名詞、冠詞教師用

1、名詞、冠詞教師用戴氏教育高考名校沖刺教育中心【我最最親愛的戰(zhàn)友， 生命的精彩在于不斷地拼搏和挑戰(zhàn)。你每向前一小步， 都是對自己最好的褒獎。學(xué)業(yè)的成功在于重點一遍遍地過濾，相信自己，付諸行動。 高考語法專題一名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞一、名詞（一）名 詞的分類專有名詞：指某人，某地，某機構(gòu)等專有的名稱，其首字母要大寫。女口HongKong,Chi na,BillCli nton ,Red Cross個體名詞：表示某類人或東西中的個體，女口 stude nt,book名詞普可數(shù)名詞通集體名詞：表示若干個體組成的集合體，如：family,school,group, people 名詞不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞：表示無

2、法分為個體的實物，如：cott on, air,tea抽象名詞：表示抽象概念，如：work ，happ in ess ,n ews （一）名詞的數(shù)1.一般可數(shù)名詞直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)。2.可數(shù)名詞的特殊例子A.以-o結(jié)尾的詞加-es變復(fù)數(shù)的名詞課本中出現(xiàn)的有 Negro heropotato tomato B.其余以-O 結(jié)尾的詞加-s photo pianopianos bamboo C. 有些以-O結(jié)尾的名詞加-s或-es都可以zero zoo volca no D.有些以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞直接加-s變成復(fù)數(shù)cliffchief roofgulfsafeE.通過變化內(nèi)部元音變復(fù)數(shù)toothfo

3、otmousegoosewoma npolicewoma nF.詞尾力口 -en 或-renoxchild G.單復(fù)數(shù)相同的詞sheepdeeraircraft fishcattle steelworks meansChineseSwiss JapaneseH . German I. 復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成 father-inlawfathers-i n-laweditor-i n-chief J. man doctormen doctorswoma n driver K.以復(fù)數(shù)形式存在的名詞 scissorssockstweezersshoespin cersjea nshan dcuffstr

4、ousersglasses gloves L.在短語中以復(fù)數(shù)形式存在的名詞take tur ns take no tesdo exercises as follows makefriends with hurt ones felli ngs shake hands with 3. 數(shù)名詞的特殊例子 A. a piece of apple pieachocolate a glass of beera flash oflight ingB. adviceglass不可bar ofclothadvicesclothesglasses值得注意的幾類名詞 looks times gree ns work

5、s mann erssan ds抽象名詞具體化：表示抽象的特征、狀態(tài)、思維、行為的一次、一種、一類、一下、 一頓等， 常組成a/an+抽象名詞或a/an+形容詞+抽象名詞。A .動賓結(jié)構(gòu)：take a look/have a sleep/die a death/take a great interest/get a high opinion/make an apology B. have a good time 一次好時光 a won derful breakfast 一頓早飯C. 有些名詞 可由抽象名詞完全轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞，常見的有：surprise, cold, pleasure, pity

6、, failure, success, worry, honor, experienee, must, difficulty, youth, beauty, wonder, dan ger, i nterest等。例：a surprise（一件奇怪的事）a pleasure（一件樂事）（三）名詞的格1. of 2. s 3.雙重所有格用法常見特點：在無上下文的句子中用雙重所有格或of表示的所有格皆可，但側(cè)重點不同。試比較：a picture of my mothers a picture of my mother（四）詞義辨析及常用的名詞固定搭配介詞+名詞1. by accident2. in

7、 addition to3.in addition4.in the air5. on (the / an) averageat best6. 7. for the better8.on board9. out of breath10. onbus in ess動詞 + 名詞 11. have / gain access to12. take.i nto acco unt13. take adva ntage of14. pave the way (for)15. pay atte nti on to16. do / try ones best17. get/ have the bestof18

8、. make the best of19.get/have the better of20. catch ones breath名詞詞組的其他形式21. appeal to22.attempt at23. attitude to/towards24. a great/good dealof25.in flue neein26. i nterfere nee with27. i ntroductio n to28. fall in love (with sb)實戰(zhàn)演練1. Those whosuffer from headachewill find they getfromthismedicin

9、e.A. reliefB. safetyC.defe nseD.shelter 2. James took the magaz ines off the little table tomakefor the televisi on. A .room B. areaC. field D. position 3. The doctor is skilled at treatingheart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients,sohe has a very good. A. expectationB.reputati on C.

