基于AT89S52單片機出租車計費器設(shè)計

1、學(xué) 年 論 文基于單片機出租車計費器的設(shè)計 design of taximeter based on single chip 專 業(yè)： 姓 名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)老師： 2013年3月1日信息與通信技術(shù)系摘要本設(shè)計的是一個基于單片機at89s52的出租車自動計費設(shè)計,附有復(fù)位電路,時鐘電路,鍵盤電路等。復(fù)位電路是單片機的初始化操作,除了正常的初始化外,為擺脫困境,通過復(fù)位電路可以重新開始。時鐘電路采用12mhz的晶振,作為系統(tǒng)的時鐘源,具有較高的準(zhǔn)確性。在上電時字符型液晶1602顯示最初的起步價，里程收費，等待時間收費三種收費，通過按鍵可以調(diào)整起步價，里程收費，等待時間收費。通過按鍵模擬出租車的

2、運行，暫停，停止。在1602液晶上可以顯示運行的時間，運行時暫停的時間，通過計算可以得出總共的費用和總的路程。在這里主要是以at89s52單片機為核心控制器，p0口接1602液晶顯示模塊，p1口接按鍵的，通過按鍵輸入。關(guān)鍵字： at89s52；1602液晶；出租車計費器abstractthe design is based on a monolithic integrated circuit at89s52 taxi billing design, with reset circuit, clocking circuit, keyboard circuit. reset circuit is

3、initialized, besides the normal operation of the initial dilemma, as a foreigner, through the reset circuit can start again. 12mhz adopts the clock circuit, as a system of crystal oscillator, higher clock source.the characters in the crystal that the initial 1602, charges, fees mileage waiting time,

4、 three buttons can be adjusted by charging fees, just waiting time, mileage. through the simulation of the taxi, buttons, stop. suspension in the liquid crystal display can run 1602, operation time, when suspension can be obtained by the computation of the total cost.here is mainly for the core cont

5、roller, at89s52 scm p0 mouth after 1602 lcd module, p1 mouth after the keys, through the keystroke.keywords: at89s52；1602 lcd；taxi devices目錄前 言1第一章 出租車計價系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計11.1計價器系統(tǒng)組成11.2系統(tǒng)主要功能2第二章 出租車計價系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計22.1出租車的硬件框圖22.2 at89c51單片機的電路圖及說明22.2.1按鍵掃描模塊32.2.2顯示模塊42.2.3掉電保護模塊42.2.4脈沖發(fā)生器模塊52.2.5時鐘模塊62.2.6語音模塊8第三

6、章 出租車計價系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計93.1系統(tǒng)主流程圖93.2里程和費率計算程序流程圖10總結(jié)11參考文獻12 15安徽三聯(lián)學(xué)院學(xué)年論文前 言出租車行業(yè)在我國是八十年代初興起的一項新興行業(yè)，隨著出租車行業(yè)的發(fā)展，出租車已經(jīng)是城市交通的重要組成部分，出租車計費器是乘客與司機雙方的交易準(zhǔn)則，它是出租車行業(yè)發(fā)展的重要標(biāo)志，是出租車中最重要的工具。它關(guān)系著交易雙方的利益。具有良好性能的計費器無論是對廣大出租車司機朋友還是乘客來說都是很必要的。因此，汽車計價器的研究也是十分有一個應(yīng)用價值的。要將出租車計價系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)品化，應(yīng)該根據(jù)客戶不同的需求進行不同的設(shè)計，應(yīng)該在程序中增加一些可以人為改變的參數(shù)，以便客戶根據(jù)不同

7、的需要隨時調(diào)節(jié)單價以及計價方式。因此，研究出租車計價器及擴大其應(yīng)用，有著非常現(xiàn)實的意義。第一章 出租車計價系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計1.1計價器系統(tǒng)組成此出租車計費系統(tǒng)以單片機為系統(tǒng)核心，利用89c51單片機配合六個數(shù)碼管組成的顯示模塊及isd1420語音模塊等，實現(xiàn)基本的出租車計價器功能。本系統(tǒng)是由89c51單片機、數(shù)碼管顯示模塊、計數(shù)脈沖發(fā)生器、系統(tǒng)實時時鐘及語音等模塊組成。系統(tǒng)框圖如圖1-1所示:89c51單片機脈沖發(fā)生器鍵盤電源掉電保護時鐘模塊語音模塊圖1-1 系統(tǒng)功能圖1.2系統(tǒng)主要功能本課程設(shè)計所設(shè)計的出租車計價器的主要功能有：里程計量及費用計算功能、實時時鐘功能、按鍵功能。采用單片機控制。利用單

