水文學(xué)原理-中英文專業(yè)詞

1、水文學(xué)原理Principle of hydrologyChapter 1 緒論緒論： introduction大氣圈( aerosphere )水圈( hydrosphere )巖石圈( lithosphere )生物圈( biosphere ) 人類圈( anthroposphere )中國四大水問題( four major water issues in China)水多( more)：洪水( floods ) 水少( less )：干旱( droughts )水渾(turbid )：水土流失( soil and water losses ) 水臟( dirty )：水污染( water

2、pollution ) 水平 / 垂直結(jié)構(gòu)( horizontal/vertical structure)河 流 學(xué) (potamology/riverhydrology) 湖 沼 學(xué) (limnology/lake hydrology) 水 庫(reservoir)冰川水文學(xué) (glacier hydrology)地下水水文學(xué)( groundwater hydrology )水文氣象學(xué) (hydrometeorology)積云 (cumulus) 河口水文學(xué) (estuary hydrology)流域水文學(xué) (basin hydrology)全球水文學(xué) (global hydrology)水

3、文學(xué)中的環(huán)境同位素 (environmental isotopes in hydrology)Chapter 2 水文循環(huán)水文循環(huán)： hydrological cycle海洋蓄水 (water storage in oceans) 蒸發(fā)( evaporation )凝結(jié)( condensation ) 大氣蓄水( water storage in the atmosphere )冰雪蓄水( water storage in ice and snow) 降水( precipitation )散發(fā)( transpiration )蒸散發(fā)( evapotranspiration ) 升華( subl

4、imation ) 凝華( desublimation )地表徑流( surface/direct runoff)融雪徑流( snow melt runoff to streams )河川徑流( streamflow )泉水( spring ) 淡水儲存( freshwater storage )下滲( infiltration)地下水出流(groundwater discharge )地下水儲存( groundwater storage )大/ 中/ 小尺度( macro-scale/mesoscale/microscale)開放 / 封閉系統(tǒng)( open/closed system )截留

5、(interception )洼地儲蓄( depression storage ) 地 下徑 流 ( groundflow ) 壤 中流 ( interflow )總 水量( total water ) 海 洋/ 大 陸 ( oceans/continent )咸水 / 淡水( saline/fresh water) 沼澤( marish )大氣水( atmospheric water )生物水( biological water)土壤水( soil water )Chapter 3 流域與水系流域與水系： Watershed & Drainage NetworksPart 1 基本概念分水線

6、 (watershed divide)閉合流域 (closed watershed)非閉合流域(unclosed watershed)水系 (Drainage Networks)羽毛狀水系(Elongated shape)平行狀水系 (fan shape)混合狀水系(mixed shape)坡地 (Slope)傾斜面 (inclinedplane)收斂曲面 (Convergent Camber)發(fā)散曲面 (Divergent Camber流域基本單元 (Unit)Part 2 水系的地貌特征河源 (headwater)節(jié)點(node)出口 (outlet)外鏈 (External links)

7、內(nèi)鏈 (Internal links)干流 (main river)支流 (tributary river)Strahler分級法河流長度 (stream length)河長定律 (the law of stream鏈長度 (Link Length)橫斷面 (Cross section)縱斷面 (longitudinal河數(shù)定律 (the law of stream numbers) lengths)section)彎曲率 (Sinuosity)大斷面 (flood cross-section)河底比降 (Slope of stream bed)Part 3 流域的地貌特征流域形狀 ( Sha

8、pe of watershed ) 流域坡度 ( Slope of watershed )流域面積及面積定律 (Drainage area and the law of drainage areas)流域長度和寬度( Width and length of watershed) 形態(tài)因子 (Shape factor)圓度 (Circularity ratio) 伸長比 (Elongation ratio) 河網(wǎng)密度和河道維持常數(shù)( Drainage density & constant of channel maintenance)河流頻度和鏈頻度 (Stream frequency & li

9、nk frequency)面積 - 河長曲線( Drainage area-stream length curve 高程曲線( Elevation curve )Chapter 4 降水降 水 (Precipitation)Part 1 降水要素及其時空變化表示方法(Precipitation elements & Temporal andspatial variation)降雨的基本要素( Rainfall Elements )降雨量 ( 深 ) Rainfall (depth)降雨歷時 (Rainfall duration) 降雨強度 (Rainfall intensity) 降雨面積 (

