高中英語語法知識詞法部分講解連詞

1、高中英語語法知識詞法部分講解連詞高中英語語法知識詞法部分講解-連詞及練習(xí)一、概念連詞(conjunction.)是用來連接單詞,短語,從句或句子的詞。連詞是虛詞，所以不作成分。二、連詞的分類：1.連詞按其構(gòu)成分為： 1)簡單連詞, 如: and, or, but, if, because ect. 2)關(guān)聯(lián)連詞, 如:bothand, not onlybut also ect. 3)分詞連詞, 如: supposing, considering, provided ect. 4)短語連詞, 如:as if, as long as, in order that ect.2.連詞按其性質(zhì)分為 1)

2、并列連詞, 如: and, or, but, for ect. 用來連接并列的單詞、短語、從句或分句。 2)從屬連詞, 如: that, whether, when, although, because ect. 用來連接名詞性從句或狀語從句。三、連詞的用法：并列連詞:1.表示并列關(guān)系的連詞有: and, bothand, not only but also,neithernor和as well as等。1) and: 和,并且A:基本用法:and表示 和,并且的意思,用來連接對等關(guān)系的字和字,片語和片語,句子和句子.eg.I enjoy basketball , football and t

3、able tennis. The weather becomes colder and colder.He didnt go and she didnt go either. 他沒去，她也沒去。B:特別用法:祁使句后連接and,有條件句作用,此時(shí)and=if you, youll eg.Go straight on, and youll see the library.=If you go straight on, you will see the library.2) bothand : 既也,(兩者)都A.Both A and B + 謂語 (構(gòu)成的詞組作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù))。eg.

4、Both Jim and Kate are from England. He both speaks and writes Spanish. A man should have both courage and perseverance. 一個(gè)人即應(yīng)有勇氣也要有毅力。 Both New York and London have traffic problems. 紐約和倫敦都存在交通問題。B.bothand否定句表示部分否定.eg.You cant speak both German and English. Both my father and my mother arent doctors

5、.3) neithernor :既不也不* Neither A nor B + 謂語( 與B相一致, 即連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞即采取就近原則。)eg.Neither I nor he has seen the play before. She couldnt speak the language, nor could she write it.She could neither speak the langauge nor write it. He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right.The weather is mild tod

6、ay; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天氣很溫暖，不冷也不熱。4) not onlybut also :不但而且Not only A but also B + 謂語 ( 與B 相一致, 即連接兩個(gè)主語后的謂語動(dòng)詞也遵循就近原則。)eg.Not only the mother but also the children are ill. It was noy only unkind but also untrue.5) as well as: 也; 還有A.基本用法: 常可連接兩個(gè)并列的成分。 A as well as B + 謂語( 與A 相一致) +. 。eg.

7、Lily as well as Betty was in the room. It is important for you as well as for me.It is important for you as well as for me. 這對你和對我都很重要。B.特殊用法: as well as + 動(dòng)名詞, 有時(shí)可譯為“(不僅)而且”, “除了還”。eg. Smoking is dangerous, as well as making you smell bad. 1. As well as breaking his leg, he broke his arm. She sings

8、 as well as playing the piano.2.表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞有:but, however, yet, still,while等.1) but : conj. 而; 相反; 然而; 除外；只有 A. 基本用法: 連接兩個(gè)并列成分、并列分句。 eg. Not you but I am to blame. They see the trees but not the forest. Mary was a nice girl, but she had one shortcoming. She pretended to be angry, but she was not. Some

9、one borrowed my pen, but I dont remember who. 有人借了我的鋼筆，但我不記得是誰了。B. 特殊用法: 用在某些否語后, 表示 “ 只”。eg. He eats nothing but hamburgers. She knows no one but you. No one but me saw her. I had no choice but to sign the contract. You have nobody but yourself to blame.2) however : adv. (連接副詞)(1) 但是; 不過 eg.He said

10、 that it was so; he was mistaken, however.Your composition is fairly good, however, there is still some room for improvement.(2)不管怎樣（如何） eg. They will never succeed, however much they try. However cold it is, she always goes swimming. He wanted to take no risk, however small. However carefully I exp

11、lained, she still didnt understand. He knew what he wanted; however he didnt know how to get it.(3) however: adv. (疑問副詞)怎樣 eg. However did you know that? / However did you find it?3) yet: conj. 但是; 卻; 盡管; 然而A.基本用法: 連接詞、短語、并列句等。eg.It is strange yet true. They are the same, yet not the same.Tom got up

