MLA和APA寫(xiě)作格式

1、rubric of the course paper for “american literature” 關(guān)于“美國(guó)文學(xué)”課程論文mla格式的細(xì)則 1. the thesis is written in english, including the citation.( 全文用英文書(shū)寫(xiě), 包括引用文獻(xiàn)。) 2. what are some essential standard of a mla paper? (mla 論文基本要求)type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch pa

2、per. set the margins of your thesis to one-inch（2.54 centimeters）on all sides. the paper should be double-space typed. there is one space between every english words. there is no space between the words and punctuations. (用12號(hào)新羅馬字體排版，雙倍行距。頁(yè)邊距為2.54厘米，16開(kāi)a4白色紙打印，英文單詞之間相距一個(gè)空格。單詞和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之間沒(méi)有空格。) 3. how to

3、create a header? 如何編輯頁(yè)眉？create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your family name, followed by a space with the page number; number all pages consecutively with arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4) and flush with the right margin. omit the page number on page one.(編輯頁(yè)眉，將你的姓和頁(yè)碼標(biāo)注在右上角，姓和頁(yè)碼

4、之間有一個(gè)空格，不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；上面邊距是1.27厘米，右邊與正文部分對(duì)齊。) 4. how to deal with the first page? 第一頁(yè)格式的處理。in the upper left-hand corner of the first page, list your name; your number and your class; the tutors name; the course; and the date. the date in mla format should be written as “day month year.”: i.e. 29 december

5、2011(without comma between each word and the month should not be abbreviated.) be sure to use double space. (第一頁(yè)左上角，縱向排列你的名字；學(xué)號(hào)、班級(jí)；指導(dǎo)老師的名字；課程名稱；日期（格式是日月年，中間不用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，月份也不用縮寫(xiě)，如：29 december 2011） 5. how to write a title?(如何寫(xiě)標(biāo)題？)the title is centered and written in 12-piont times new roman font. the title

6、 is not bold, underlined, or italicized. but use quotation mark or italic(s) if your title includes works (an article, a poem, or a story) or a book of others, do just as you would do in the text: quote the title of the article, the poem or the story while italicize the book. (標(biāo)題居中，用12號(hào)新羅馬字體。標(biāo)題不用黑體，

7、下劃線或斜體，如果標(biāo)題中有已出版的文章，文章部分用雙引號(hào)，如果是書(shū)籍，書(shū)籍部分用斜體。如：sybolism in “young good man brown.” 或sybolism in scarlet letter。 6. how to write an outline? 如何寫(xiě)提綱？（(you are not required to write an outline this time).注意：這次沒(méi)有要求寫(xiě)提綱。）as for the outline of a mla paper, there is a sample of outline on page 38 of the fifth

8、edition of mla handbook for writers of research papers: a- level: i, ii, iii, b-level: a, b, c; c-level: 1, 2, 3; d-level:a, b, c, e-level: (1), (2), (3); f-level: (a), (b), (c). (mla論文的題綱可以參考mla科研論文寫(xiě)作規(guī)范第五版38頁(yè)的提綱：a級(jí)：用大寫(xiě)羅馬數(shù)字i, ii, iii等；b級(jí)：用大寫(xiě)英文字母a, b, c等；c級(jí)：用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字1、2、3 等；d級(jí)：用小寫(xiě)英文字母a，b, c 等; e級(jí)：用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字

9、加括號(hào)如(1), (2), (3); f級(jí)：用小寫(xiě)英文字母加括號(hào)，如：(a), (b), (c).) 7. （如何寫(xiě)副標(biāo)題？）as for the heading of the text, title the main sections(b-level) 用不同的字體將文章中b級(jí)標(biāo)題和主標(biāo)題區(qū)分開(kāi): 如標(biāo)題左對(duì)齊, 詞首字母用12號(hào)字體，其余用10號(hào)字體，大寫(xiě)鎖定鍵鍵入，如：主標(biāo)題是：symbolism in “young good man brown”(居中)，b級(jí)標(biāo)題是symbolic meaning of nature.（左對(duì)齊），然后用兩倍行距分行，開(kāi)始正文部分；c級(jí)標(biāo)題大寫(xiě)詞首字母，

