系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)視闕下的案例分析

1、1896192019872006系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)視闕下的案例分析系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)視闕下的案例分析上海交通大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院馬丁適用語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中心王振華王振華email: 1896192019872006引言引言1896192019872006judges remark in twelve angry mentwelve angry men (extract from act i _ the judges opening remarks) judge: murder in the first degree premeditated homicide謀殺 is the most serious charg

2、e tried in our criminal courts. youve heard a long and complex case, gentlemen, and it is now your duty to sit down to try and separate the facts from the fancy辨別是非. one man is dead. the life of another is at stake處于危險(xiǎn)中. if there is a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused . .

3、 . then you must declare him not guilty. if, however, there is no reasonable doubt, then he must be found guilty. whichever way you decide, the verdict must be unanimous. i urge you to deliberate商議 honestly and thoughtfully. you are faced with a grave responsibility. thank you, gentlemen. 語(yǔ)篇分析者的心理活動(dòng)

4、： 法官在什么情況下說(shuō)的這些話？說(shuō)了什么？和誰(shuí)有關(guān)？說(shuō)給誰(shuí)？為什么？用了什么語(yǔ)言？怎么安排的？傳遞了什么信息？表達(dá)了什么觀點(diǎn)？。 1896192019872006引言引言讀者視角看語(yǔ)篇，往往關(guān)注： 誰(shuí)？講了什么？誰(shuí)對(duì)誰(shuí)講？語(yǔ)篇分析學(xué)家看語(yǔ)篇，除了關(guān)注： 誰(shuí)？講了什么？誰(shuí)對(duì)誰(shuí)講？還關(guān)注： 什么導(dǎo)致那樣講？為什么目的那樣講？怎么講的？怎么安排所講內(nèi)容的？為什么這樣安排？用什么語(yǔ)言講的？為什么？本文討論語(yǔ)篇分析家所關(guān)注的內(nèi)容案例與讀者心理活動(dòng)案例與讀者心理活動(dòng)( (mental picturingmental picturing) )善于思考者在閱讀的過(guò)程中會(huì)不斷地就所讀內(nèi)容追問(wèn)。如讀到標(biāo)題時(shí)，會(huì)在

5、心里提出許多問(wèn)題，如最近在國(guó)內(nèi)上演的美國(guó)大片叫超體(lucy)。善思者會(huì)追問(wèn)： 超體： 體：什么體？有生命的物體還是無(wú)生命的物體？人體還是生物體？ 超：怎么超？超什么？超能力還是超速度？ lucy： 是誰(shuí)？年齡如何？長(zhǎng)相如何？什么職業(yè)？什么社會(huì)地位？。 擬或會(huì)問(wèn)：lucy是人名，怎么翻譯為“超體”？judges remark in twelve angry mentwelve angry men (extract from act i _ the judges opening remarks) judge: murder in the first degree premeditated hom

6、icide謀殺 is the most serious charge tried in our criminal courts. youve heard a long and complex case, gentlemen, and it is now your duty to sit down to try and separate the facts from the fancy辨別是非. one man is dead. the life of another is at stake處于危險(xiǎn)中. if there is a reasonable doubt in your minds a

7、s to the guilt of the accused . . . then you must declare him not guilty. if, however, there is no reasonable doubt, then he must be found guilty. whichever way you decide, the verdict must be unanimous. i urge you to deliberate商議 honestly and thoughtfully. you are faced with a grave responsibility.

8、 thank you, gentlemen. 語(yǔ)篇分析者的心理活動(dòng)： 法官在什么情況下說(shuō)的這些話？說(shuō)了什么？和誰(shuí)有關(guān)？說(shuō)給誰(shuí)？為什么？用了什么語(yǔ)言？怎么安排的？傳遞了什么信息？表達(dá)了什么觀點(diǎn)？。 法官在什么情況下說(shuō)的這些話？ 在審判完嫌犯之后說(shuō)給誰(shuí)？ 說(shuō)給12位陪審員的跟誰(shuí)有關(guān)？ 跟受審的嫌犯以及12位陪審員有關(guān)說(shuō)了什么？ 傳遞了信息：一級(jí)謀殺是重罪；犯罪后果；法律指導(dǎo) 表達(dá)了態(tài)度：謀殺罪；本案件；裁決；致謝怎么安排的？ 謀殺罪犯罪后果法律指導(dǎo)要求感謝為什么這么說(shuō)？ 法官的職責(zé)語(yǔ)言起什么作用？ 傳遞信息（經(jīng)驗(yàn)） 表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度（人際） 編織文本（組篇）系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)言學(xué)是一個(gè)研究語(yǔ)篇意義的有效工具