10、 con tributi on D. civilizatio n 4. Lastyear the nu mber of stude nts whograduated with a driv ing lice nee reached 200,000, a(n)of 40, 000 per year. A. average B.number C. amount D. quantity (五)名詞的修飾語 1.(a)few, several, many(a),a numberof ,more than one 2. (a) little, much,a goodgreat deal of, a bi

11、t of,a large amount of 等； 3. some, a lot of ,lots of ,plenty of,enough,most,a mass of,all,qua ntities of, a qua ntity of ,the rest,masses of等。典 例分析 He does nt havefurniture in hisroom-justan old desk.(2008 陜西)A. any B. many C.some D. much In chi nagraduates go abroad to havefurther study every year.

12、 A. a great deal ofB.many a C. a large amount ofD. masses of隨堂演練 1 . He gained his byprinting of famouswriters A. wealth; work B.wealths; worksC.weaths; workD. wealth ;works2. Many people agree thatkno wledge of En glish is a must inintern ati onal tradetoday. A.a; B.the ; an C.the ;the D.;the 3.She

13、 broke awhile she was wash ing up . A.glass wi neB.wi ne glassC.wi nes glass D.glass of wi ne 4. Illlook into the matter as soon as possible .Just have a little.A.waitB.timeC.patie neeD.rest 5. If by any cha nee some one comes to see me ,ask themto leave a .A.messageB.letterC.se ntenceD.n otice二、代詞（

14、一）代詞的分類 1.人稱代詞：有主格、賓格、所有格（含形容詞性和名詞性兩種所有格）2.反身代詞:myself yourself ,himself ,herself ,itself ,ourselves ,yourselves themselves 3.指示代詞:this ,that ,these ,those 4.相互代詞:each other ,one疑問代詞:who ,whom ,what ,which 5.another 6. 不 定代詞:some ,any,all ,both,none ,one,each,either,n either,other,ano ther,somethi n

15、g,any thi ngnothing,anyone,anybodysome one ,somebody ,n obody 7.關(guān)用于定語從句）:who ,whom ,whose ， that ,which ,as代詞用法注意點1.名詞性所有格代詞可作主語、賓語、表語,可用于雙重所有格。例如:This isnt my book. Its his. Mine is in the bag. /Is shea friend of yours ?/ Do you think this bag of mine beautiful ?/She lost some pen cils of hers. 2.反

16、身代詞可用于某些固定搭配。例如：（all）by on eself自己單干，獨立干：The boy usually fini shes his homework by himself.of on eself自動地， 自行地：Mary will correct her mistakes in the exercises ofherself. for on eself替 / 為自己：You have to choose for yourself. 3 相互代詞 each other ,one an other.前者通常指兩者之間的相互， 后者側(cè)重三者或三者以上的相互，也可指兩者之間的相互。4.不定代

17、詞 some多用于肯定句；any多用于否定句，疑問句或條件句中。另外some可用于表示請求、提議或者希望得到肯定回答的疑問句中，修飾可數(shù)名詞，表示任何、無論哪一個 例如：Ifyou have any ink ,please give me some.Edis on becamequite expert at it and could find work in any tow n he went to.o ther ,ano ther ,the other ,others ,the othersother表示沒有范圍的，其他的，與名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用。如：other books/boys/ ano th

18、er泛指很多中的另一個，可作代詞或形容詞用，代替或修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如：I dont like this hat ,please show me ano ther. theother可作代詞或形容詞用，指已知的事物或人中的另一個，或另一方中的全部其他的如：I have two sisters .One is a stude nt and the other isa worker./I can see only two teachers in the office.Where are the other teachers ? others泛指其他的人或物；theothers特指其余的人或物。ot

19、hers 常和some 對比使用。例如：Thirty stude nts in our class are boys ,the othersare girls. Someare carrying water ,others are wateringthe trees.one作為不定代詞， 泛指任何人（包括說話人在內(nèi)）， 還可用來代替上文出現(xiàn)過的可數(shù)名詞（指人或物），并有復(fù)數(shù)形式 ones。例如：Ihave bought a new bike.My old one doesn twork./O ne must do one s duty. 注意：one ,that都可代替前面出現(xiàn)過的單數(shù)名詞，但