10、用斜體格式，不分行，直接開(kāi)始正文部分。如: c級(jí)標(biāo)題 symblic meaning of the forest 8. how to indent the first paragraph? (如何編輯段落？)indent the first sentence of each paragraph 0.5inch. microsoft word suggests using the tab ky. (每一段第一句縮進(jìn)半英寸（1.75厘米），用tab鍵。 9. how many parts are there basically in a thesis? (論文最基本應(yīng)該包括幾部分？)the the

11、sis should have an introductory paragraph, body paragraphs for developing ideas and a paragraph for conclusion. (論文應(yīng)該包括一段引言部分、幾段論證部分和一段結(jié)論部分。) 10. how to write the introduction? is it the introduction of the author or the introduction of the plot of the story? (如何寫(xiě)論文的引言部分？它是作者的生平介紹嗎？它是小說(shuō)的故事情節(jié)介紹嗎？) no

12、, the introduction is neither the introduction of the author nor that of the plot of the story you study. it is an introduction of the paper you are writing. it should set the context for the rest of the paper. it tells your readers why you are writing and why your topic is important. it ends with a

13、 thesis statement which is the position you will develop and support throughout the paper. the thesis statement guides and controls your paper.(引言部分既不是你所研究的文章的作者介紹，也不是作品的故事情節(jié)介紹，而是對(duì)你寫(xiě)的論文大致介紹。它為整篇文章定下基調(diào)，告知讀者你的論文的必要性和重要性；引言部分用一個(gè)句子作為全文中心論點(diǎn)結(jié)束，中心論點(diǎn)是需要論證闡釋的觀點(diǎn)，指導(dǎo)和控制全文，使整篇文章不至于偏題。) 11. how to make the ideas

14、of a long thesis easier for the reader to grasp? (如何使一篇篇幅較長(zhǎng)的論文便于讀者理解？)if your thesis is a long one, you may want to write about how your paper is organized. this can help your reader to follow your ideas.(如果你的論文比較長(zhǎng)，在引言之后接下來(lái)一段，你可以介紹你論文的結(jié)構(gòu)，便于讀者理解你的觀點(diǎn)。) 12. what are the elements for the body paragraphs

15、? （正文段落的有哪些要素？）body paragraphs have these four elements: a transition, a topic sentence, evidence and a brief wrap-up sentence. at the beginning of your developing paragraphs, make sure you have transitory words, phrases or paragraphs to have each part connected logically together. youd better begin

16、 each paragraph with a topic sentence and several other sentences of instances to support it, and the last sentence to wrap up for a conclusion while transitioning to the next paragraph.(每一個(gè)自然段開(kāi)始，要注意用過(guò)渡段的連接詞，詞組或句子，把每一部分串聯(lián)成一個(gè)符合邏輯的整體。每一段開(kāi)始用一個(gè)中心句，接下來(lái)用列子證明，句與句之間要有表示邏輯關(guān)系的詞，詞組，最后用一句話概括整段大意,并與下一段自然過(guò)渡。) 13.

17、 how to quote in the text? (如何在正文中引用文獻(xiàn)？)in-text citations occur after the quote but before the period. the authors/authors name/s go before the page number with no comma in between. i.e. “a lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that shes afraid of herself sometimes” (hawthorne 43

18、1). if you go on to quote the same work, put the page number in a bracket only. i.e. “shes a blessed angel on earth; and after this one night ill cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven”(432). 文中引用文獻(xiàn)的標(biāo)注在引用部分后面，句號(hào)前面，作者姓空格頁(yè)碼，中間沒(méi)有逗號(hào)），如果同一頁(yè)引用同一作品，則只標(biāo)頁(yè)碼。 14. use block quote when quotations are longe

19、r than four-typed lines. block quotations begin on a new line, are double-spaced and indented one-inch from the margin. do not use quotation marks. the citation information (the authors name and the page number) follow. （如果被引用的部分超過(guò)三行，則引用整段。整段引用另起一行，雙倍行距，自頁(yè)邊空白整體縮進(jìn)一英寸（2.54厘米），不用引號(hào)，末尾添加引用來(lái)源（作者姓空格頁(yè)碼）。 1