10、Rainfall area) 暴雨中心 (Storm center) 降雨強度與歷時曲線( Rainfall intensity-duration curve ) 降雨深與面積關(guān)系曲線( Rainfall depth-area curve)降雨深與面積和歷時關(guān)系曲線( Rainfall depth-area-duration curve )Part 2 降雨類型及其影響因素 (Types of rainfall and Affecting factors)氣旋雨 (Cyclonic rain)對流雨 (Convectional/Convectiverain)臺風(fēng)雨 (Typhoons/Hurr

11、icanes)地形雨 (Orographic rain)鋒面雨 (Frontal rain) 非鋒面雨 (Non-frontal rain)Part 3 區(qū)域(流域)平均降雨量計算方法 (Calculation method of Average rainfall over an area)算術(shù)平均法 (Arithmetic mean method)泰森多邊形法 (Thiessen polygonmethod)等雨量線法 (Isohyetal method) 距離平方倒數(shù)法 (Inverse distance-squared method)雷達測雨 (Radar measurement of

12、rainfall)衛(wèi)星測雨 (Satellitic measurement of rainfall)Part4 降雨資料的檢驗 (Test of rainfall data)Chapter 5 土 壤 水土 壤 水( Soil Water )水文循環(huán)( Hydrologic Cycle )土壤顆粒( soilparticles )過濾( leach ) 蒸發(fā)( evaporation )蒸發(fā)，散發(fā)( transpiration ) 水分( moisture )Part 1 土壤的質(zhì)地結(jié)構(gòu)及“三相”關(guān)系土壤質(zhì)地 (Soil texture) 粒( sand )粘粒( clay ) 粉粒( sil

13、t ) 砂土壤結(jié)構(gòu) (Soil configuration)土壤中的“三相”關(guān)系 (Three phaseswithin a soil)固體( Solids )液體( Liquids )空氣(Vapor)固體密度 (solid density)干容重 (Dry bulk density)孔隙度(Porosity) 質(zhì) 量 含 水 率 (Gravimetricwater content)容積含水率(volumetric water content)飽和度 (the degree of saturation)充氣孔隙度 (Aerationporosity)孔隙比 (Void ratio)Part

14、2 土壤水的存在形態(tài)土壤水作用力 (Forces governing soil water)force)毛管力 (Capillary force)( Cohesion )粘著力( Adhesion )分子力 (Molecular粘結(jié)力重力 (Gravitational force)土壤水類型 (Soil waterclassification)束縛水 (bound water )吸濕水 (Hygroscopic Water)膜狀水 (Film滲透重力水( percolatinggravitational water( 支water)毛管上升水 (Ascending water in capil

15、lary tube) water )毛管懸著水 (Suspended capillary water) sustained 持重力水 )田間持水量（ field土壤水分常數(shù) (Soil water constants) capacity )Saturation (飽和狀態(tài))Part 3 土壤水的能量狀態(tài)土水勢 (Soil water potential) 影響因素( Affect the factors )土壤水分特性曲線 (Soil water characteristic curve)Chapter 6 下滲下滲 : InfiltrationPart 1 引 言 (Introduction

16、)土壤水分剖面 (soil moisture profile) 下滲 (infiltration)下滲率 (infiltration intensity) 下滲容量 (infiltration capacity)下滲曲線( infiltration capacity curve) 累積下滲曲線( accumulative infiltrationcapacity curve ) 下滲機理( mechanism of infiltration )Part 2 非飽和下滲理論( ) 下滲方程的導(dǎo)出( deduction of infiltration equation ) 忽略重力作用的下滲方程的

17、解( solution under gravity neglected)完全下滲方程的解( solution under whole condition)Part 3 飽和下滲理論( ) 基本方程的建立 establishment of basic equation 下滲曲線的導(dǎo)出( deduction of infiltration curve)Chapter 7 蒸發(fā)與散發(fā)蒸發(fā)與散發(fā) (Evaporation & Transpiration)Part 1 蒸發(fā)現(xiàn)象及其控制條件 (evaporation and control conditions)基本概念( basic concepts

