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1、高考英語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)講解時態(tài)語態(tài)(一)時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時表示:1.現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動作 eg: I read English every morning. 2.客觀真理、普遍公立、科學(xué)事實eg: The sun rises in the east. 3.現(xiàn)有的興趣、愛好或能力eg: He likes playing football. 4.現(xiàn)存的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)eg: The situation is encouraging. 5.介紹故事劇情、新聞標(biāo)題eg: Workers face tough times abroad. 6.按時刻表或按規(guī)定計劃、安排將要放生的動作(常見動詞如:com

2、e, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, takeoff, return, stop, open, close等)eg: The train leaves at 4:30 p.m. 注意:here, there, now, then 等開頭的倒裝句要用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。如: Look! Here comes the bus.一般過去時表示:1.過去經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)eg: He often cried when he was a boy. 2.過去某時的狀態(tài)或動作 eg: I went to the bank just now. 3.用于 I di

3、dnt know 或 I forgot,表示實現(xiàn)不知道或不記得,但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道或記得的事情。eg: I didnt know you were here. Sorry, I forgot to bring my book. 注意:表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,也可以用 “used to do” 和 “ would do”一般將來時表示:1.現(xiàn)在看來以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)eg: Tom will come next week. 2.事物的固有屬性或必然趨勢eg: Oil will float in water. Fish will die without water. 3.對將來某個動作的安排、

4、計劃eg: He is going to speak on TV this evening.注意:將來時常見表達(dá)形式:will/ shall do; be going to do; be to do; be about to do (此形式不能與時間狀語連用)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示:1.此時此刻正在發(fā)生的動作eg: Im studying English now. 2.現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生的動作eg: We are building our socialism. 3.情況的暫時性eg: I dont really work here. I am just helping until the secretar

5、y arrives. 4.與 always, forever, constantly, continually 連用,表示參上或厭惡等感情色彩,但并非強調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行eg: He is always helping others. She is always forgetting something. 5.按計劃、安排近期發(fā)生的動作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等動詞)eg: A foreigner is coming to visit our school. Im leaving for Be

6、ijing tomorrow. 注意:不宜用進(jìn)行時的動作: 感覺類: look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 情感類:like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 心態(tài)類:wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, thin, understand, agree, know, remember, forget 所有類:have, contain, won, hold, belong to過去進(jìn)行時表示:1.過去某一時刻或階段發(fā)生的動作eg: He was watching TV

7、this time yesterday. 2.與 always, forever, constantly, continually 連用,表示贊賞或亞無等感情色彩eg: Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself. 3.過去計劃、安排好的將來動作(只限于 come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay 等動詞)eg: He said he was leaving the next day. I was told the

8、 train was starting soon. 注意:過去進(jìn)行時可用來描繪故事發(fā)生的背景,如:The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.過去將來時表示:1.過去某一時刻后將要發(fā)生的過去動作或過去的意圖、打算(主要用于賓語從句中)eg: She was sure she would succeed. I thought you would come. 注意:把一般將來時中的助動詞變成過去式,便成了過去將來時的表達(dá)形式現(xiàn)在完成時表示:1.現(xiàn)在已完成或剛剛完成且對現(xiàn)在有影響的動作eg: I have finished my homework. 2.

9、表示始于過去持續(xù)至今的動作或狀態(tài)eg: Hes lived here since 2005. Ive taught English for 15 years. 3.到目前為止的一段時間內(nèi),多少次或第幾次做某事eg: Hes been to Beijing several times. Its the third time that Ive seen the film. 4.將來某時將要做完的動作(僅限于時間和條件狀語從句)eg: Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 5.發(fā)生在過去的,但已成為現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)歷或經(jīng)驗eg: Weve all played

10、 with snow and ice.注意:沒有包括“現(xiàn)在” 在內(nèi)或不是截止到“現(xiàn)在”為止的時間狀語不能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。 短暫性動詞的肯定式不能與時間段連用。 “in the pass/ last+時間段” 要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。 have gone to 表示人在去所指地方的路上或已在所指地方;have been to表示人曾到過所指的地方,但現(xiàn)在不在所指地方。過去完成時表示:1.過去某時間前已發(fā)生的動作或情況eg: Marx had learned some English before he came to London. 2.過去某動作前已發(fā)生的另一動作eg: The train ha

11、d left when I got to the station. 3.始于過去持續(xù)至過去靈異事件,也許仍將延續(xù)下來的動作eg: He said he had been in the Party for 10 years. 4.過去未曾實現(xiàn)的意圖、打算或希望(只限于 think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose, wish, want等動詞)eg: I had planned to see you yesterday, but the rain prevented me. 注意:過去完成時必須以過去某一時間為基點,即“過去的過去”