20、5. if you delete words from the original quote, insert an ellipsis, three periods with a space before and after each one.(如果你去掉引文中的一些單詞，用省略號(hào)（三個(gè)前后有空格的小圓點(diǎn)）。 16. if a source has more than three authors, use the first authors surname followed by “et al.” i.e. (barker et al. 23) （如果文獻(xiàn)作者是三位以上，文中引用只用第一位作者的

21、姓，后面是空格加“et al. 再空格加頁(yè)碼） 17.citation from a website: a. if the website has no page number,you simply use the authors surname after the period.i.e. b. if you cite an indirect source, words quoted in another source. ie.(qtd.in authors surname). c. source with an unknown author is cited by a shortened t

22、itle.(the first word of the title with a quotation mark:i.e. automatically) 17. conclusion wrap up what you have discussed in your paper. because it is b-level, the first paragraph is not indented. (結(jié)尾部分總結(jié)論文中討論的話題。因它是b級(jí)標(biāo)題，第一段不縮進(jìn)。) 18. how to use endnotes? (如何使用尾注？） use endnotes to explain something

23、that doesnt fit in with the rest of the paragraph. avoid lengthy discussion in the endnote. endnote begins on a new page after the paper but before the work/s cited page. double space all entries and indent each entry 0.5 inch from the margin.（如果有和本段不相吻合，可以用尾注加以詳細(xì)解釋。尾注要簡(jiǎn)潔，避免冗長(zhǎng)的討論。尾注在正文后另起一頁(yè)，置于文獻(xiàn)引用頁(yè)之

24、前，用雙行距，左對(duì)齊，頁(yè)邊距是半英寸，即1.75厘米。 19. . how to format the work/s cited page ?(引用作品格式） the work/s cited page is a list of all the sources you cited in your paper. it includes books, journals, magazines, online resources, films, cd-rom, interview，classroom notes, blog, e-mail, diaries, etc.（“引用作品”頁(yè)是在你論文最后列出

25、你文中引用的信息的來(lái)源, 包括書(shū)籍，期刊，報(bào)刊，網(wǎng)絡(luò)，電影，光盤(pán)，訪談，課堂筆記，博客，電子郵件，日記等） the works cited page begins on a new page. center the title works cited without underlining, bolding, italicizing it. if there is only one entry, write work cited.引用作品頁(yè)置于尾注頁(yè)之后，另起一頁(yè)。將works cited 的標(biāo)題居中，不加下劃線，不加斜體。如果只引用一項(xiàng)，則用單數(shù)“work cited. list the e

26、ntries in the alphebetically order. 按照字母表的順序排列。 mla now requires all sources to have a publication marker. for example, books receive the marker “print” after the citation. online sources have the marker of web. cd-rom, e-mail, blog for resources from cd-rom, e-mail, and blog respectively. 現(xiàn)在mla要求所有

27、引用文獻(xiàn)要有一個(gè)“出版標(biāo)志. 比如，書(shū)藉后用print., 網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息用web ,光盤(pán)用cd-rom，博客用blog.電子郵件用e-mail.(詳見(jiàn)以下例子。） if a source doesnt have a list of publisher, and you can infer who the publisher is. place the publishers name in brackets.(如果原文沒(méi)有出版社，但你能夠猜到出版商是誰(shuí)，可以用括號(hào)把出版商括起來(lái)。 online resources citation: mla no long requires urls in the

28、works cited, instead, you must write “web” before the date of access in the entry. this serves as the entrys publication marker. i.e.contributors names. title of resource. the purdue owl. purdue u writing lab, last edited date. web. date of access. 對(duì)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息，mla 不再要求給出詳細(xì)網(wǎng)址，但你必須在你訪問(wèn)網(wǎng)址的時(shí)間之前注明“web”作為出版標(biāo)記。

