戶接口 Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages New words: Innovative Intellectual property Interoperability Protocol load Internet-based overwhelm Route Compilation 創(chuàng)新的創(chuàng)新的 革新的革新的 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán) 可互操作的可互操作的 協(xié)同工作的能協(xié)同工作的能 力力 協(xié)議協(xié)議 草案草案 裝載裝載 加載加載 基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的 制服制服 壓倒

34、壓倒 路線路線 路程路程 按規(guī)定路線發(fā)送按規(guī)定路線發(fā)送 圖形用戶接口圖形用戶接口 編譯編譯 匯編匯編 Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages (a) A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data processing task. Programming is a multistep process for creating that list of instructions. (

35、b) It is important to understand the difference between a class and an object of that class. A class is simply a specification for creating objects. Thus, a single class may create multiple objects. (c) Java is an object-oriented, network-friendly high-lever programming language that allows programm

36、ers to build applications that can run on almost any operating system. Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages (d) ActiveX is a set of controls, or reusable components that enables programs or content of almost any type to be embedded within a Web page. Whereas a Java must be downloaded each

37、 time you visit a Web site, with ActiveX the component is downloaded only once, then stored on your hard disk for later, repeated use. (e) Programming involves a great deal of creativity. The design is guide to the function or purpose of each component, but the programmer has great flexibility in im

38、plementing the design as code. No matter what language is used, each program component involves at least three major aspects: control structures, algorithms, and data structures. Chapter 2 Programming and Programming languages (a) 程序是指揮(direct)計(jì)算機(jī)執(zhí)行所需的數(shù)據(jù)處理任務(wù)的一列指令或語句。 程序設(shè)計(jì)是創(chuàng)建那列指令的多步驟過程。 (b) 重要的是理解類和那

39、個(gè)類的對(duì)象之間的區(qū)別。類簡(jiǎn)單地是創(chuàng)建一些對(duì)象 的詳細(xì)說明(specification),因此,單個(gè)類可能創(chuàng)建多個(gè)對(duì)象。 (c) Java是面向?qū)ο蟮摹⒕W(wǎng)絡(luò)友好的高級(jí)程序設(shè)計(jì)語言,它允許程序員們建 立在幾乎任意的操作系統(tǒng)上都能運(yùn)行的應(yīng)用程序(application)。 (d) ActiveX是一組控件(control)或可重用的組件(component),它使得 一些程序或幾乎任意種類的內(nèi)容能被嵌入在Web頁(yè)內(nèi)。鑒于(whereas)每 次你訪問某個(gè)Web站點(diǎn)時(shí)必須下載一個(gè)Java,使用ActiveX,該組件僅下載一 次,然后為以后的、重復(fù)的使用,被存儲(chǔ)在你的硬盤上。 (e) 程序設(shè)計(jì)涉及大量的

40、創(chuàng)造力。設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)各個(gè)組件的功能或目的的指南 (guide),但是程序員在把設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)成代碼時(shí)有極大的靈活性。不管使用 什么語言,每個(gè)程序組件涉及至少三個(gè)主要方面(aspect):控制結(jié)構(gòu)、算 法和數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。 Chapter 3 Operating system New words: Resource allocator Console Assembler Loader Set-up time Batch system Resident monitor Off-line operation Buffering spooling 資源分配程序 控制臺(tái) 匯編程序(器) 裝入程序 準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間 建立時(shí)間 批

41、處理系統(tǒng) 常駐(內(nèi)存的)監(jiān)控程序 脫機(jī)操作 緩沖技術(shù) 緩沖 假脫機(jī) Chapter 3 Operating system New words: Multiprogramming Switch Time sharing Loosely coupled Tightly coupled Distributed OS 多道程序設(shè)計(jì) 切換 開關(guān) 交換機(jī) 交換 分時(shí) 松耦合的 松散耦合的 緊耦合的 分布式操作系統(tǒng) Chapter 3 Operating system New words: Cold boot Warm boot Interact (with) Text-based Folder Custo

42、mize Taskbar Invoke Dialog box Option Pull-down menu Toggle 冷啟動(dòng)冷啟動(dòng) 熱啟動(dòng)熱啟動(dòng) 交互交互 互相作用互相作用 基于文本的基于文本的 文件夾文件夾 折疊器折疊器 定制定制 用戶化用戶化 任務(wù)欄任務(wù)欄 任務(wù)條任務(wù)條 調(diào)用調(diào)用 對(duì)話框?qū)υ捒?選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng) 選擇權(quán)選擇權(quán) 下拉(式)菜單下拉(式)菜單 切換切換 輪轉(zhuǎn)輪轉(zhuǎn) Chapter 3 Operating system New words: Radio button Grayed-out Footnote Fade Ellipse Shortcut keystroke Undo Hype

