高中生物必修三知識點匯編（High school biology required three points of knowledge compilation）

1、高中生物必修三知識點匯編（High school biology required three points of knowledge compilation）High school biology required three points of knowledge compilationChapter 1I. the environment in which cells live:1, single cell (such as Paramecium) direct material exchange with the external environment2, multicellular

2、 animals use the internal environment as the medium for the exchange of substancesNourishment O2 nourishment O2External environment, plasma, tissue, fluid, cell (internal fluid)Metabolic wastes, CO2, lymphatic metabolites, waste, CO2internal environmentExtracellular fluid, also known as the internal

3、 environment (the material exchange between cells and the external environment)The internal environment of blood cells is plasmaThe internal environment of lymphocytes is lymphThe internal environment of the capillary wall is plasma and tissue fluidThe internal environment of capillary lymphatic ves

4、sels is lymph and tissue fluid3. The composition and content of tissue fluid and lymph are similar to that of plasma, but not the same. The main difference is that the plasma contains more protein, while the lymph protein content in the tissue fluid is less.4, the physical and chemical properties of

5、 the internal environment: osmotic pressure, pH, temperatureThe plasma osmotic pressure is mainly related to the content of inorganic salts and proteins; Na+ and cl- are predominant in inorganic saltsExtracellular fluid osmolality was about 770kpa, equivalent to intracellular osmotic pressure;The pl

6、asma of normal subjects is near neutral, PH is 7.35-7.45, which is related to HCO3- and HPO42- plasma;The body temperature is maintained at around 370C (usually no more than 10C).Two, the importance of homeostasis:1, the steady state refers to the normal organism through regulating role, make each o

7、rgan system coordinate activities, together maintain the relative stable state of the internal environment. The internal environmental components are relatively stableInternal environmental steady temperatureThe relative stability of pH (PH) of physical and chemical properties of internal circulatio

8、nosmotic pressureThe basis of homeostasis is the coordinated and normal operation of the organ systemsRegulating mechanism: nerve humoral immunitySteady state related systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory systems (and skin)The ability to regulate the homeostasis of the environment

9、is limited. If the external environment changes too violently or the bodys ability to regulate itself is disturbed, the homeostasis of the environment will be destroyed2, the meaning of internal environmental homeostasis: the necessary conditions for the normal life of the organismSecond chaptersThr

10、ee, nerve regulation:1. The structural basis of neuromodulation: the nervous systemCell bodiesThe functional unit of the nervous system: the dendrites of neuronsNeuritesaxonThe neurons exhibited positive external negative potential at restFunction: transmit nerve impulse2, the basic way of neuromodu

11、lation: reflexThe structural basis of reflection: reflex arcComponent: receptor - - afferent nerve - - nerve center - - efferent nerve - effector(analysis of combined effects) (motor nerve endings + muscle or glands)3. Excitement is the process in which certain tissues (nerve tissue) or cells become

12、 activated by relative static state after experiencing external stimuli.4. The conduction of excitability on nerve fibers:When nerve fibers are stimulated, the internal negative and external changes are positive, negative and negativeHere, the stimuli.+ + + + + + + - + + + + + + +I + + + +.I + + + +

13、.+ + + + + + + - + + + + + + +To studyIn the form of an electrical signal along the nerve conduction is bidirectional; negative film for resting, the outer membrane is positive (negative and positive); excited when the film is film negative (positive, negative) excited by conducting film conduction

14、as the standard.5, the transmission of excitement between neurons - synapsesA membrane of synaptic bodies inflated by axon terminalsSynaptic structure, synaptic gapThe membrane of a membranous dendrite in a cell bodyThere are synaptic vesicles in synaptic bodies, and there are neurotransmitters in s

15、ynaptic vesicles. Neurotransmitter can only release from presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane, so that the posterior membrane can be excited (or inhibited), so it is one-way transmission. (presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic membrane, axon to dendrite or cell body)In the course of synaptic c

16、onduction, there is the process of electrical signal, chemical signal, electrical signal, so it is slower than nerve fiber conduction.6, the hierarchical regulation of the nervous systemThe nerve center is located in the midbrain (cranial brain, brainstem and cerebellum) and spinal canal in the spin

17、al cord, the center of the cerebral cortex is the most senior center, can adjust the following neural activityIn addition to the perception of the external world (sensory center in the cerebral cortex), the cerebral cortex also has advanced functions in language, learning, memory and thinkingLanguag

18、e is the main tool for human beings to think, and it is the advanced function of human beings (in speech area)(S zone, say, H area, listen, W area, write, V area, read.)Types of memory include transient memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, and permanent memoryFour, hormone regulation1, secre

19、tin hormone is the first discovered2. Hormones are chemicals secreted by endocrine organs (endocrine cells)Hormonal regulation of life activity is called hormonal regulation3. Regulation of blood sugar balanceThe normal value of blood glucose was 0.8-1.2g/L (80-120mg/dl)Sources: digestion and absorp

