新編簡明語言學(xué)重要期末考點

1、語言學(xué)一、選擇題 15%二、T/F 15%三、概念解釋 4 題 20%四、簡答題 30%五、語言現(xiàn)象分析 20%TG grammar ， bond morpheme, sentence relation1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.3. Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language.

2、It can not be used alone.4. A word is a meaningful grammatical language unit which can be used by its own.5. Lexicon refers to all the words or mental words that a speaker knows.6. Compound refers to the way of forming new words by stringing words together in certain manner.7. An allomorph is any th

3、e variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.8. The major branches of linguistics ? 寫出五大分支：語音學(xué) /音位學(xué) /形態(tài)學(xué) /句法學(xué)/語用學(xué) Phonetics 語音學(xué) is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonol ogy 音位學(xué) is the study of sound patterns in human language Morphology 形態(tài)學(xué) is th

4、e study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words. Syntax 句法學(xué) is the study of rules that govern the grammatical formation of sentences. Pragmatics 語用學(xué) is the study of how language is used in actual communication. Semantics 語義學(xué) is the study of language meaning.Lexicol ogy 詞匯學(xué) is the study

5、 of words and phrases.9. distinctions in linguistics :1) prescriptive 規(guī)定性，提供說話的規(guī)范 /descriptive 描述性，關(guān)心人們的說話方式而不是規(guī)定該怎么說 modern linguistics is mostly descriptive2) synchronic 共時性研究 / diachronic 歷時性研究(幾個時段一起研究)modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, because it focus on studying a language at some point

6、 of time in history. 在特定的一個時期3) speech 口語 / writing 書面語 (two major media of communication) speech is prior to writing 原因：from the point of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing ;speech plays a greater rol e than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed ; speech is always the

7、 way in which every native speaker acquires his mother language.4) langue 語言 / parol e 言語 ( 說話的最終方式)langue refers to the abstract linguistic system ; parol e focuses on the realization of language in actual use.5) competence 語言能力 / performance 語言運用6) traditional grammar 傳統(tǒng)語法 / modern linguistics 現(xiàn)代語

8、言學(xué)3 個區(qū)別： modern linguistics is descriptive whil e traditional grammar is prescriptive ;modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary whil e traditional grammar emphasizes on written words ;modern linguistics does not force language into a Latin-based framework.語言學(xué)10. Design features of l

9、anguage 5 個特點，語言與動物交流區(qū)分1) arbitrariness 任意性 ( means that the symbols used in human language is arbitrary. there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. it is not entirely arbitrary. some compound words are also not arbitrary.2) productivity 創(chuàng)造性 ： language is productive or creative3) du

10、ality 雙重結(jié)構(gòu) : language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.4) displacement 不受時空限制 language can be used to refer contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers.5) cultural transmission 文化傳遞(文化基因) people were born with the ability to acquire language. ( 是具有學(xué)習(xí)能力而不是生來就能使用語言

11、)11. functions of language 根據(jù) tripartite framework 分為 3 個 1) descriptive function2) expressive function3) social function 根據(jù)美籍俄人 Jacobson smodel 分 6 類 言語活動的 6 個主要功能1) emotive : express the attitude2) conative : The addresser aims to influence the addressee thsoughts or actions 意動功能，影響聽話人的行為3) refere

12、ntial : convey a message or information所指功能，傳遞信息4) poetic : display the beauty of language itself 組詩功能，表現(xiàn)語言本身的美5) phatic communion : establish or maintain interpersonal relationships. 寒暄功能，用于維系人際關(guān)系6) metalinguistic ： use language to make clear the meaning of language itself. 元語言功能12. three branches

13、of phonetics 語音學(xué)： articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué) : studies the speech sounds from the speaker posint of view auditory phonetics 聽覺語音學(xué) :studies the hearer posint of view acoustic phonestic 聲學(xué)語言學(xué) : studies the sound waves13. IPA International Phonetic Alphabet 國際音標vowel 元音 20 個，其中單元音 12 個，雙元音 8 個 conson

