句子結(jié)構(gòu)和成分教學案

1、WORD格式可編輯句子結(jié)構(gòu)及成分相關概念1. 詞性的英文縮寫在英語學習中，掌握單詞詞性非常重要。如果我們在記單詞的時只記拼寫、讀音而不記詞性的話，我們就不知道如何使用它們，所以我們在記單詞時一定要把單詞詞性記準記牢。縮寫字母原詞代表詞性縮寫字母原詞代表詞性n.noun名詞v.verb動詞vt.tran sitive verb及物動詞ran sitive verb不及物動詞modal v.modal verb情態(tài)動詞aux. v.auxiliary verb助動詞adj.adjective形容詞adv.adverb副詞num.nu meral數(shù)詞in terj.in terjecti

2、 on感嘆詞noun代詞prep.prepositi on介詞art.article冠詞conjconj un cti on連詞2. 及物動詞和不及物動詞實義動詞后面跟賓語時，這個動詞是及物動詞。實義動詞后面不跟賓語時，此時這個動詞是不及物動詞。The door opened.（open后面沒跟賓語，此時，open是不及物動詞。）He opened the door. （open后面有賓語 the door,此時，open是及物動詞。）注意：英語中一個動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，關鍵是看它用在句中時后面是否跟賓語。有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，詞義相同。如：The

3、meet ing bega n at six. We bega n the meet ing at six. 有些動詞既可作及物動詞又可作不及物動詞，但詞義不同。如：The man walked away. （walk 不及物動詞，意為 走”） He walked the dog every day. （ walk 及物動詞， 遛”） She washes clothes at home. （wash及物動詞， 洗”）The clothes washes well. （wash 不及物動詞， 耐洗”）英語中一些單詞是及物還是不及物，可能與漢語不同。He listens to the music

4、 every day. （listen為不及物動詞，而漢語中聽是及物動詞。）指出下列句中斜體動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞，及物動詞填vt.，不及物填vi.。Most birds can fly. （）The children are flying kites in the park.（）It happened yesterday.（ ）My watch stopped.（ ）The baby stopped crying whe n he saw his mother.（）She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）ShallI begin at once

5、?（）She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）（）When did they leave Beijin g? （）Theyleft last week.（）3. 實義動詞、助動詞與情態(tài)動詞實義動詞和助動詞是根據(jù)動詞在句子中的含義和作用來劃分的。實義動詞也叫行為動詞。實義動詞指的是那些意義完全且能夠獨立作謂語的動詞。如：He lives quite near. （live住”，有明確的意義，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞。）I like reading. （like喜歡”，意思明確，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞。）I bought a pe

6、n yesterday. （bought買”意義明確，單獨作謂語，為實義動詞。）助動詞 助動詞的 助”是幫助”之意。因此，助動詞是指那些用來幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)、語態(tài)、虛擬語氣、疑問句、否定句、倒裝句和幫助強調(diào)的詞。這些詞本身無詞匯意義或意義不完全，不能單獨作謂語。幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)的：The boy is cryin g.（is用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進行時，和cryi ng 起作謂語，是助動詞。）He has arrived. （has用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時，和arrived 一起作謂語，是助動詞。）I have been pai nting all day. （ have been用來幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成進行時，

7、和pai nting 起作謂語，都是助動詞。）幫助構(gòu)成否定句和疑問句的：Does he like English? （does幫助構(gòu)成一般疑問句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。）He doesn t halunch at home. （does只是幫助構(gòu)成否定句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。）幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)的Trees are planted in spring. （are幫助構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。）The house has bee n pulled dow n. （has been幫助構(gòu)成時態(tài)和語態(tài)，是助動詞。）幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣If he had come yesterday, I

8、 wouldn t havea rmasllialsei.Chad, have 幫助構(gòu)成虛擬語氣，是助動詞，屬于謂語的一部分。）幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many prese nts on her birthday.（他如此愛他的母親以至于他母親生日那一天，他給她買了許多禮物。did只是幫助構(gòu)成倒裝句，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。）幫助構(gòu)成強調(diào)意義的He did come yesterday.（他昨天確實來過。did起強調(diào)作用，沒有具體意義，是助動詞。 因此可以看出，常見的助動詞為do, be, have，它們?yōu)榛局?/p>

