download.kaoyan.com-2015年考研英語一真題及參考答案（完整解析版）.

1、2012 年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)考試英語試題National Entrance Test of English for MA/MSCandidates (NETEM)跨考英語教研室楊鳳芝SectionUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices b

2、ecame an important issue recently. Thecourt cannot_1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law_2_ justices behave likepoliticians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_3_ the courts reputation forbeing independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for

3、 example, appeared at political events. Thatkind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be_4_ as impartial judgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_ by an ethics code. At the very least, thecourt should make itself_6_ to the code of conduct that _7_to th

4、e rest of the federaljudiciary.This and other cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_ between the courtand politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law_10_ having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions _11_ they would be free to _12_those in pow

5、er andhave no need to_13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart frompolitics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social_15_like liberty and property. When the court deals with soc

6、ial policy decisions, the law it_16_is inescapably political which is why decisions split along ideological lines are soeasily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves_19_to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen

7、as separatefrom politics and, _20_ , convincing as law.1. A emphasize2. A whenB maintainB bestC modifyC beforeD recognizeD unlesskaoyan 3. A restored4. A challenged5. A advanced6. A resistant7. A resorts8. A evade9. A line10. A by11. A so12. A serve13. A confirm14. A guarded15. A concepts16. A exclu

8、des17. A dismissed18. A suppress19. A accessible20. A by all meansB weakenedB compromisedB caughtB subjectB sticksB raiseB barrierB asB sinceB satisfyB expressB followedB theoriesB questionsB releasedB exploitB amiableB at all costsSectionC establishedC suspectedC boundC immuneC leadsC denyC similar

9、ityC throughC providedC upsetC cultivateC studiedC divisionsC shapesC rankedC addressC agreeableC in a wordReading ComprehensionD eliminatedD acceptedD foundedD proneD appliesD settleD conflictD towardsD thoughD replaceD offerD tiedD convenienceD controlsD distortedD ignoreD accountableD as a result

10、Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, iswhat most of us think of when we hear the words

11、peer pressure. It usually leads to nogood-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contendsthat peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in whichorganizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help indi

12、viduals improve theirlives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure inaction: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Hazesets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-preven

13、tion initiative known asLoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of thelameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure forhealthy habits, and they demonst

14、rate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to bedifferent, please dont smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking amongkaoyan teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly thatpublic-health advocates ought to take a p

15、age from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join theClub is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social andbiological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The

16、 most glaring flaw of the social cure asits presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failedonce state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes islimited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influ

17、ence on our behavior. Anemerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spreadthrough networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: weunconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how suc

18、cessfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peergroups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. Its like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic neverreally works. And thats the problem with a social cure en

19、gineered from the outside: in the realworld, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Ro

20、senberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the authors view, Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effect

21、ively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative

22、health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulkaoyan B desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energysupplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Verm

23、ont last week when it announced itwas reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge theconstitutionality of Vermonts rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort t

24、o keep itsVermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. Its a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermonts onlynuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for thesale, the company agreed to seek permissio

25、n from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006,the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plants license be subject toVermont legislatures approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didnt

26、foreseewhat would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about bothVermont Yankees safety and Entergys management especially after the company mademisleading stateme

27、nts about the pipe. Enraged by Entergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear iss

28、ues.The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do havesome regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer aprecedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about thepatc

29、hwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept itsword, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damagedthat it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there

30、 should be consequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the UnitedStates, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the companyhas applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as t

31、he NuclearRegulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the companys application, it should keep it mind whatpromises from Entergy are worth.A condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended tokaoyan A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek

32、 favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license .D get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision29. In the authors

33、view, the Vermont case will testA Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues .D the limits of states power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergys business elsewhere

34、might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonts reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to beobserved and collected by objective researchers who use th

35、e scientific method to carry out theirwork. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique lifeexperience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what

36、we think ourexperiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error,and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newlystaked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scruti

37、ny and acceptance totransform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through whichthe individual researchers me, here, now becomes the communitys anyone, anywhere, anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes publ

38、ic, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But,unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complexsocial structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewersact as gatekeepers by controlling the publication proce

39、ss; other scientists use the new finding tosuit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the newdiscovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through thecommunity, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing

40、beliefs about thescience and the technology involved transforms an individuals discovery claim into thecommunitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focuson some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or in

41、correct. Little rewardaccompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal isnew-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and crediblediscoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge andpotent

42、ial modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequentlykaoyan provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once describeddiscovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” Butthinking what nobody else has th

43、ought and telling others what they have missed may not changetheir views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted andappreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim a process that corresponds to whatphilosopher Annette Baier has described as th

44、e commons of the mind. “We reason together,challenge, revise, and complete each others reasoning and each others conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality an

45、d objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of

46、the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gyrgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future res

47、earch.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.B Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DCha

48、llenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant.When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American governmentworkers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unioni

49、sts in Americas publicsector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half ofkaoyan public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions thriving. First, they can shut things downwit

50、hout suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright andwell-educated. A quarter of Americas public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, theynow dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britains Labor Party,as its name implies, has

51、 long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the PublicPolicy Institute of California points out that much of the states budget is patro

52、lled by unions. Theteachers unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups onhealth care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one.But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly

53、“backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especiallypensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charterschools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even tho

54、ugh there is plenty ofevidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers unions havefought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. InWisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardlineRepublican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvards Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western