18、) 蒸發(fā)潛熱 (heat of vaporization)蒸發(fā)率 (evaporation rate)凝結(jié)潛熱 (condensationlatent)蒸發(fā)能力 (evaporation capacity)蒸發(fā)分類 classification ofevaporation控制蒸發(fā)率的條件 controlling conditions for evaporation動力條件(dynamic)氣象條件 meteorological condition供水條件 (watersupply)Part 2 水面蒸發(fā) (water surface evaporation)太陽輻射 (solar radiat

19、ion)氣壓 (air pressure)風(fēng) 速 (windvelocity)溫 度 (temperature)濕度 (humidity)水面大小 (water surfacearea)水面形狀 (shape of water body)水深 (water depth)水質(zhì) (waterquality)理論方法( theoretical method )熱量平衡法 (heat balancemethod)空氣動力學(xué)法 (aerodynamic method)method)水量平衡法 (water balance method)混合法 (mixed經(jīng)驗公式( empiricalequation

20、)器測法( instrument-measurement method )水面蒸發(fā)的時空分布特點 temporal spatial distribution characteristicsPart 3 土壤蒸發(fā)土壤蒸發(fā)過程 (soil water evaporation processes)土壤蒸發(fā)規(guī)律 (soil water evaporation rules)Part 4 植物散發(fā)散 發(fā) 現(xiàn)象 (phenomena of plant transpiration) transpiration rules)植物散發(fā)的確定 (determination of transpiration)Part

21、 5 流 域 蒸 散 發(fā) (watershed evapotranspiration)植 物 散 發(fā) 規(guī) 律 (plant上層( Upper Layer )下層( Lower Layer )深層( Deep Layer )Chapter 8 產(chǎn)流機制產(chǎn)流機制 :mechanism of runoff generation徑 流 (Runoff) 徑流形成過程 (Rainfall-Runoff Process)徑流深 (Runoff Depth) 徑流量的時程分配 (Temporal distribution of runoff)Part 1 包氣帶及其結(jié)構(gòu)( Aeration (vadose)

22、 zone and its structure)包氣帶和飽水帶( aeration zone or vadose zone and Saturdayed zone ) 特殊包氣帶 (Special aeration zone)三相系統(tǒng)( three-phase system ( liquid ， gaseous ， solid )土壤結(jié)構(gòu)( soil structure ) 包氣帶結(jié)構(gòu) (The structure of aeration zone) 高寒地帶的包氣帶( aeration zone in a high and cold area)Part 2 包氣帶的水分動態(tài)及對降雨的再分配作

23、用( Soil moisture dynamics in aeration zone and its roles in partitioning rainfall)A、包氣帶水分動態(tài) (soil moisture dynamics in aeration zone) 包氣帶水分的增長( Soil moisture increase in aeration zone)包氣帶水分的消退( Recession of soil moisture in aeration zone)B 、包氣帶對降雨的再分配作用(The role of aeration zone in redistributingrai

24、nfall )篩子( sieve ) 門檻( threshold )C 、包氣帶水量平衡方程式 ( Water balance equation for aeration zone)Part 3 產(chǎn)流的物理條件( Physical conditions for runoff generation )超滲地面徑流( Hortonian overland flow) (Rainfall excess)壤中水徑流產(chǎn)流( through flow / subsurface flow / interflow)飽和地面徑流條件( saturated overland flow)回歸流( return fl

25、ow )Part 4 基本產(chǎn)流模式 (Basic modes of runoff generation)Chapter 9 地表水流地表水流 :surface flowPart 1 洪水波的形成及傳播 (Formation and propagation of flood wave)A、洪水波運動 (movement wave)a、幾何特征( geomtric characteristics)波體( main body of flood wave ) 波高( wave height ) 波長( wave length )b、附加比降( additional slope)c 、相應(yīng)流量與相應(yīng)水位

26、( Corresponding discharge (water levels, stages) )d、波速( wave velocity ) e 、坦化( attenuation ) 扭曲( distortion )B、洪水運動的水力學(xué)描述 (Hydraulic description of flood wave movement) 圣維南方程組( Saint-Venant Equations ) 連續(xù)方程 (Continuity equation or mass conservation equation) 動力方程 (Momentum equation)C、洪水波的分類 (Classif