9、動詞。一個詞既可以作實義動詞也可以作助動詞，具體是哪一種，主要看它們在句中的功能。做”是實義動詞。)般疑問句， do是實義動詞，意為 做”，是實had是實義動詞，意為吃” has had 一起構(gòu)成He does () like () swimmi ng.He does () some washi ng after work.The bridge has( ) been() built( ) now.He was () struck () by a stone.起作謂語。因此，情態(tài)動詞也稱He did his homework at seven o（單獨作I謂語，意為Did he do his

10、homework yesterday? （did 是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成義動詞。）He has had breakfast. (has是助動詞，幫助構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時, 了句子的謂語。)指出下列斜體單詞是實義動詞還是助動詞。Does () he like () swimmi ng?Where does( ) he live ()?He has () had () supper already.I have () bee n ()wait ing() for you all day.情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞同助動詞一樣，不能單獨作謂語，要和實義動詞為情態(tài)助動詞。情態(tài)動詞同基本助動詞的區(qū)別在于，基本助動詞本身無意

11、義，而情態(tài)動詞有自己的意義。 如：He can swim across the river.（can 的詞義為能夠）You must stay at home. （must 詞義為 必須 ）I might leave tomorrow. （ might 的詞義為或許）4. 謂語和非謂語在英語中，一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)中只能有一個謂語，再出現(xiàn)動詞時，要變成非謂語形式，即:在前面加to構(gòu)成動專業(yè)知識整理分享WORD格式可編輯詞不定式，或在后面加-ing構(gòu)成動名詞或現(xiàn)在分詞，或在后面加-ed構(gòu)成過去分詞。也就是說，非謂語是指:動詞不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。先找出句中的謂語，然后改正句中的錯誤，并說明

12、原因。Get up early is good for our health.I want go home now.My favorite sport is play football.早起有利于我們的身體健康。我現(xiàn)在想回家。我最喜愛的運動是踢足球。There is a bird sings in the tree.The boy sits over there likes singing.The house was built last year has bee n sold out.有只鳥正在樹上唱歌。坐在那邊的那個男孩喜歡唱歌。去年建的那座房子已經(jīng)出售了。The girls are si

13、nging over there are my classmates.在那邊唱歌的那些女孩是我的同學。My pare nts wan ted him work hard.I remember saw him that day.我父母親想讓他努力學習。我記得那天看見過他。10. I saw him walked into the buildi ng.5.主動關系和被動關系我看到他跑進那座建筑物。先看下面兩個題:won derful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale.A. TastedB. Being tastedC. Tast ingD. Having

14、 tastedThe fooddelicious sells well.A. smellsB. smelledC. smelli ngD. is smelli ng一些同學分別選 A和B。他們說，食物是被品嘗、被聞的，和食物構(gòu)成被動關系，所以要用過去分詞。這種說法是錯誤的。非謂語中的主動關系和被動關系，不是從誰做了這個動作著眼，而是從恢復成一句話后是“主動語態(tài)”還是“被動語態(tài)”著眼。主動關系：從邏輯關系上看，相當于主動語態(tài)。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.（在那邊哭的那個男孩）從邏輯上講，the boycry,男孩哭，相當于主動語態(tài)，是主動關系。被動關系：

15、從邏輯關系上看，相當于被動語態(tài)。如：The house built last year is the strongest.（去年建的那座房子）從邏輯上講，the house was built,房子被建，相當于被動語態(tài)，是被動關系。在上兩題中，邏輯關系可以表達為：This kind of food tasted wonderful. The food smells delicious. 邏輯上 food和taste、smell是一種主謂關系，是主動語態(tài)，因此填現(xiàn)在分詞。因此，上兩題的答案為 C和C。6. 邏輯上的主謂關系在判斷是否是賓語補足語時，一般說，賓語和賓語補足語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系”。

16、一些同學對這句話不理解。如：He asked me to lend him some money.他讓我借給他一些錢。“me是賓語，“me to lend him some money意為“我借給他一些錢”。從意思上看，這像一句話，“我”是主 語，“借給他一些錢”是謂語部分，但在英語原句中，它們卻不是真正的主謂關系。因此可以說“邏輯上的主謂關系”，是指，從意思上看像主謂關系，而實際上不是?！皌o lend him some money是賓語補足語。判斷下列句中畫線部分是否是賓語補足語。（是的填T,不是的填F）I want him to come at once. （）He lent me so