8、片機豐富的 i/o端口，及其控制的靈活性，實現(xiàn)基本的里程計價功能和價格調(diào)節(jié)、時鐘顯示功能。第二章 出租車計價系統(tǒng)的硬件設(shè)計2.1出租車的硬件框圖89c51單片機鍵盤控制掉電存儲里程計算單元串口顯示驅(qū)動電路總金額顯示單價顯示 圖2-2 單片機控制方案2.2 at89c51單片機的電路圖及說明at89c51是一個低電壓，高性能cmos 8位單片機，片內(nèi)含4k bytes的可反復(fù)擦寫的flash只讀程序存儲器和128 bytes的隨機存取數(shù)據(jù)存儲器（ram），器件采用atmel公司的高密度、非易失性存儲技術(shù)生產(chǎn)，兼容標(biāo)準(zhǔn)mcs-51指令系統(tǒng)，片內(nèi)置通用8位中央處理器和flash存儲單元，內(nèi)置功能強大

9、的微型計算機at89c51提供了高性價比的解決方案。1 at89c51是一個低功耗高性能單片機，40個引腳，32個外部雙向輸入/輸出（i/o）端口，同時內(nèi)含2個外中斷口，2個16位可編程定時計數(shù)器,2個全雙工串行通信口，at89c51可以按照常規(guī)方法進行編程，也可以在線編程。其將通用的微處理器和flash存儲器結(jié)合在一起，特別是可反復(fù)擦寫的flash存儲器可有效地降低開發(fā)成本。2圖2-3 at98c51引腳2.2.1按鍵掃描模塊(1)按鍵掃描模塊電路圖及說明:整個系統(tǒng)只有五個按鍵，一個“啟動/停止”，四個功能調(diào)整按鍵；本模塊功能:掃描按鍵功能，返回掃描。 圖2-4按鍵模塊接線圖2-5 復(fù)位電路

10、2.2.2顯示模塊 本設(shè)計是用六個七段數(shù)碼管動態(tài)掃描來實現(xiàn)的時鐘與計價的顯示。圖2-6 數(shù)碼管封裝圖及數(shù)據(jù)線與數(shù)碼管管腳關(guān)系2.2.3掉電保護模塊本電路掉電保護采用了24c02芯片來完成此部分功能。掉電存儲單元的作用是在電源斷開的時候，存儲當(dāng)前設(shè)定的單價信息。at24c02 是atmel 公司的2kb字節(jié)的電可擦除存儲芯片，采用兩線串行的總線和單片機通訊，電壓最低可以到 2.5v，額定電流為 1ma，靜態(tài)電流 10ua(5.5v)，芯片內(nèi)的資料可以在斷電的情況下保存40年以上，而且采用8腳的dip封裝，使用方便。3其電路如圖2-5所示。圖2-7 掉電存儲電路原理圖圖中 r8、r10是上拉電阻，

11、其作用是減少at24c02的靜態(tài)功耗，由于 at24c02的數(shù)據(jù)線和地址線是復(fù)用的，采用串口的方式傳送數(shù)據(jù)，所以只用兩根線 scl（移位脈沖）和sda（數(shù)據(jù)/地址）與單片機傳送數(shù)據(jù)。每當(dāng)設(shè)定一次單價，系統(tǒng)就自動調(diào)用存儲程序，將單價信息保存在芯片內(nèi)；當(dāng)系統(tǒng)重新上電的時候，自動調(diào)用讀存儲器程序，將存儲器內(nèi)的單價等信息，讀到緩存單元中，供主程序使用。42.2.4脈沖發(fā)生器模塊圖2-8 脈沖發(fā)生器模塊ne555定時器具有定時精度高、工作速度快、可靠性好、電源電壓范圍寬（3-18v）、輸出電流大（可高達(dá)200ma）等優(yōu)點，可組成各種波形的脈沖振蕩電路、定時延時電路、是一種電路結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、使用方便靈活、用途