9、主要考察兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)： 語(yǔ)境系統(tǒng) 語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)語(yǔ)境系統(tǒng)與語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)語(yǔ)境系統(tǒng)與語(yǔ)言系統(tǒng)languagee context phonology graphology lexicogrammar discourse semantics genre tenor field mode 本文關(guān)注：本文關(guān)注：1. 語(yǔ)言：詞匯語(yǔ)法(lexico-grammar: three metafunctions of ideational, interpersonal and textual)2. 語(yǔ)域（register: three variables of field tenor and mode)3. 語(yǔ)類(lèi)（genre)詞

10、匯語(yǔ)法：三大元功能詞匯語(yǔ)法：三大元功能 ideational metafunction interpersonal metafunction, textual metafunction為什么？：因?yàn)樗鼈兩扇N意義tips for text analysis: clause as process a clause can be taken as a process. what kind process it is, it depends on the verb in the clause. the process is completed by participant/s, and the p

11、rocess can take place in a certain circumstance。the main types of process are material, relational, mental, verbal and existential:1. doing/happening process (material):1. you are faced with a grave responsibility. 2. the odd $20 or $30 here and there can soon mount up.2. relating process (being; ha

12、ving)(relational)1. murder in the first degree premeditated homicide is the most serious charge tried in our criminal courts. 2. we dont owe him a thing.-tips for text analysis: clause as process3.sensing process (mental): 1. you will know how much “fun” money you have.4.saying process (verbal)1. “t

13、he odd $20 or $30 here and there can soon mount up,” she says.2. you must declare him not guilty5.existing process (existential): 1. there is a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused過(guò)程類(lèi)型的作用過(guò)程類(lèi)型的作用幫助我們了解： 誰(shuí)做了什么？ 說(shuō)了什么？ 想了什么？ 是什么？ 擁有什么？ 有什么特征？tips for text analysis: mood of claus

14、emood of clausea clause indicates interpersonal meaning via the mood type it belongs to. the mood provokes the power relations between the speaker/writer and the hearer/reader.1. declarative mood: convey information; speaker as the knower has power over the hearer. e.g., he was wearing an obama stic

15、ker. 2. interrogative mood: ask question; speaker as the information seeker has less power than the replier. e.g., why was he wearing an obama sticker?3. imperative mood: command or order; speaker as the commander has power over the hearer. e.g., wear the obama sticker, please.語(yǔ)氣類(lèi)型的作用語(yǔ)氣類(lèi)型的作用幫助我們了解：

16、話語(yǔ)權(quán)勢(shì)：誰(shuí)是知者、誰(shuí)發(fā)號(hào)施令tips for text analysis: theme-rhemetheme: the point of departure of the clause as message. it sets up an orientation or local context for each clause. the local context typically relates to the method of development of the text: the theme is selected in such a way that it indicates ho

17、w the clause relates to this method and contributes to the identification of the current step in the development. the theme of a clause may include elements from all three metafunctions that are given thematic status: textual theme, interpersonal theme and topical theme. (c. m. i. m. matthiessen and

18、 et al 2010)主位主位- -述位結(jié)構(gòu)例句分析述位結(jié)構(gòu)例句分析youve heard a long and complex case, gentlemen, and it is now your duty to sit down to try and separate the facts from the fancy. one man is dead. the life of another is at stake. if there is a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused . . . the

19、n you must declare him not guilty. unfortunately, he has passed away.主位主位- -述位的作用述位的作用幫助我們： 組織語(yǔ)篇 識(shí)別舊信息和新信息 識(shí)別話題的變換tips for text analysistips for text analysis: : logico-semantic relations in clause complexlogico-semantic relations in clause complexthe meaning of one clause can be expanded or project

20、ed. projection & expansion: 2-2although the average starting salary for those who do graduate is 23,500, 1 says the association of graduate recruiters, 2-1 it pays students and their families to be financially aware from day one.-1 projects 2-1 and 2-2. 2-1 is expanded by 2-2 in terms of enhancement

21、 projection: if you dont think you have the self-discipline to keep yourself out of trouble, dont put temptation in your way in the first place expansion (enhancement) 1 respondents in the poll typically spent 710 on food 2 when they only expected to spend 510.-the meaning of 1 is expanded in 2 by e

22、nhancement in terms of time expansion（擴(kuò)展關(guān)系）: extension（延伸）: one unit extends the meaning of another by adding, replacing or alternating with new to it.elaboration（詳述）: one clause elaborates on the meaning of another by further specifying or describing itenhancement（提升）: one clause (or sub-complex) e

23、nhances the meaning of another by qualifying it, for example, by reference to time, place, manner, cause or condition.projection（投射）: one clause as the representation of the linguistic content of another either as ideas in a mental clause of sensing or locution in a verbal clause of saying.邏輯語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的作用

24、邏輯語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的作用幫助我們 識(shí)別并列關(guān)系(paratactic) 識(shí)別從屬關(guān)系(hypotactic)語(yǔ)域語(yǔ)域register: register: field, tenor and modefield, tenor and modea variety of language determined by a particular set of values of the context; it is determined by what the speaker is doing socially. (cf. register in music.) the principle controlli