12、 early, yet he failed to catch the train. I have failed, yet I shall try again.He said he was our friend, yet he wouldnt help us. 他說他是我們的朋友，但卻不肯幫助我們。B.特殊用法: (1)and yet : 然而; 可是 eg. Hes pleasant enough, and yet I dont like him. He has a good job, and yet he never seems to have any money.(2) yet 可與alt

13、hough/though 連用 eg. Although it was dark, yet he still went on his trip on foot.yet : adv. (1) 還 (多用于否定句) eg. The moon had not yet risen. I havent enough time yet.(2)已經(jīng) (疑問句) eg. Has he come yet?” “No, not yet.” Did you eat yet?(3)早晚;總有一天 (與could; might; may ect.連用, 表示將來還可能發(fā)生某事)eg. He may come yet.

14、The plan may yet succeed. We may win yet. She could yet surprise us all.4) still : adv.仍然;仍舊;還 (連接副詞)eg. He was very tired, still he kept on walking. He tried hard to look for it,still he couldnt find it.5) while : conj. 然而; 而 (對比兩件事物,意思接近whereas)eg.Jane is hard working ,while her sister is quite la

15、zy. I like tea while she likes coffee. Some people waste food while others havent enough.3.表示選擇關(guān)系的并列連詞有:or, eitheror,whether or等。1) or: 或,否則A:基本用法: or 表示 或 的意思,使用于兩者之中選擇一個(gè)的時(shí)候。(a)連接兩個(gè)名詞: eg. Would you like coffee or tes?-Is your friend English or American? -American. He doesnt like dumplings or noodl

16、es.(b)連接兩個(gè)形容詞或數(shù)詞:eg. Is it green or blue? Theres one or two things Id like to know about.2.(c)連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞: eg. She may do some work in the fields or help in the house.(d)連接兩個(gè)副詞: eg.Are you coming today or tomorrow? Its now or never. 要么現(xiàn)在干,要么永遠(yuǎn)別干。(e)連接兩個(gè)介詞短語: eg. Are you going to water the garden before o

17、r after supper?(f) 連接兩個(gè)分句: eg. Do you want a bath at once, or shall I have mine first?(g)連接更多: eg. The sea can be blue or green or grey.B:特別用法: 祁使句后連接or ,表 如果,否則,有轉(zhuǎn)折的意思, 此時(shí) or =if you dont , youll 。eg.Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late. He had to have a job or go hungry.

18、C. or else : 否則 eg. Hurry up or else youll be late. Be quick, or else itll be too late.2) eitheror: 或者或者 ; 不是就是 ; 要么要么 Either A. or B. + 謂語 (連接兩個(gè)并列主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞跟 B. 人稱和 數(shù)的一致,即就近原則。) eg. Either you or I am right. Does either she or they like English? People who are either under age or over age may not joi

19、n the army. 年齡不到或者超齡的人注意: 由eitheror引導(dǎo)的否定句是完全否定。eg. She isnt either a student or a teacher.3) whetheror:不管還是eg.She is always cheerful, whether at home or at school. Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same. He seemed undecided whether to go or to stay. whether or not/no: 是否 eg. Can yo

20、u tell me whether or not the train has left? He could not decide whether or no to return home.4.表示因果關(guān)系的并列連詞有:for(因?yàn)?,so(所以).1) for: conj. 因?yàn)?由于 (一般用逗號把它和前面分句隔開,它是對前面情況的解釋。)eg.He is not at school today, for he has a bad cold. He shook his head, for he thought differently.He decided to leave at dawn,

21、for he had many miles to cover.。You are supposed to get rid of carelessness, for it often leads to serious errors. 你們一定要克服粗枝大葉，因?yàn)榇种Υ笕~常常引起嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。 注意：for表示結(jié)果通常不能放句首，也不能單獨(dú)使用。2) so: conj. 因此; 所以eg.It was late, so I went home. It was still painful so I went to see a doctor. The child had a bad cough, so h

22、is mother took him to the doctor. 這孩子咳得很利害，所以他媽媽帶他去看醫(yī)生從屬連詞:從屬連詞是用來連接名詞性從句或狀語從句的連詞。1.引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句的從屬連詞有: before, after, when, while, as, till, until, since, as soon as等.eg.After they had planted their crops, they took a rest.We have learned six lessons since he began to teach us.As soon as he gets to Bei