12、廣泛的多功能中規(guī)模集成電路。只需在外部配接適當(dāng)?shù)淖枞菰?，便可組成施密特觸發(fā)器、單穩(wěn)態(tài)觸發(fā)器和多諧振蕩器等多種應(yīng)用電路，在這個電路中是多諧振蕩器，它電路簡單、性能穩(wěn)定，波形標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。52.2.5時鐘模塊圖2-9 時鐘模塊(1)ds1302功能:內(nèi)含有一個實時時鐘/日歷和31 字節(jié)靜態(tài)ram 通過簡單的串行接口與單片機進行通信實時時鐘/日歷電路提供秒分時日日期月年的信息每月的天數(shù)和閏年的天數(shù)可自動調(diào)整時鐘操作可通過am/pm 指示決定采用24 或12 小時格式ds1302 與單片機之間能簡單地采用同步串行的方式進行通信僅需用到三個口線1 res 復(fù)位2 i/o 數(shù)據(jù)線3 sclk串行時鐘時鐘/ram

13、 的讀/寫數(shù)據(jù)以一個字節(jié)或多達(dá)31 個字節(jié)的字符組方式通信ds1302 工作時功耗很低保持?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)和時鐘信息時功率小于1mw。(2)特性：1、實時時鐘具有能計算2100 年之前的秒分時日日期星期月年的能力還有閏年調(diào)整的能力；2、31 8 位暫存數(shù)據(jù)存儲ram；3、串行i/o 口方式使得管腳數(shù)量最少；4、寬范圍工作電壓2.0 5.5v；5、工作電流2.0v 時,小于300na;6、讀/寫時鐘或ram 數(shù)據(jù)時有兩種傳送方式單字節(jié)傳送和多字節(jié)傳送字符組方式；7、8腳dip封裝或可選的8腳soic封裝根據(jù)表面裝配；8、簡單3 線接口；9、與ttl 兼容vcc=5v；10、可選工業(yè)級溫度范圍-40 +85；

14、11、與ds1202 兼容；12、在ds1202 基礎(chǔ)上增加的特性；13、對vcc1 有可選的涓流充電能力，雙電源管用于主電源和備份，電源供應(yīng)備份，電源管腳可由電池或大容量電容輸入。6(3)ds1302 的管腳排列及描述如下圖2-8及表所示 圖2-10 管腳配置和管腳功能說明(4)ds1302 內(nèi)部寄存器：ch: 時鐘停止位寄存器2 的第7 位12/24 小時標(biāo)志ch=0 振蕩器工作允許bit7=1,12 小時模式ch=1 振蕩器停止bit7=0,24 小時模式wp: 寫保護位寄存器2 的第5 位:am/pm 定義wp=0 寄存器數(shù)據(jù)能夠?qū)懭?ap=1 下午模式wp=1 寄存器數(shù)據(jù)不能寫入 a

15、p=0 上午模式tcs: 涓流充電選擇 ds: 二極管選擇位tcs=1010 使能涓流充電 ds=01 選擇一個二極管tcs=其它 禁止涓流充電 ds=10 選擇兩個二極管ds=00 或11, 即使tcs=1010, 充電功能也被禁止2.2.6語音模塊圖2-11 isd1420管腳圖和管腳描述isd1420系列單片錄放時間8至20秒，音質(zhì)好。芯片采用cmos技術(shù)，內(nèi)含震蕩器、話筒前置放大、自動增益控制、防混淆濾波器、平滑濾波器、揚聲器驅(qū)動及eeprom陣列。最小的錄放系統(tǒng)僅需麥克風(fēng)、喇叭、兩個按鈕、電源及少數(shù)電阻電容。在錄放操結(jié)束后，芯片自動進入低功耗節(jié)電模式、功耗僅0.5ua。isd1420