12、。因此只有在和過去某時或某動作相比較時才用到它。 Before,after 本身“前”“后”明顯,因此可用一般過去時代替過去完成時。如 “He (had) left before I arrived” (二) 被動語態(tài)1. 被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成英語中的及物動詞一般都有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種形式。主動語態(tài)是無標(biāo)記的,而被動語態(tài)則是有標(biāo)記的。被動語態(tài)由助動詞be加動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動詞be隨著主動的人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)和語氣的不同而變化。被動語態(tài)的各種時態(tài)形式見下表:體 時現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般is/ am/ are donewas/ were donewill/ shall/ be donewould

13、/ should be done進(jìn)行is/am/are being donewas/ were/ being donewill/ shall be being donewould/ should be being done完成have/ has been donehad been donewill/ shall have been donewould/ should have been done完成進(jìn)行have/ has been being donehad been being donewill/ shall have been being donewould/ should have be

14、en being done2. 被動語態(tài)的用法(1) 不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者或沒有必要指明誰是動作的執(zhí)行者。如:George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?No, I had not been invited. Did they have a big wedding?The window is dirty.I know. It has not been cleaned for weeks.(2) 需要強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者或時間本身。如: All the employees except the mana

15、ger are encouraged to work online at home.(3) 在文章標(biāo)題、廣告、新聞中。如:Girls wanted.招女工。Millions of pounds worth of damage has been caused by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.(4) 當(dāng)動作的執(zhí)行者不是人時。如:The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to

16、eat more fruit and vegetables.3. 注意短語動詞和含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)(1) 在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中,切不可丟掉動詞后面的介詞或副詞。 如:That old man was often laughed at.那位老人常被人嘲笑。The plan will be given up. 那個計劃將要被放棄了。Bad habits have been done away with.壞習(xí)慣已經(jīng)改掉了。(2) 含有情態(tài)動詞的句子的被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)是:情態(tài)動詞 + be + 動詞的過去分詞。如:The plan ought to be put into practice as soon a

17、s possible.計劃必須盡早執(zhí)行。4. get + 動詞的過去分詞可以表示被動,此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化,如:She got married last week. 她上周結(jié)婚了。He fell off the car and got killed.他從車上摔下來,摔死了。易錯知識總結(jié)(一) 一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別1. 一般過去時所表達(dá)的一個或一段過去時間是可以具體確定的,與其他時間沒有牽連。它所表示的事情純屬過去,與現(xiàn)在情況沒有聯(lián)系?,F(xiàn)在完成時表示的事情發(fā)生在不能具體指出的過去某個或某段時間。它所表示的事情與現(xiàn)在情況有關(guān)系,是過去的事情在現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在的影響。2. 比較下面幾組

18、句子,體會兩種時態(tài)的不同:(二) 一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區(qū)別1. 一般過去時是相對現(xiàn)在說話時刻而言的,過去完成時則是相對過去某一時刻而言。兩種時態(tài)建立的時間參照點不同,對過去完成時來說,這個時間參照點十分重要,她是過去完成概念賴以簡歷的基礎(chǔ),也是和一般過去時相區(qū)別的重要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2. 過去完成時的時間狀語常用by和before引導(dǎo)的短語表示,如by that time, by the end of,before 2000,by the time+句子等。(三) 過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的用法區(qū)別1. 兩種時態(tài)都常與表示一段時間的狀語連用,但現(xiàn)在完成時表示的是延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或同現(xiàn)在有關(guān)的動作(劇中不

19、可有表示過去特定時間的狀語),而過去完成時表示的是在過去某時之前已經(jīng)完成或延續(xù)到過去某時的動作(句中有表示過去特定時間的狀語)。2. 比較下面的說法(四) 主動形式表被動意義1. 系動詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep + 形容詞/名詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如:The steel feels cold.His plan proved(to be)practical.It has gone bad.2. 表示開始、結(jié)束、運動的動詞,如begin,finish,start

20、,open,close,stop,end,shut,run,move等。如:Work began at 7 oclock this morning。The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day。3. 表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞,如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink。這類動詞一般不單獨使用,常有一個修飾語。如:This coat dries easily。這種外衣容易干。Nylon cleans easily。尼龍容易洗干凈。

21、Food can keep fresh in a fridge。食物在冰箱里能保鮮。Your speech reads well。你的演說講得很好。This material has worn thin。這個材料已經(jīng)磨薄了。The match wont catch。火柴擦不著。The plan worked out wonderfully。這計劃制定的很好。The engine wont start。引擎發(fā)動不起來。4. 少數(shù)動詞用于進(jìn)行時,其主動形式表示被動含義,如print,cook,fry,hang,build,make。如:The books are printing。這本書正在排印中。The meat is cooking。肉在煮。5. 介詞in ,on under等 + 名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語表被動意義表示方位的介詞與含動作意義的名詞合用,含被動之意,其意義相當(dāng)于該名詞相應(yīng)動詞的被動形式,名詞前一般不用冠詞。常見的有:under control(受控制);under treatment(在治療中);under repair(在修理中);under discussion(在討論中);under construction(

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