27、ication of flood wave) 重力( gravity )時間慣性力局地慣性項(friction )D、運動波 (Kinematic wave)E、擴散波 (Diffusion wave)local inertia term )壓力( pressure ) 阻力空間慣性遷移慣性項 ( convective inertia termPart 2 ( Storage theory & storage equation )A 、河槽調(diào)節(jié)作用和河段水量平衡方程(Storage effectsof a river channel and waterbalance equation for

28、a reach)蓄滿產(chǎn)流 (Runoff generation on repletion of storage) 超滲產(chǎn)流 (Runoff generation in excess of infiltration)B 、槽蓄方程 (Storage equation)C 、洪水波運動的水文學(xué)方法 (Hydrological method of flood wave movementD 、特征河長 (Characteristic river length)F、槽蓄曲線的特性 (Nature of Storage-discharge curve)Chapter 10 洪水演算洪水演算 (Flood

29、Routing)Part 1 引 言 (Introduction)具有物理基礎(chǔ)的洪水演算法 (Physically-based flood routing method)動量守恒（ momentum質(zhì)量守恒( mass conservation ) conservation )Part 2 線性擴散波演算法 (Linear diffusion wave routing method)定解問題的構(gòu)成 (Composition of solution problems) 基本解 (Basic solution)擴散波（ Diffusion穩(wěn)定流（ Steady卷積公式 (Convolution出流

30、過程的計算 (Derivation of outflow hydrograph) wave)入流過程 (Processing of inflow hydrograph) flow )參數(shù)的確定 (Determination of parameters)formula) 上斷面洪水過程( inflow hydrograph at upper section)半無限長，自由下邊界( semi infinite long, free lower boundary)簡單入流過程 (Simple inflow hydrograph)單位入流過程 (Unit Inflowhydrograph)單位矩形入流

31、過程 (Unit Rectangular Pulse Input)單位瞬時脈沖入流 (Unit instantaneous Pulse Input)入流 過程 離 散 化 (Discretizing inflow hydrograph) 匯流 曲 線 (flow concentration curve)Part 3 線性特征河長演算法 (Linear characteristic length routing method) 描述洪水波運動的基本微分方程式(Basic differential equations of flood wavemovement)匯流曲線的確定 (Determina

32、tion of flow concentration curve)Part 4 線性運動波演算法 (Linear kinematic wave routing method) 運動波差分方程的建立 (Difference equation of kinematic wave) 數(shù)值擴散的概念 (Numerical diffusion)連續(xù)演算問題 (successiverouting)匯流系數(shù)的計算 (Calculation of flow concentration coefficient)泰勒公式 (Taylor formula) 匯流系數(shù) (flow concentrationcoeff

33、icient)Chapter 11 流域產(chǎn)流流域產(chǎn)流 :Watershed Runoff Generation/ProductionPart 1 引 言 (Introduction)徑 流 (Runoff) 徑流形成過程 (Rainfall-Runoff Process)徑流深 (Runoff Depth) 徑流量的時程分配 (Temporal distribution of runoff)Part 2 流域產(chǎn)流面積的變化( Variations in runoff producing area)A 、現(xiàn)象及原因 (Phenomena & Causes)蓄滿產(chǎn)流 (Runoff generat

34、ion on repletion of storage)超滲產(chǎn)流 (Runoff generation in excess of infiltration)B 、蓄滿產(chǎn)流條件下總徑流的產(chǎn)流面積變化 (Variations in the runoff producing areaof total runoff under runoff formation on repletion of storage)蓄水容量曲線 (Watershed Capacity Curve)流域蓄水容量曲線 (Watershed water capacity curve) 在降雨空間分布均勻的情況下( Spatial

35、distribution of rainfall is even)C 、超滲產(chǎn)流地面徑流產(chǎn)流面積變化 (Variations in the runoff producing area ofsurface runoff under runoff formation in excess of infiltration)Part 3 蓄滿產(chǎn)流的流域產(chǎn)流量的計算( Computation of total runoff under runoff formation on repletion of storage )總徑流量的計算 (Computation of total runoff)徑流成分的劃分 (Separation of runoff components)降雨空間分布不均勻情況 (Spatial distribution of rainfall being unev