20、tion of sugars in foodsThe decomposition of liver glycogenThe transformation of fat and other non sugar substancesWhere to go: the oxidation of blood sugar is broken down into CO2, H2O and energyThe blood glucose synthesis of liver glycogen and muscle glycogen (glycogen synthesis not only hydrolysis

21、)The blood sugar is converted into fat and some amino acidsRegulation of blood glucose balance: the secretion of glucagon by pancreatic islet A cells (located outside the islets of Langerhans) enhances the concentration of blood glucoseInsulin secreted by islet B cells (distributed in the islets of

22、Langerhans) to lower blood sugar levelsThe antagonism between the two hormones is antagonisticBlood glucose concentration: islet B cell insulin secretion increased, promote the synthesis of glycogen, glucose oxidation or decomposition into fat (increase blood glucose way while suppressing liver glyc

23、ogen decomposition); and non sugar substances into glucose (source reduction)Lowering blood glucose levels: islet A cell glucagon secretion increased, mainly in the liver, promote the liver glycogen decomposition and non sugar substances into glucose.Insulin and glucagon interact with each other to

24、maintain the stability of blood sugar, and there is a feedback regulation between them.4, hormone regulation and feedback regulation.Cold, excessive tension, etcStimulation(promote) (promote)(inhibited) (suppressed)Feedback regulation (high concentration)The hypothalamus has a pivotal function, and

25、there are hierarchical regulation and feedback regulation in the course of regulation5, the characteristics of hormone regulation:(1) trace and high efficiency (2) acting on target organs and target cells through fluid transport (3).Note: hormones are organic molecules. Information molecules are pro

26、duced by glands and transported to organs and cells. They act only on target organs and target cells, and hormone action is indirect.6, water and salt balance regulating center, the temperature regulation center is in the hypothalamus.Relative stability of body temperature,It is the result of the dy

27、namic balance between the heat output and the heat dissipation.The important hormone regulating the balance of water and salt is antidiuretic hormone7, the relationship between neural regulation and humoral regulation:A and characteristic comparison:Comparison of neural regulation of humoral regulat

28、ionAction pathway reflex arc body fluid transportThe reaction rate is rapid and slowThe range of action is accurate, relatively limited and extensiveThe action time is short and relatively longB and connection: the two functions in concert with each other(1) many endocrine glands directly or indirec

29、tly accept the regulation of the central nervous system, and humoral regulation can be regarded as a link of neural regulation;(2) hormones secreted by endocrine glands can also affect the development and function of the nervous system.Five 、 immunoregulation1 Basics: immune system2. The immune syst

30、em makes up the immune organs (immune, cellular, mature, or centrally distributed)Such as: bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, lymph node and tonsilPhagocyteImmune cell(play the immune lymphocyte T cellActing cell) B cellImmunoreactive substances, such as antibodies, lymph factors, and lysozyme.(an i

31、mmune substance produced by an immune cell or other cell)3. Immune system function: defense, surveillance and clearance4, the bodys three lines of defense, the first line of Defense: skin, mucous membranesNonspecific immunityThe second line of Defense: bactericidal substances and phagocytes in the b

32、ody fluidshumoral immunityThe third line of Defense: specific immunitycellular immunityIf the two line of defense is breached, the third line of defense works, consisting mainly of the immune organs and immune cells, with the aid of blood circulation and lymph circulation.5 antigen and antibody:Anti

33、gen: a substance that causes the body to produce a specific immune response. (viruses, bacteria, tissues, cells, organs)Antibodies: proteins that fight specific antigens. (with specificity)6, the process of humoral immunity:Antigen phagocyte, T cell, B cell, cytoplasmic antibodyMemory cell(two immun

34、izations)A and two times are more powerful, faster, producing more antibodies, and more lasting;The induction of B and B cells has direct induction and indirect induction, and partial humoral immunity can be performed without T cells;C and antibodies produced by plasma cells;D and plasma cells are d

35、erived from B cells and memory cells.7, the process of cellular immunity:Antigen phagocyte, T cell effect, T lymphocyte, lymphokineMemory cell effect; T cell action:(two immunization) combined with target cells to break target cellsA site where the antigen is lost8. Immune system diseases:Immunity t

36、o autoimmune diseaseThe tissue damage or dysfunction of an organism that has been immune to the same antigen once again has obvious genetic predisposition and individual difference.AIDS, a, is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the genetic material is RNA;B, mainly damaging T cells

37、 in the body, inhibits immune regulation and gradually paralyzed the bodys immune system;C, transmission: three ways of sexual contact, blood, mother to child, sharing syringes, drug abuse and sexual promiscuity is the main way to the spread of aids.9 、 immunological applications:A vaccination: the