23、jing, hell call me.A.基本用法:1) when, while, as 都表示當(dāng)時(shí),when從句謂語動(dòng)詞既可以是瞬間動(dòng)詞也可以是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,可用于主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作；while從句謂語動(dòng)詞只能是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,側(cè)重主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生；as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)持續(xù)性動(dòng)作,多用于主從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,強(qiáng)調(diào)一邊一邊。eg.When I came in, my father was cooking. I came in when/while my father was cooking.He sang as he walked. 注意： 表示“當(dāng)時(shí)候”或“每當(dāng)”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的

24、when, while, as, whenever。eg. Dont talk while youre eating. 吃飯時(shí)不要說話。 Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鮮時(shí)最好吃。 He came just as I was leaving. 我正要走時(shí)他來了。3.2) until用法:當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí),主從句都用肯定式,譯為直到為止;當(dāng)主句謂語動(dòng)詞是瞬間動(dòng)詞時(shí),主句用否定式,從句用肯定式,即not.until, 譯為直到才。eg.Mr. Green waited until his children came back.(

25、格林先生一直等到他的孩子們回來。)Mr. Green didnt go to bed until his children came back. (格林先生直到他的孩子們回來才睡覺。)B.特殊用法:(1) when : conj. (a) although 雖然; 然而;可是 eg.She claimed to be 18, when I know shes only 16. (b)considering that 考慮到; 既然 eg. How can they expect to learn anything when they never listen?(c) 剛就； 一 就 eg. H

26、e had just been in bed when the phone rang.(2) while : conj. (必須用于句首) although; in spite of the fact that 雖然;盡管eg.While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. While they are my neighbours, I dont know them well.(3) 表示“在之前(或之后)”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有before, after。eg. Try to finish your work bef

27、ore you leave. 離開前設(shè)法把工作做完。 After we have finished tea, we will sit on the grass. 喝完茶之后我們將坐在草地上。注意： after與before可用作連詞,又可作介詞用。但是，在省略句中, after與before 須作介詞用。表示被動(dòng)時(shí)，介詞之后不可用過去分詞。eg.After being painted green, the house looked more beautiful. After painted green (), Before being invited to the party, he had

28、been looking forward to it. Before invited()(4) 時(shí)間連詞 + 分詞的用法: eg. When ( I was) walking in the street, I met Mr. Smith. While ( I was) waiting for the bus, I read a book. Dont speak until (you are) told to. He has changed a lot since ( he was) being in the army. He didnt go to the party until (he wa

29、s) invited a second time. 3)當(dāng)表示“一就”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的: as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no soonerthan, hardlywhen等。eg. Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her. 我一接她的信就通知你。The moment I have finished, Ill give you a call. 我一干完就給你打電話。I want

30、 to see him the minute/ the moment he he arrives. 他一到我就要見他。I came immediately I heard the news. 我一聽到這個(gè)消息，馬上就來了。Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦開始, 便不可停下來。I went home directly I had finished work.I recognized her instantly = the instant (that) (=as soon as) I saw her.No soon had I gor home than

31、I smelt something burnt.Hardly had we sat down at the table when the telephone rang. 4) 表示“自從”或“直到”的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有since, until, till。eg.Shes been playing tennis since she was eight. 她從八歲起就打網(wǎng)球了。Hold on until I fetch help. 堅(jiān)持一下，等我找人來幫忙。Never trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. (諺)不要無事惹事。5) 表示“上次”、“下

32、次”、“每次”等的時(shí)間連詞。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next Time(下次)，any time(隨時(shí))，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。 eg. Ill tell him about it (the) next time I see him. 我下一次見到他時(shí)，我就把這個(gè)情況告訴他。We lose a few skin cells every time we wash our hands. 每當(dāng)我們洗手的時(shí)候，我們都要損失一些皮膚細(xì)胞。 4.You can call me any time

33、you want to. 你隨時(shí)都可以給我打電話。 注意：every time, each time, any time前不用冠詞，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠詞可以省略, 而the first time中的冠詞通常不能省略。2. 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的從屬連詞有:if(如果), unless(除非,如果不)等。 eg. If you dont go soon, youll be late.=Unless you go soon, youll be late. Do you mind if I open the window?我開窗你不介意吧? Dont