14、ants 輔音 28 個 輔音按 manner of obstruction 分為 6 個： stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/nasals/glides 按 place of obstruction 分為 7 個： bilabial/labiod ental/dental/alveolar/palatal/velar/gl ottal14. broad transcription 寬式標音法(一個字母表一個音)narrow transcription 嚴式標音法(加符號表示不同) broad transcription using one letter

15、to represent one sound. narrow transcription adding diacritics to the letter symbols to show difference. 15. phonemic contrast 音位對立，如 /p/ 與 /b/ 16. minimal pairs 最小對立位，在同一位置上的兩個不同音位 when two different forms are id entical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in

16、 the stings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.語言學(xué)17. phonology 音位學(xué)規(guī)則 ：sequential rule 順序規(guī)則 ：rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language assimilation rule 同化規(guī)則 ： copying a feature of a sequential phoneme deletion rul e 省略規(guī)則 ： a sound is to be deleted

17、 although it is represented.18. suprasegmental features 超切分手段 3 個：stress 重音 The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling.tone 聲調(diào) may distinguish the meaning of onation 語調(diào) can show the implied message.19. morpheme 分類 ：free morpheme 自由詞素bound morpheme 粘

18、著詞素all omorph 詞素變體， -es,ies, -renderivational morpheme 派生詞素，如 im,un,teleinflectional morpheme 曲折詞素 表現(xiàn)語法功能，如 -ed,-ing,-s,-est20. Category 詞的范疇 refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language, such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.The la

19、st and more reliabl e criterion of determining a word scategory is its distribution.21. coordinate structures :A rule of grammar that state the composition of a coordinate structure.22. A phrase contain specifiers 指示語 and complements 補語 besides the head 中心詞。23. synonymy 同義 refers to the sameness or

20、cl ose similarity of meaning. 同義詞是 synonyms five types of synonymy:1) dial ectal synonyms 方言同義詞 synonyms used indifferent regional dialects, 如 elevator 與 lift2) stylistic synonyms 文體同義詞 synonyms differing in style 如 dad,daddy,father3) synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning具有不同感情

21、或評價意義的同義詞4) collocational synonyms 搭配不同的同義詞5) semantically different synonyms 語義有輕微差別的同義詞synonyms that differ slightly in meaning.24. polysemy 一詞多義 means that the same one word has more than one meaning. homonymy 同形異義 refer to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. h

22、yponymy 上下義關(guān)系 refers to the sense relation between a more genera, more inclusive word and a more specific word.上下義關(guān)系分為 superordinate(the word which is more general in meaning) hyponyms(theword which is more specific)25. antonymy 反義 antonyms 反義詞 antonyms 分為三類：1) gradable antonyms 分級反義詞(中間可以有別的程度，比如 l

23、arge/small, col d/hot, wide/narrow,2) complementary antonyms 互補性反義詞(不是你就是我 ， literate/illiterate)3) relational opposites 關(guān)系對立的反義詞( buy/sell, wife/husband, north/south, above/below )語言學(xué)26. sense 意義 & reference 語義(與語境有關(guān))Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form.Reference is con

24、cerned with the real situation of a linguistic form.27. identify the relations between sentences.1) X is synonymous with Y. 近義關(guān)系，同義關(guān)系If X is true, Y is true; X is false, Y is false.2) X is inconsistent with Y.不相關(guān)關(guān)系 .If X is true, Y is false. If X is false, Y is true.3) X entails Y. (Y is an entailme

25、nt of X) 包含關(guān)系X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to European.If X is true, Y is necessarily true.If X is false, Y may be true or false.例如 He likes seafood.He likes crabs.4) X presupposes Y (Y is a prerequisite of X)presupposition 以 為前提X: John bsike needs repairing.Y: John has a bike.If X is true

26、, Y must be true.If X is false, Y is still true.例如 Toms wife is pregnant.Tom has a wife.5) X is a contradiction.6) X is semantically anomal ous.28. prediction analysis (a way to analyze sentence meaning) 述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析， Leech 提出，寫主語和謂語。述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分為 argument 變元(主語)和 predicate 謂詞(謂語) 例如 It is snowing. (BE SNOWING)T