20、這樣用時，one可被前置或后置定語修飾,that只能被后置定語修飾。例如：Thisbook is the one that is needed by him.My seat is next to that of our teacher.all, b oth either,n either, each, none的用法比較 both, either 禾口 n either 皆表示兩者可作主語、賓語和定語。both還可作同位語。neither表示兩者否定；either 表示兩者中任何一者，強調(diào)個體；both表示兩者皆肯定。all禾口 none 表示三者或三者以上， all 表示全部肯定，而none

21、表示全部否定；all可作主語、賓語、表語、定 語和同位語， 而none作主語、 賓語和同位語， 但不能作定語。all作主語時，指人看作復(fù)數(shù)，每時事看作單數(shù)；none作主語時，看作單復(fù)數(shù)皆可。both, all, each, none作主語同位語時，通常要放在行為動詞的前面，be動詞、助動詞和情態(tài)動詞的后面。all, both 與not連用表示部分否定。 . 用 于簡略回答的 none, nothing, noboby禾口 no one none既可指人， 也可指物， 后面可接of短語，能用來回答how many, how much 禾口 which 的提問。no one 和noboby指人時其

22、后一般不接 of短語， 可回答 who的提問。Nothing只指事物，后面不可接of短語，用來回答what的提問。 .名詞替代詞 one/ones, that 和it 的用法比較 one/ones用來代替前面提到過的可數(shù)名詞，one指單數(shù)，ones指復(fù)數(shù)，所代替的是同名異物，表示泛指，可有前置定語或后置定語，也可單獨使用，特指時必須加定冠詞the。That用來代替前面提到的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞，不能和冠詞連用，其后總有修飾語。其復(fù)數(shù)形式是those。指代可數(shù)名詞時，that 相當(dāng)于the one; those 相當(dāng)于the on es。5.it 的用法 在英語中，it有許多不同的用法， 它

23、既可以 用作代詞（如人稱代詞、 非人稱代詞），也可以用作引導(dǎo)詞（作形式 主語或形式賓語），還可用來構(gòu)成強調(diào)句。（1）it用作人稱代詞指代前面已經(jīng)提到過的事物、動物或人,在句子中作主語或賓語。 He bought a dicti onary and give it to me.（物） Who is it? It is my brother.（人） He is an hon estman.Yes, I know it very well.（情況）（2）it用作非人稱代詞，常常用作句子主語，表示天氣、日期、時間、溫度、距離等。Its February 14th today.（日期）Itswin te

24、r. It was snowing hard.（季節(jié),天氣）Itson lyonemile to our school. （距離）（3）it作形式主語或形式賓語根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要， 人們常用it 作形式主語或形式賓語,而把真正的主語或賓語（不定式短語、動詞ing形式短語或名詞性從句）置于句尾。如：It takes time to lear n somethi ng well.（形式主語代替不定式） It is a pity that you did nt see the football gamelast night.（形式主語，代替從句）I want to makeitclear that

25、I wont atte nd the meeti ng.（形式賓語，代替從句子）（4） it 常用作 seem, appear, look禾口 happen 的主語。如：It seemedthat he did it .Itlooked like rain（5）it用在強調(diào)句中 強調(diào)句式：It is/wasthat/who女口：Itwas John who/that wore his best suit to the dance lastnight.Itwas to the dance that John wore his best suitlast night.典例分析 1. Whensha

26、ll we meet again ? Make it day you like;its all the same to me.（96 年 高考題）A. oneB . any C . some D . another析：此題答案為B。若選A , one day意過去/將來的某一天； 若選C,some day意 有朝一日、 將來某一天、 遲早；若選D, an other day 意改日、 又/另一天； 選B , any day 意隨便哪一天、 無論哪一天， 顯然它適合此題。2.1m read ing a new book these days ,in En glish.A. it B.thatC.