34、come unless I telephone. 除非我打電話，否則你別來。 As long as youre happy，it doesnt matter what you do. 只要你高興，你做什么都沒關(guān)系。 In case it rains they will stay at home. 萬一下雨，他們就呆在家里。 注意:在條件狀語從句中，通常要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義，而不能直接使用將來時(shí)態(tài)。不過，有時(shí)表示條件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是將來時(shí)態(tài), 而是表示意愿或委婉的請求(will為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)。 eg. If you will sit down for a few mom

35、ents, Ill tell the manager youre here. 請稍坐, 我這就通知經(jīng)理說您來了。3.引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的從屬連詞有 because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that)等。 eg.He distrusted me because I was new. 他不信任我，因?yàn)槲沂切聛淼?。He didnt go to school because he was ill. As it was raining, we went there by bus.Since everybody is here,

36、 lets begin. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.As you are sorry，Ill forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原諒你。 Since weve no money, we cant buy it. 由于我們沒錢，我們無法購買它。注意: because因?yàn)檎Z氣最強(qiáng),回答why提問時(shí)只能用because,其引導(dǎo)的從句可放在句首或句末;as由于,since既然語氣不如because強(qiáng),引導(dǎo)的從句常置于句首;for是并列連詞,語氣最弱,對前面分句加以解釋或補(bǔ)充說明,其引導(dǎo)的分句常置于句末且用逗號隔

37、開。because與 so不能同時(shí)使用.eg.Seeing that hes been off sick all week hes unlikely to come Now that the kids have left home weve got a lot of extra space. Considering (that) hes only just started, he knows quite a loy about it.Seeing that hes ill hes unlikely to come. 因?yàn)樗×?，他大概不會來了。Now that she has apologiz

38、ed, I am content. 既然她已經(jīng)道了歉, 我也就滿意了。4.引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的從屬連詞有:although/though(雖然,盡管),even though/if (即使), while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。eg.Although/ Though it is a very young country, it is very rich.Even if/ though you were here yesterday, you couldnt help him.I like her even though

39、she can be annoying. 盡管她有時(shí)很惱人, 但我還是喜歡她。 You wont move that stone, however strong you are. 不管你力氣多大, 也休想搬動(dòng)那塊石頭。 Whatever we have achieved, we owe to your support. 我們?nèi)〉玫囊磺谐删投細(xì)w功于你們的支持。 Whoever you are, you cant pass this way. 不管你是誰，你都不能從這里通過。 Whenever I see him, I speak to him. 每當(dāng)我見到他，我都和他講話。注意:although

40、/though 引導(dǎo)的從句不能與but連用,但可與yet, still連用.5.引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的從屬連詞有so that和in order that(以便,為了),in case, for fear等。eg.The teacher spoke loudly so that /in order that we could hear him clearly. He raised his voice so that everyone could hear. 他提高了嗓音，以便每個(gè)人都能聽見。Take your umbrella (just) in case it rains. 帶上雨傘，以防下雨。

41、She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand. 她把那些指示慢慢重復(fù)了一遍好讓他聽明白。5.6.引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的從屬連詞有:so that(結(jié)果是)和so/suchthat(如此以至于)等。eg.I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat. 我去聽演講去得很早, 所以找個(gè)好座位。I had so many falls that I was black and blue all over. 我摔了許多跤，以致于全身都是青一塊紫一塊的。

42、He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他關(guān)窗子用力很大, 結(jié)果玻璃震破了。 It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze.It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it.7.引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的從屬連詞有: asas(與一樣),not as/so as(不及,趕不上),和than(比)等。eg.She was now happier than she had ever been. 現(xiàn)在她比過去任何時(shí)候都快活。I g

43、lanced at my watch. It was earlier than I thought. 我看了看表，時(shí)間比我想像的早。He doesnt work as hard as she does. 他工作不像她那樣努力。I know you better than she does. He works as carefully as she. I cant run as/so fast as you.8.引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有as, as if, as though, the way等。eg.Why didnt you catch the last bus as I tol

44、d you to? 你怎么不聽我的話趕乘末班公共汽車呢?He bent the iron bar as if it had been made of rubber. 他將鐵棍折彎，仿佛那是用橡皮做成的。Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 沒有人像我這樣愛你。9. 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句的從屬連詞。主要的有where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。eg.The church was built where there had once been a Roman temple. 這座教堂蓋在一座羅馬寺廟的舊址。Ill ta