16、系列有唯一的錄音控制和邊緣/電平觸發(fā)兩種放音控制。不分段時外圍線路最簡，也可按最小段長為單位任意組合分段，芯片提供若干操作模式，大大提高了控制的靈活性。芯片采用多電平直接模擬量存儲專利技術(shù)，每個采樣直接存儲在片內(nèi)單個eeprom單元中，因此能夠非常真實、自然地再現(xiàn)語音、音樂、音調(diào)各效果，避免了一般固體錄音電路因量化和壓縮造成的量化噪聲和“金屬聲”。采樣頻率從5.3，6.4到8.0khz，對音質(zhì)僅有輕微影響。片內(nèi)信息可保存100年（無需后備電源），eeprom單片可反復(fù)錄音十萬次。特點：1、使用方便的單片錄放系統(tǒng),外部元件最少；2、重現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)原聲，沒有常見的背景噪音；3、放音可由邊沿或電平觸發(fā)；4

17、、無耗電信息存儲,省掉備用電池；5、信息可保存100年,可反復(fù)錄放10萬次；6、無需專用編程或開發(fā)系統(tǒng)；7、較強的分段選址能力可處理多達(dá)160段信息；8、具有自動節(jié)電模式；9、錄或放后立即進入維持狀態(tài),僅需0.5a電流；10、單一5伏電源供電；7第三章 出租車計價系統(tǒng)的軟件設(shè)計3.1系統(tǒng)主流程圖圖3-1 系統(tǒng)主流程圖3.2里程和費率計算程序流程圖圖3-2里程和費率計算程序流程圖總結(jié)經(jīng)過這次出租車計價器的學(xué)年論文設(shè)計,我收益非淺，從中我學(xué)到了很多東西.學(xué)年論文設(shè)計不僅是對前面所學(xué)知識的一種檢驗，而且也是對自己能力的一種提高。通過這次設(shè)計使我明白了自己原來知識還比較欠缺。自己要學(xué)習(xí)的東西還太多，以

18、前老是覺得自己什么東西都會，什么東西都懂，有點眼高手低。通過這次課程設(shè)計，我才明白學(xué)習(xí)是一個長期積累的過程，另外，還學(xué)會了在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上查找有關(guān)本設(shè)計的各硬件的資源，其中包括：at89s51單片機及其引腳說明，為本次課程設(shè)計提供了一定的資料。在這次設(shè)計中也使我與同學(xué)關(guān)系更進一步了，同學(xué)之間互相幫助，有什么不懂的大家在一起商量，聽聽不同的看法對我們更好的理解知識，所以在這里非常感謝幫助我的同學(xué)。 總之，不管學(xué)會的還是學(xué)不會的的確覺得困難比較多，真是萬事開頭難，不知道如何入手。最后終于做完了有種如釋重負(fù)的感覺。此外，還得出一個結(jié)論：知識必須通過應(yīng)用才能實現(xiàn)其價值！有些東西以為學(xué)會了，但真正到用的時候才發(fā)

19、現(xiàn)是兩回事，所以我認(rèn)為只有到真正會用的時候才是真的學(xué)會了。經(jīng)過這次的學(xué)年論文設(shè)計，也為我們以后畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計的制作奠定了一定的基礎(chǔ)。參考文獻1丁躍軍.單片機基礎(chǔ)教程.北京：北航大學(xué)出版社，20042張鑫、華臻、陳書謙單片機原理及應(yīng)用電子工業(yè)出版社，3李群芳，肖看.單片機原理接口與應(yīng)用.北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，20054朱承高.電工及電子技術(shù)手冊.北京：高等教育出版社，19905高峰.單片微型應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計及實用技術(shù).北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，20046廖常初.現(xiàn)場總線概述.電工技術(shù)，19997丁元杰、吳大偉單片微機實題集與實驗指導(dǎo)書機械工業(yè)出版社， 2004g an employment tribuna

20、l claiemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly

21、.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to y

22、ou as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i

23、.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find

24、 making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an

25、 agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if you are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement,

26、you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mail, click onnearest cab.for more information about making a claim

27、 to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am goi

28、ng to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win

29、.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reach

30、ed the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel onese

31、lf should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。或許是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏?？傆X得自己自己似乎應(yīng)該去做點什么，或者寫點什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life,

32、 and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that t

33、he real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but wa

34、s eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年時，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進，會越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時，以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長，但三年過去后，自己

35、心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點，但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場，看著他投過籃球的球框時，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來，這個世界上，對某個事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅決，還有，時間。

36、a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, li

37、ke shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個人的時候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分，有很多錯過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強心劑，或者說，是自以為

38、是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have declared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those

39、 years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the g

40、round, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip o

41、f mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of spac