25、ng variables are field of discourse (type of social action), tenor of relationship between speaker and listener (role relationships), and mode (symbolic organization)field, tenor, modefield, tenor, modejudge: murder in the first degree premeditated homicide is the most serious charge tried in our cr

26、iminal courts. youve heard a long and complex case, gentlemen, and it is now your duty to sit down to try and separate the facts from the fancy. one man is dead. the life of another is at stake. if there is a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused . . . then you must declare h

27、im not guilty. if, however, there is no reasonable doubt, then he must be found guilty. whichever way you decide, the verdict must be unanimous. i urge you to deliberate honestly and thoughtfully. you are faced with a grave responsibility. thank you, gentlemen.field: judge instructs the jurors socia

28、l actiontenor: judge to jurors. the judge has power over the jurors relationshipmode: the text is organized by orientation, conjunction, instruction & thanks語(yǔ)類(lèi)（語(yǔ)類(lèi)（genre)genre)in the model of context developed by martin (1992a), one of the conno-tative semiotic planes constituting the context in whic

29、h language is embedded (see martin & rose, 2008: ch. 1, for a recent account of the model). it realizes ideology and is realized by register (in martins sense of the contextual variables of field, tenor and mode): it is itself a purposeful social process.genre is staged, goal-oriented social process

30、.judge: murder in the first degree premeditated homicide is the most serious charge tried in our criminal courts. youve heard a long and complex case, gentlemen, and it is now your duty to sit down to try and separate the facts from the fancy. one man is dead. the life of another is at stake. if the

31、re is a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused . . . then you must declare him not guilty. if, however, there is no reasonable doubt, then he must be found guilty. whichever way you decide, the verdict must be unanimous. i urge you to deliberate honestly and thoughtfully. you

32、are faced with a grave responsibility. thank you, gentlemen.genre: the judge urges the jurors to decide the verdict honestly and thoughtfully.語(yǔ)類(lèi)的作用語(yǔ)類(lèi)的作用幫助我們分析語(yǔ)篇目的 a text is to realize some goal of the writer organization plays an important role in realizing the goal. different ways of organization r

33、eveals different rhetoric effectregister, genre and knowledgeregister, genre and knowledgeregister: contents contained in textregister instantiate genre through: linguistic knowledge intentions indicated by linguistic knowledge attitudes indicated by linguistic knowledge2021-10-19 monogloss projecti

34、on engagement heterogloss modality a p afftect concession p r attitude judgement a i appreciation s a raise l force lower graduation sharpen focus soften appraisal systems (after martin 1998, 2000; martin & rose & 2003:54; martin & white 2005: 38) how to analyse a text?how to analyse a text?top-down

35、 discourse is a social process any discourse has a goal any discourse has ideology underlying it any ideology concerns power any discourse can be realized as a text any text has symbols any text can be analyzed by the three metafunctions分析：分析：munich pact september 29, 1938munich pact september 29, 1

36、938agreement concluded at munich, september 29, 1938, between germany, great britain, france and italygermany, the united kingdom, france and italy, taking into consideration the agreement, which has been already reached in principle for the cession割讓 to germany of the sudeten german territory, have

37、 agreed on the following terms and conditions governing the said cession and the measures consequent thereon, and by this agreement they each hold themselves responsible for the steps necessary to secure its fulfilment履行:(1) the evacuation will begin on 1st october.(2) the united kingdom, france and

38、 italy agree that the evacuation of the territory shall be completed by the 10th october, without any existing installations設(shè)施 having been destroyed, and that the czechoslovak government will be held responsible for carrying out the evacuation without damage to the said installations.(3) the conditi

39、ons governing the evacuation will be laid down in detail by an international commission composed of representatives of germany, the united kingdom, france, italy and czechoslovakia.(4) the occupation by stages分階段 of the predominantly german territory by german troops will begin on 1st october. the f

40、our territories marked on the attached map will be occupied by german troops in the following order:the territory marked no. i on the 1st and 2nd of october; the territory marked no. ii on the 2nd and 3rd of october; the territory marked no. iii on the 3rd, 4th and 5th of october; the territory mark

41、ed no. iv on the 6th and 7th of october. the remaining territory of preponderantly占優(yōu)勢(shì) german character will be ascertained by the aforesaid international commission forthwith立刻 and be occupied by german troops by the 10th of october.(5) the international commission referred to in paragraph 3 will de

42、termine the territories in which a plebiscite plebst平民表決 is to be held. these territories will be occupied by international bodies國(guó)際機(jī)構(gòu) until the plebiscite has been completed. the same commission will fix the conditions in which the plebiscite is to be held, taking as a basis the conditions of the saar薩爾州 plebiscite. the c