17、me mon ey.（ ）專業(yè)知識整理分享WORD格式可編輯He made the boy cry aga in. （）The teacher found him cheat ing in the exam.（）Don t leave the door open at night.（）7. 復合結(jié)構(gòu)在我們學習語法的過程中，我們可能會聽說“復合賓語”、“動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)”和“動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)”。實際上，這幾個“復合”，都有“邏輯上的主謂關系”之意。如：He invited us to come to the party.（us 是賓語，to come to the party 是賓語補足語；

18、賓語和賓語補足語合在一起稱為復合賓語。賓語和賓語補足語是邏輯上的主謂關系。）It s importafor us to learn English well.（it 是形式主語，真正的主語是for us to learn English well。“us”是“ to learn English well ”的邏輯主語二者構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關系。It very kind of you to help me. （of you to help me也是動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。與for somebody to dosomething， you和to help me構(gòu)成了邏輯上的主謂關系。）Tom s c

19、oming late made our teacher angry.（Tom 遲至U使我們老師生氣。coming 是動名詞， Tom s coming late是動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)。Tom是comi ng late的邏輯主語，二者是邏輯上的主謂關系。）8. 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化先看 下列三組句中 have、do和be的變化形式I have a bookHe has a book.They have a book.I enjoy watch ing TV.You enjoy watchi ng TV.We enjoy watch ing TV.He is sleep ing.I am sleep i

20、ng.They are sleep ing.人稱的變化”是指：謂語動詞用什么形式，受前面主語是第幾人稱的影響。主語同為單數(shù)（表示一個人），be在第一人稱I后用am,在you后用are,在he后用is; do和have在一、二人稱后用原形，在第三人稱后 用為 does, has?！皵?shù)”是指“單數(shù)和復數(shù)”?！皵?shù)的變化”是指謂語動詞用什么形式，還受前面主語是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)的影響。如果主語是復數(shù)，be要用are的形式，do和have用原形。如果主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，be用is, do和have要用does和has。情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。如：He / I / We can swim.句子成分英語的句子

21、成分主要有六種：即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。（可以熟記為：主謂賓，定狀補）除了這六種主要成分之外，還有 表語”和同位語”的說法。但表語和系動詞一起作謂語，因此劃分成分時，劃分在謂語上。同位語分為主語同位語和賓語同位語，屬于主語或賓語的一部分。劃分句子成分時的常用符號1. 英語中劃分句子成分的符號主語在下面畫直線謂語在下面畫曲線賓語在下面畫雙橫線定語.在下面畫虛線（一行點使我們想到一排釘子，釘諧音為 定語的定）狀語下面為短橫線（短橫線使我們想到短木樁，木樁撞（狀）鐘）補語上一短橫，下一短橫（下一短橫好像是為了彌補上面短橫間的空隙）同位語上下雙曲線，（雖都有曲折，上下位置基本相同2. 主

22、語主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首，通常由名詞性的詞來充當?？梢宰髦髡Z的詞性專業(yè)知識整理分享WORD格式可編輯We ofte n speak En glish in class.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.The rich should help the poor.It is n ecessary to master a foreig n Ian guage.改正下列句中的錯誤，并說明原因。Play basketball is my favorite sport.Give up En glish is not an opti on.

23、WORD格式可編輯或語法結(jié)構(gòu)：1.名詞2.代詞3.數(shù)詞4.名詞化的形容詞(如 the rich)5.不定式6.動名詞7.主語從句等表示。在下面句子的主語下面畫橫線，并說出由什么充當。During the 1990s, America n country music has become more and more popular.On e-third of the stude nts in this class are girls.Smok ing does harm to the health.When we are going to have an En glish test has no

24、t bee n decided.That he isn t at home is nottrueHe failed the exam is the reas on why he dropped out.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.Gone is the days whe n I had to go to school on foot.專業(yè)知識整理分享3. 謂語謂語由動詞充當，說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語的構(gòu)成

25、如下:簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如:He practices running every morni ng.復合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks.My sister is crying over there.He reads n ewspapers every day.He has caught a bad cold.I have bee n wait ing for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.由系動詞加表語構(gòu)成。系動詞不能單獨作謂語，要