38、vaccine produces antibodies and memory cells (mainly memory cells);B, disease detection: the use of antigen, antibody specific immune response, with the corresponding antibodies to test whether the antigen;C, organ transplantation: exogenous organs are equivalent to antigen, and their T cells will a

39、ttack them, and use immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the immune function.Third chapters:Six, the discovery of auxin:1. Coleoptile: the tip produces auxin, acting on the base of the coleoptile;2. The sensitive part is the tip of the coleoptile;3. Agar block has the function of absorbing and transpor

40、ting auxin;4. The growth hormone is indole acetic acid;5, to the light of reason: because the auxin distribution is not uniform, unilateral light irradiation, the backlight side of the coleoptile was more than auxin to the light side, thus resulting in uneven growth of both sides to light due to ben

41、ding.Seven, the synthesis of auxin: young buds, leaves, seeds of development (tryptophan - auxin)Transportation: only from the upper end of morphology to the lower end of morphology, also called polar transportation;Mode of transportation: active transportationDistribution: the organs are distribute

42、d, but relatively concentrated in the exuberant parts of auxin.Eight, the physiological role of auxin:1, auxin is not directly involved in cellular metabolism, but rather transmits a metabolic message to the cell;2, role:A, promote cell growth; (elongation)B, promoting fruit development (culturing s

43、eedless tomatoes);C, promote the rooting of cuttings;D prevents the shedding of fruit and leaves;3, the characteristics of a dual nature:High concentration to promote growth, inhibit the growth of low concentration can promote the growth of; also can inhibit the growth of; can promote germination al

44、so inhibited germination, can prevent thinning can shatter.The role and concentration of auxin, the maturity of plant cells and the type of organ (root, bud, stem).Nine. Other plant hormones:1, is caused by gibberellins bakanae disease, GAs role is to promote cell elongation and caused the plants to

45、 increase, promote seed germination and fruit ripening;2. Cytokinin promotes cell division (located at the tip of the root);3, abscisic acid inhibits cell division and promotes senescence and abscission (distributed in root and wilting leaves);4 ethylene: to promote fruit ripening;5, all plant hormo

46、nes do not work in isolation, but are regulated by a variety of hormone interactions;6. The concept of plant hormones: a trace organic substance that is produced in plants and transported from the site of production to the site of action, which has significant effects on the growth and development o

47、f plants;7. Plant growth regulators: synthetic chemical substances that regulate the growth and development of plants, known as plant growth regulators;Advantages: it has the advantages of easy synthesis, wide range of raw materials, stable effect, such as: 2, 4-D, acetic acid.Fourth chapters:Ten. C

48、haracteristics of population:1 population densityA: definition: the number of individuals in unit area or unit volume is population density;It is the most basic quantitative characteristic of the population;Count one by one, for smaller, larger populations;B: calculation method: plants: sample metho

49、d (sampling points have five point sampling method, equidistant sampling method) take the average;Animals: marking recapture method (weak activity, small range of motion);Formula: N=M * n/m.An estimated method of insects: light trapping;Microorganisms: sampling methods.2. Birth rate and mortality: A

50、, defined as the ratio of the number of newly created individuals per unit time to the total number of individuals in the population;B: Meaning: determines the size of the population density.3, immigration rate and migration rate: A, defined: unit time to move in and out of the individual accounted

51、for the proportion of the total number of individuals in the population;B: significance: a change in the population of a city plays a decisive role.4, age composition: A: definition: refers to the number of individuals in a population of different age groups;B, types: growth type (A), stable type (B

52、), decline type (C);C: significance: prediction of population density.5, sex ratio: A, definition: refers to the number of males and females in the population;B: significance: also has certain influence to the population density.Eleven, the change of population quantity:1, J growth a, mathematical m

53、odel: (1) Nt=N0 lambda(2) curve (as shown in the right picture)B conditions: the ideal conditions for food and space conditions, abundant climate, no predators and other conditions;C: for example, there is a new environment in nature, such as a new species to adapt.2, S growth, a, conditions: natura

54、l resources and space is always limited;B, attention points in the curve:(1) the K value is the environmental capacity (the maximum number of population that can be maintained in a certain space without environmental damage);(2) the growth rate is the biggest at K/2.3. The population of most species

55、 is always fluctuating, and under unfavourable conditions, the population will decline sharply or even disappear.4, study the significance of population change: for the prevention and control of harmful animals, protection and utilization of wildlife resources, as well as the rescue and recovery of

56、endangered animal populations is of great significance.Twelve. Community structure:1 the meaning of a community: a collection of biological populations gathered in a given area at the same time.2. The species composition of the community is an important feature that distinguishes the different commu

57、nities;The number of species in a community is called abundance, which is related to latitude and environmental pollution.3. Interspecific relationships in communities:Predation (a map)Competition (b chart)Mutualism (C chart)parasiticC4, the spatial structure of community:A: definition: in the community, each biological p