45、ke you anywhere you like. 你想到哪兒我就帶你到哪兒。Everywhere I go，I find the same thing. 不管我走到哪里，我都發(fā)現(xiàn)同樣情況。10.引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的從屬連詞有:that和 if/whether(是否)等,它們用于引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句。其中that 不僅沒不充當(dāng)句子成分，而且沒有詞義，在句子中只起連接作用；而 if, whether 雖不充當(dāng)句子成分，但有詞義，即表示“是否”。 eg.We know that the earth goes around the sun.(賓語從句) I wonder if h

46、e has received my e-mail. (賓語從句) Whether hell go there hasnt been decided.(主語從句)He replied that he was going by train. 他回答說他將坐火車去。 I wonder if its large enough. 我不知道它是否夠大。 I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我為是否傷了她的感情而擔(dān)心。注意：whether， if引導(dǎo)從句的用法區(qū)別：(1)引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句或同位語從句時(shí)，用whether，不用if。eg.Whether

47、they will go to the Great Wall is not known. The question is whether we can finish the task on time. The question whether we will take part in the physics contest has not been decided.(2) whether可接不定式，而if則不可。eg. I havent decided whether to leave or not.(3) whether可作介詞的賓語或置于句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，而if則不可。eg.Everythin

48、g depends on whether we have enough money. Whether he will come, I am not sure. (4) whether和if均可引導(dǎo)賓語從句， whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句一般都是肯定句，if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以是肯定的，也可以是否定的（此時(shí)不能用whether）。eg. Could you tell us whether/ if it rains in winter in Australia？ I wonder if it doesnt rain.eg. Could you tell us whether/ if it rains

49、 in winter in Australia？ I wonder if it doesnt rain.(5) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的whether和if?？膳cor not連用。連用時(shí)要注意or not的位置，它一般與 whether、if分開使用，有時(shí)它可與whether合起來使用，但不能與if合起來使用。6.eg.I dont know whether/ if they will come or not. I dont know whether or not they will come.(6) if可用來引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，譯如果，whether則不行。eg. If you work hard,

50、you are sure to succeed.四、某些用法比較特殊的從屬連詞用法區(qū)別1.當(dāng)while， when， as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：(1) while引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中動(dòng)詞必須是持續(xù)性。謂語動(dòng)詞多為進(jìn)行時(shí)，或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般時(shí)。while 的這些用法可用when代替，等于 at the time that， during the time that。eg.Please keep quiet while (when)others are studying. (2)when除可指一段時(shí)間外，還可用來指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，等于 at the time，也就是說when引出的時(shí)間狀語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞

51、可以是終止性的，也可以延續(xù)性的。因此主句和從句的謂語可以是一般時(shí)，進(jìn)行時(shí)，或完成時(shí)。eg.When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能換成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可換成while）(3)as?？膳cwhen，while通用，但強(qiáng)調(diào)一邊、一邊。eg.As (when / while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in fron

52、t of number 37. (4)when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中的主語與主句主語一致，主、謂是主語+系動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，這時(shí)主語和系動(dòng)詞可以省略。eg.When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man. Shell be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. (5)when有時(shí)代替if，引導(dǎo)條件句，意為如果、假如。eg. Ill come when (if) Im free.2. before作連詞一般表示時(shí)間，意為在之前，但有些句子中這樣譯就顯得別扭。試看以下句子的翻譯：eg.He almost k

53、nocked me down before he saw me.他幾乎把我撞倒才看見我。Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我還沒來得及插話，他已經(jīng)給我量好了尺寸。3. till, until作為介詞式從屬連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語短語或狀語從句, 用于否定句時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為not until (till),主句謂語動(dòng)詞延續(xù)與非延續(xù)皆可，意為直到才。用于肯定句時(shí)，只與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，表示到為止。eg.They played volleyball until (till) it got dark.They didnt talk (延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞) unti

54、l (till) the interpreter(譯員) came.He didnt go to bed(非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞)until (till) the his father came back.Until可以放在句首，till則不行:eg.Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing.Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒裝）till, until只用于時(shí)間, 以下句子是錯(cuò)誤的：eg.We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）4. because, since, as引導(dǎo)原因狀語時(shí)注意使用上的區(qū)別：(1) 如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分, 一般用because, 因此because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。用why提問的句子，一定用because回答。eg.He had to stay at home yesterday because he was i