43、rlink Underline 單選鈕單選鈕 小圓按鈕小圓按鈕 變灰顯示變灰顯示 打灰打灰 腳注腳注 變淡變淡 變暗變暗 衰減衰減 省略號(hào)省略號(hào) 橢圓橢圓 快捷鍵快捷鍵 快速鍵快速鍵 取消取消 撤銷撤銷 超鏈接超鏈接 超鏈超鏈 在在下面劃線下面劃線 下劃線下劃線 Chapter 3 Operating system New words: Synthesizer Joystick Track ball Script execution engine Application developer Spreadsheet Precedence Transportability 合成器(程序)合成器(程

44、序) 綜合器綜合器 控制桿控制桿 操縱桿操縱桿 跟蹤球跟蹤球 控制球控制球 腳本執(zhí)行引擎(器)腳本執(zhí)行引擎(器) 應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)者應(yīng)用程序開發(fā)者 電子數(shù)據(jù)表電子數(shù)據(jù)表 先后次序先后次序 優(yōu)先優(yōu)先 可移植性可移植性 可移動(dòng)性可移動(dòng)性 Chapter 3 Operating system New words: Sophisticated Connectivity Solid state disk Ultra Chipset RTOS(Real Time OS) Open-source Robustness Data acquisition 很復(fù)雜的很復(fù)雜的 高級(jí)的高級(jí)的 老練的老練的 連通性連通性

45、連接性連接性 固體盤固體盤 超超 芯片組芯片組 實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng) 開放源碼開放源碼 魯棒性魯棒性 健壯(健壯(計(jì)算機(jī)軟件在輸入 錯(cuò)誤、磁盤故障、網(wǎng)絡(luò)過載或有意攻擊情況下, 能否不死機(jī)、不崩潰,就是該軟件的魯棒性。 所謂“魯棒性”,是指控制系統(tǒng)在一定(結(jié)構(gòu), 大小)的參數(shù)攝動(dòng)下,維持其它某些性能的特 性。) 數(shù)據(jù)采集數(shù)據(jù)采集 Chapter 3 Operating system An operating system is the software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the comput

46、er hardware. The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute program. 操作系統(tǒng)是計(jì)算機(jī)用戶操作系統(tǒng)是計(jì)算機(jī)用戶 和硬件的軟件接口和硬件的軟件接口。 操作系統(tǒng)的目的是提供操作系統(tǒng)的目的是提供 用戶一個(gè)可以執(zhí)行程序用戶一個(gè)可以執(zhí)行程序 的環(huán)境。的環(huán)境。 Chapter 3 Operating system The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the computer

47、system convenient to use. A secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient way. 操作系統(tǒng)的主要目標(biāo)因 此是使計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)便于 使用。其次是高效地使 用計(jì)算機(jī)硬件。 Chapter 3 Operating system We can view an operating system as a resource allocator. A computer system has many resources which may be required to solve a problem:

48、CPU time, memory space, file storage, input/output(I/O) devices, and so on. 我們可以把操作系統(tǒng)看 做是一個(gè)資源分配器。 一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)擁有許 多資源,因此需要去解 決一些問題,如cpu時(shí)間, 內(nèi)存空間,文件存儲(chǔ), 輸入輸出設(shè)備等。 Chapter 3 Operating system The operating system acts as the manager of these resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necess

49、ary for their tasks. Since there may be many, possibly conflicting, requests for resources, the o/s must decide which requests are allocated resources to operate the computer system fairly and efficiently. 操作系統(tǒng)就像是資源管 理員,把資源分配給特 定的程序和用戶當(dāng)它們 工作需要時(shí)。因此有可 能會(huì)有很多有可能產(chǎn)生 沖突的資源請(qǐng)求,操作 系統(tǒng)必須決定分配資源 給哪個(gè)請(qǐng)求能使計(jì)算機(jī) 系統(tǒng)合理和有

50、效的運(yùn)行。 Chapter 3 Operating system Software such as assemblers, loaders, and compilers improved on the convenience of programming the system, but also required substantial set-up timTo reduce the setup time, operators were hired and similar jobs were batched together. 像匯編程序、裝入程序 及編譯程序這樣的軟件 使系統(tǒng)軟件編程更方便,