27、he tree grows well. TREE (GROW)The man sells ice-cream. MAN , ICE-CREAM(SELL)29. componential analysis 成分分析法 a way to analyze lexical meaning 例如 father +married +male +adult30. selectional restrictions 選擇限制制約 ， make the sentence semantically meaningful. 如 green 不與 cloud 搭配用31. speech act theory 言語行為

28、理論( John Austin 提出)分三種：1) locutionary act 言內(nèi)行為 the act of uttering words, phrases and clauses.2) ill ocutionary 言外行為 the act of expressing the speaker instention3) perl ocutionary act 言后行為 the act performed by saying something語言學(xué)32. five types of ill ocutionary speech acts( 美國 Searle 提出)1) represent

29、atives : stating or describing 闡述類2) directives : getting the hearer to do something指令類3) commissives : committing the speaker himself to do some future course of action承諾類4) expressives : expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state表達類5) declarations : bringing about immediate changes

30、by saying something.宣告類33. 區(qū)分 pragmatics 與 semantics( 語義學(xué)，不研究語境中的使用，單純表達意思)Whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, thestudy is confined to the area of semantics.34. culturerefers to the arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular societ

31、y or nation.35. language & culture 關(guān)系Culture influences language by way of symbols and rul es for using those symbols; language has a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world.36. learning & acquisition 區(qū)別Learning refers to a conscious process of accumulating knowl

32、 edge of the vocabulary and grammar of a language, particularly through formal instruction.Acquisition refers to the gradual devel opment of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.37. two kinds of meanings of any linguistic sign : denotative meaning 指示意義(不因文化語境而改變) c

33、onnotative meaning 內(nèi)涵意義(如象征意義)38. four maxims of the CP?1) the maxim of quantity (make the contribution as informative) 數(shù)量準則，說話要不多不少，提供對方要求的信息就可以2) the maxim of quality (d o not say something is false) 質(zhì)量準則，不說假話3) the maxim of relation (be relevant)相關(guān)準則，不說與話題無關(guān)的4) the maxim of manner (avoid ambiguit

34、y)方式準則，說話不要含糊怪異39. 美國 Paul Grice 提出 CP : Cooperative Principle 合作原則， 在 50 年代提出 particularized implicature 言外之意 conventional implicature 規(guī)約含義(不受語境影響如 but, so)40. 英國 G. Leech 提出 PP，不同意 PP 原則，提出述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析 predication analysis41. 英國 John Austin 提出 speech act theory,(locutionary/ill ocutionary/perlocutionary

35、 act)42. Stephen Krashen 提出 second acquisition43. 三大語言學(xué)家 Saussure, 瑞士人，現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)之父，提出結(jié)構(gòu)語言學(xué) Chomsky,美國人，心理語言學(xué)，提出 TG Grammar,提出 competence and performance Halliday, 英國人，功能語言學(xué)，提出 register 三分類：field of discourse, tenor of discourse, mode of discourse，ideational/interpersonal/textual語言學(xué)44. register 語域 / 語境（

36、Halliday 提出）1）field of discourse 語場（主題，活動，談話主題）2）tenor of discourse 語旨（交際人之間的關(guān)系）3）mode of discourse 語式（說話方式，入口頭，書面） 例如： a car dealer and a buyer field of discourse : business, selling and buying tenor of discourse : sell er and customer mode of discourse : oral exchange45. pragmatic failure : 語言失誤wh

37、en the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communication purpose. 如問外國人 have you eaten, 問年齡工資都是語言失誤46. sociolinguistics is the study of the relation between language and society.47. types of social dialects 方言分類 :regional dial ects 地域方言， 如美國人說 first fl oor 是指 1 樓，英國人說 first floor 是指地下室 sociolect 社會方言 / 職業(yè)階層方言 language and gend er 語言與性別 language and age 語言與年齡 idiolect 個人方言ethnic dialect 種族方言，如 Black English48. speech variety 變體 refers to any disting