26、和表語一起作謂語。如:We are stude nts.Your idea sounds great.4.表語表語多是形容詞，用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞(如be, become, get, look,grow, turn, seem等)之后。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、 副詞及表語從句表示。畫出下列句中的表語，并說明由什么充當。Is it yours?The speech is excit ing.His job is to teach En glish.The mach ine must be un der repairsOur

27、teacher of En glish is an America n.The weather has tur ned cold.Three times seve n is twenty one.His hobby （愛好）is playing football.The truth is that he has n ever bee n abroad.5. 賓語賓語由名詞性的詞充當，表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面。賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語，分別構(gòu)成動賓結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)。畫出下列句中的賓語，并說明由什么充當。They pla nted many trees yesterday

28、.(How many dicti on aries do you have?) I have five.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.I wan ted to buy a car.I enjoy liste ning to popular music.I think ( that) he is fit for his office.6. 賓語補足英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補語，才能使句子的意專業(yè)知識整理分享義完整。賓語補足語和賓語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關系。換句話說，在意思上，賓語相當于賓補的主語。

29、帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如 make等）+賓語+賓補。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、 不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。用下畫線畫出下列句中的賓語補足語，并指出是什么詞充當，同時體會賓補和賓語之間的邏輯關系。His father n amed him Dongming.They pain ted their boat white.Let the fresh air in.You mustn t force him to lend his money to you.We saw her en teri ng the room.We found everyth ing in the

30、 lab in good order.We will soon make our city what your city is now.I want your homework done on time.7. 主補對主語的補充。含有賓語補足語的句子在變成被動語態(tài)，賓語作主語時，原來的賓補就成了主語補足語。He was elected mon itor.She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a less on.8. 定語定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用“

31、的”表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。在英語中，許多情況下，定語是放在所修飾詞后面的，這點與漢語習慣不同，也是許多同學不能讀懂長句的主要原因。副詞用作定語一般要后置。People there are very friendly.（那兒的人們）He didn like the man downstairs.（樓下的那個人）形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。單個形容詞作定語一般放在所修飾詞之前，而形容詞短語作定語一般放在所修飾詞之后。The n ext man is a scie ntist.The man n ext to me is a scie ntist.（我旁邊的那個人）介詞短語作定

32、語時要后置。The boy under the tree is Tom.（樹下的那個男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我們班最高的那個男孩） 現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、動詞不定式作定語常后置。I have somethi ng to say.（直譯：我有要說的話 ）The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那邊哭的那個男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）口頭翻譯下列句子，用下畫線標出定語部分，留意定語的位置，并說明定語是由什么詞性

33、或結(jié)構(gòu)充當。The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.We n eed a place twice larger tha n this one.It s a book worth no more than one dollar.He has money eno ugh to buy a car.The woma n with a baby in her arms is his mother.She carried a basket full of eggs.It s a city far from the coast.The man dow nstairs wa

34、s tryi ng to sleep.There are lots of places of in terest n eedi ng repairi ng in our city.Tigers bel onging to meat-eati ng ani mals feed on meat.A boy call ing himself Joh n wan ted to see you.There are many clothes to be washed.He picked up a wallet l ying on the gro und on the way back home.Most

35、of the sin gers in vited to the party were from America.專業(yè)知識整理分享Then the great day came whe n he was to march past the palace in the team.9. 狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫作狀語。He writes carefully. He walks slowly.This material is environmen tally frien dly.He runs very slowly.Unfortun ately, he

36、lost all of his mon ey.（認真地寫，慢慢地走，修飾動詞用副詞，作狀語）（修飾形容詞用副詞，作狀語）（修飾副詞slowly,因此very是副詞，作狀語）（修飾整個句子用副詞，作狀語）幾個并列狀語的先后順序：方式t地點t時間一個句中有幾個并列狀語時，其順序較靈活，但一般是：方式t地點T時間。如:He worked hard at his less ons last year.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.頻度副詞 often, always, usually, sometimes, never 等在句中的位置位于情態(tài)動詞、系動詞、助動詞之后，實義動詞之前。You can n ever tell what he will do.He is ofte n late.He is always help ing oth