51、 但同時(shí)也需要大量的啟 動(dòng)時(shí)間。為了能減少這 些準(zhǔn)備時(shí)間,操作者就 被雇傭,相似的作業(yè)成 批排在一起。 Chapter 3 Operating system Batch systems allowed automatic job sequencing by a resident monitor and improved the overall utilization of the computer greatly. The computer no longer had to wait for human operation. CPU utilization was still low, how

52、ever, because of the slow speed of the I/O devices relative to the CPU. Offline operation of slow devices was tried. 批處理系統(tǒng)通過一個(gè)常 駐內(nèi)存的監(jiān)控程序允許 自動(dòng)的作業(yè)定序。這樣 計(jì)算機(jī)就不必再等待用 戶操作。然而,CPU使用 率仍然不高,這是因?yàn)?I/O設(shè)備的處理速度較 CPU慢導(dǎo)致的。 Chapter 3 Operating system Spooling also provides a pool of jobs which have been read and are

53、waiting to be run. This job pool supports the concept of multiprogramming. With multiprogramming, several jobs are kept in memory at one time; the CPU is switched back and forth between them in order to increase CPU utilization and to decrease the total real time needed to execute a job. 偽脫機(jī)也為那些已經(jīng)被

54、讀入并且還在等待運(yùn)行 的作業(yè)提供一個(gè)作業(yè)池。 這個(gè)作業(yè)池支持一種叫 做多程序設(shè)計(jì)的概念。 在這種多程序設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù) 中,多個(gè)作業(yè)可以同時(shí) 存放在內(nèi)存中;CPU在這 些作業(yè)中來回切換控制, 以至于增加CPU使用率和 減少執(zhí)行一條作業(yè)的總 時(shí)間。 Chapter 3 Operating system Multiprogramming, which was developed to improve performance, also allows time sharing. Time-shared operating systems allow many users (from one to sever

55、al hundred) to use a computer system interactive at the same time. As the system switches rapidly from one user to the next, each user is given the impression that he has his own computer. 多道程序設(shè)計(jì)被開發(fā)來 提高性能,也允許分時(shí)。 分時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)允許多個(gè) 用戶(從一個(gè)到幾百個(gè)) 同時(shí)交互式地使用計(jì)算 機(jī)系統(tǒng)。由于系統(tǒng)迅速 地從一個(gè)用戶切換到下 一個(gè)用戶,每一個(gè)用戶 被給予一種他擁有自己 的計(jì)算機(jī)的印象。 C

56、hapter 3 Operating system Other operating systems types include real-time systems and multiprocessor systems. A real-time system is often used as control de-vice in a dedicated application. Sensors bring data to the computer. The computer must analyze the data and possibly adjust controls to modify

57、the sensor inputs. 其他操作系統(tǒng)類型包括 實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)和多處理機(jī)系 統(tǒng)。實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)通常被用 作專用的應(yīng)用的控制設(shè) 備。傳感器把數(shù)據(jù)帶給 計(jì)算機(jī)。計(jì)算機(jī)必須分 析數(shù)據(jù),也可能調(diào)整控 制去修改傳感器的輸入。 Chapter 3 Operating system Systems, which control scientific experiments, medical computer systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems are real-time systems. A real-time oper

58、ating system has well- defined fixed time constraintsProcessing must be done within the defined constraints, or the system will fail. 控制科學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn),醫(yī)學(xué) 的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng),工業(yè)的 控制系統(tǒng)和一些顯示系 統(tǒng)等系統(tǒng)都是實(shí)時(shí)系統(tǒng)。 實(shí)時(shí)操作系統(tǒng)有定義明 確的固定的時(shí)間約束。 處理必須在定義的約束 中完成,否則系統(tǒng)將失 敗。 Chapter 3 Operating system It is more or less possible to distinguish two

59、kinds of operating systems for multiple CPU systems: Loosely coupled, such as network operating system and distributed o/s, and tightly coupled, such as parallel o/s. As we shall see, loosely and tightly-coupled s/w is rought analogous to loosely and tight-coupled h/w. 這或多或少可能區(qū)分兩 種多CPU系統(tǒng)的操作系統(tǒng): 松耦合,例

60、如網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作 系統(tǒng)和分布式操作系統(tǒng), 和緊耦合,如并行操作 系統(tǒng)。我們應(yīng)該看到, 松緊耦合軟件大概類似 于松緊耦合硬件。 Chapter 3 Operating system The operating system must ensure correct operation of the computer system. To prevent user programs from interfering with the proper operation of the system, the h/w was modified to create two modes: user mode and

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