文體學(xué)chapt7CohesioninLiteraryDiscourse

1、lChapter 7 Cohesion in Literary DiscourseRevision of chapter 6lHow many types of syntactic overregularity do we have? What are they? l1. Repetitionl2. Parallelisml3. Antithesisl4. Climax and anticlimaxl5. Palindrome, antimetabole and chiasmusContents of this chapterl1. Introductionl2. Phonological d

2、evicesl3. Syntactic devicesl4. Lexical devicesl5. Foregrounded features as cohesive devicesl6. Summary1. IntroductionlCohesion, a term popularized by Halliday and Hasan (1976), refers to the set of linguistic devices that bind a text together, that give it unity or texture. lCohesive devices used in

3、 literature can be phonological, syntactic, or lexical devices. lThis chapter is to deal with how they function in literary discourse. And the cohesion of foregrounded features will all be discussed.2. Phonological deviceslCohesion can be achieved through sound patterns such as alliteration, assonan

4、ce and rhyme, illustrated with examples: pp.154-159. lThe rhythmic patterning in the extract also helps to make the text stick together.3. Syntactic deviceslAt the syntactic level, there are a number of devices that can be employed to make literary texts cohesive. lBelow are three of them: lco-refer

5、ence, lellipsis, llinkage.3.1 Co-referencelCo-reference is the means of referring to something elsewhere in the text, hence an important device for linking sentence with sentence and avoiding repetition. Co-reference can be divided into two subtypes, one is anaphoric reference and the other is catap

6、horic reference.lCo-reference is also referred to as endophoric reference, which is opposite to exophoric reference:l anaphoric referencel endophoric referencelReference cataphoric referencel exophoric referencelFor examples of anaphoric reference in literary works, see p.160.lFor examples of cataph

7、orc reference in literary works, see p.161.3.2 EllipsislEllipsis is the omission from a sentence of words needed to complete a construction. It is a common means of implicit cohesion between sentences or utterances, usefully avoiding unnecessary repetition.lIn literature, ellipsis is not merely a gr

8、ammatical means to make the work compact and cohesive but also a rhetorical device to express certain aspects of the meaning or message of the work. lThe elliptical style is common in the representation of interior monologue.lFor examples in literature, see pp.162-163.lEllipsis is one of the design

9、features of poetic discourse. See pp.163-164 for examples.3.3 LinkagelLinkage refers to the use of overt signals that connect language units both within and beyond sentences to form literary discourse. lSuch signals include coordinating conjunctions such as “and” and “but”, subordinating conjunction

10、s such as “before” and “when”, and linking adverbials such as “so” and “yet”.lAn example from Hemingways The Battler: The use of coordinating conjunctions as clause connectors is a typical feature of Hemingways style, which suits Hemingways stories and novels for he chiefly portrays men of action.lF

11、or another example illustrating the cohesive function of the coordinating conjunction and, see pp.166-168.4. Lexical DeviceslAt the lexical level, there are two important devices for cohesion, i.e., lexical repetition and elegant variation.l4.1 Lexical repetitionl For the cohesive power of lexical r

12、epetition, see example (12) on pp.168-170.l4.2 Elegant variation (or replacement/substitution) lElegant variation refers to the use of an alternative word or expression as a replacement for a word or expression that occurred in the preceding context. For the cohesive power of elegant variation or re

13、placement/substitution, see example (13) on pp.170-171.5. Foregrounded features as cohesive deviceslForegrounded features (including both deviant and overregular features) can act as cohesive devices, as are illustrated by three examples on pp.171-180.lIn example (14), the deviant uses of the finite

14、 verbs and the overregularity in the rhyme-scheme of this poem suggest that nature has a destructive power and is most awesome.lIn example (15), four foregrounded (deviant or overregular) features work together to convey the aggressiveness, powerfulness and the unyielding character of the eagle.lIn example (16), there are three foregrounded features acting