27、o neD.which析：排除A選項it的原因是因為it前或后都不可放定語； 若 選B項that,則因其不能替代同一事物，也可排除； 至于D項which，因其是定語從句引導(dǎo)詞， 在此明顯不合用。只有C項one 方面它可有前置或后置定語，另一方面它可以替代前面出現(xiàn)的名詞a book,故是正確答案。3. There were two boys who called and I gave an apple to. A.everyB.allC.either D.each 析:由題干內(nèi)容可知有兩個孩子在叫喊， 故all （指三者或三者以 上）不可選；every表兩者中任意的一個， 在此不符合情景之需 要

28、。只有D,each（兩者中的每一個）填入空白才合題干內(nèi)容。4. We dont knowof the visitors here;we only knowsome. A.every oneB.every oneC.an ybodyD.each one 析:因為 every one ,everybody ,an ybody等不定代詞一般不帶限定語（此處不能與of短語連用），故A、C選項可排除。若選D項，因noteach 結(jié)構(gòu)表全否定，與下句we only knowsome不合， 故不能成立。只有選B時，notevery 表半否定， 與下句意相合。5. Young people may grow

29、quickly in some ways and moreslowly inC.others D.those other析:.( 上海題) A.the other B.some other根據(jù)in some ways（在某些方面），可知空白處要選表達復(fù)數(shù)意義的詞， 據(jù)此可排除A、B;又因為沒有those other 這樣的詞語，故可排除D。根據(jù) some 常與 others相呼應(yīng)使用規(guī)律,可定C為正確答案。6.Thequesti onis toodifficultand we foundA.it not easy to answer itB.itwas not easy for us toD.

30、it not easyan swer it C.its not easy to an swer to answer 析:根據(jù)時態(tài)一致規(guī)律，we found后不可跟C選項；要表達那個問題不容易答。這一意思時，應(yīng)說 The questi on is n ot easy to an swer.表達我們發(fā)現(xiàn)那個問題不容易答。這一意思時，應(yīng)說 We found the questi on (was )not easy toanswer.據(jù)此可排除A、B選項；只有D才是唯一正確選項。7.The hairdresser now cuts mens and wome ns hair.A.a nyB.eachC

31、.bothD.either析：根據(jù)題干mens and womenshair ,可知應(yīng)選與兩者有關(guān)的代詞, 于是立即可排除A。由于each和either不可直接修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞所有格（應(yīng)說each of ,either of ）,故又可排除B、D選項。只有both 才能與其后的and構(gòu)成bothand結(jié)構(gòu)。故正確答案是C。8.Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end ?If you keep still,you can sit atend.(NMET)A.n eitherB.eachC.eitherD.a ny析:一條船只有

32、兩頭，any是指三者或三者以上，在此不合用。neither 是兩者都不， 填入空白處意思不對；each意兩者或 三者，三者以上每個人都， 若填入此題空白， 不合語境，因為一一 個人不能同時坐船的兩頭。只有選either（兩者之一）才合此題情景。9.Have you finished your report yet ? No ,Ill finish in ten minutes.（NMET） A.lessB.more C.otherD.ano ther析:less后可直接跟形容詞、副詞、名詞，象ten minutes這than之后，因此A項可排除。再過/再用十分鐘可以說in ten more m

33、i nu tes ,te n minu tesmore ,another ten minutes ,據(jù)此可排除 B 項。至于other 詞，因它不能表達再、 又意，故也可排除 因此D為正確答案。1O.Canadais larger than country in Asia. (NMET)A. a ny B.a ny other C.otherD.ano ther析：此題是加拿大與亞洲國家相比， 無需 other或another ,else這類詞， 故B、C、D應(yīng)排除。因為any (任何)后可跟單數(shù)名詞或復(fù)數(shù)名詞，填入空白意思也合語境， 所以A是正確答案。專項練習(xí) 1. He stole the

34、 money and they put him.A. in pris onB. to pris onC. at the pris on;n oboby can doubt .D. in the prison 2. His honesty isA. out of the questio n; himB. in questi on; him C.beside the questi on; itD.out of question; it 3. No humanbeing can change thelaw ofA. the n atureB. a n ature C. annatureD.natur

35、e 4. Whatdo you want? I wantpiece of breadthat is on the table. A. theB. a piece of bread C. a breadD. someof bread 5. Our newhas four bedroomsand a sittingroom. A. home B. house C. family D. place 6. In eedcloth, for Im going to makeclothes. A. alot of; manyB. much; much C. many; manyD. many; a lot of 7. How happy they are! Obviously, they are. A. i n n