29、如：作者姓，名. “文章名”. 網(wǎng)站，最后編輯日月年. web. 訪問(wèn)日月年. russell, tony, allen brizee, and elizabeth angeli. mla formatting and style guide. the purdue owl. purdue u writing lab, 4 apr. 2010. web. 20 july 2010. note: 短篇小說(shuō)課本引用格式：小說(shuō)作者姓， 名. “文章標(biāo)題.” 論文集名稱. ed. 論文集編者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始頁(yè)碼.print. lawrence,d.h. the rockin

30、g horse winner. the norton anthology of short fiction. ed. r.v.cassill. 5th. ed. new york: norton, 1995. 543-559. print. - 注意： 1. 現(xiàn)在mla不再在書(shū)名下用下劃線，而是用斜體字。 2. 現(xiàn)在mla要求用print 標(biāo)記公開(kāi)出版的紙質(zhì)刊物的出版特征，包括書(shū)，雜志，報(bào)紙。 3. 現(xiàn)在mla不要求網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息的詳細(xì)網(wǎng)址，但要用web 標(biāo)記信息來(lái)源的出版特征。 以下信息來(lái)自網(wǎng)絡(luò)，稍作改動(dòng)。 1. 獨(dú)著 姓，名. 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.print. bambroug

31、h, renford. the philosophy of aristotle. new york: the new american library, 1963.print. 2. 兩至三名作者 姓，名, 名姓, 名姓, and 名姓. 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.print. horton, rod w., and herbert w. edwards. backgrounds of american literary thought. new york: appleton-century-crofts, inc., 1952.print. atwan, robert, dona

32、ld mcquade, and john wright. edsels, luckies, and frigidaires: advertising the american way. new york: dell, 1979.print. 3. 四名或以上作者 姓，名, et al. 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.print. belenky, mary field, et, al. womens ways of knowing: the development of self, voice, and mind. new york: basic, 1986.print. 4. 機(jī)構(gòu)作

33、者 機(jī)構(gòu)名稱. 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.print. american psychological association. publication manual of the american psychological association. 4th ed. washington: american psychological association, 1994.print. 5. 匿名作者 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.print. the new york times atlas of the world. new york: new york times bo

34、oks, 1980. print. 6. 同一作者兩本以上著作 以書(shū)名第一個(gè)主要單詞的首字母順序排列先后，作者的姓名放在第一條文獻(xiàn)條目前，第二條文獻(xiàn)條目前用三個(gè)連字號(hào)。 bloom, harold. the anxiety of influence, a theory of poetry. new york: oxford university press, 1973.print. -. a map of misreading. new york: oxford university press, 1975.print. 7. 編著 一名編者: 姓, 名, ed. 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社,

35、出版年.print. frye, northrop, ed. romanticism reconsidered. new york: columbia university press, 1963.print. 兩名編者: 姓, 名, and 名姓, eds. 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.print. glotfelty, cheryll, and harold fromm, eds. the ecocriticism reader: landmarks in literary ecology. atherns: the university of georgia press, 196

36、6.print. 三名以上的編者: 第一編者姓, 名, et al. 書(shū)名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.print. donadio, stephen, et al., eds. emerson and his legacy. carbondale: southern illinois university press, 1986.print. 8. 譯著 原作者姓, 名. 書(shū)名. trans. 譯者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年.print. freud, sigmund. civilization and its discontents. trans. james strachey.

37、 new york: norton, !961.print. 9. 再版著作 姓，名. 書(shū)名. 版別序號(hào) ed. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.print. fromkin, victoria, and robert rodman. an introduction to language. 5th ed. ft. worth: harcourt, 1993. print. 10. 論文集中的文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章標(biāo)題.” 論文集名稱. ed. 論文集編者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 起始頁(yè)碼.print. wellek, rene. “romanticism re-exam

38、ined.” romanticism reconsidered. ed. northrop frye. new york: columbia university press, 1963. 75-98.print. hall, stuart, “minial selves.” studying culture. eds. ann gray and jim mcguigan. arnold: hodder headline group, 1993. 131-42. print. note: 短篇小說(shuō)課本引用格式：小說(shuō)作者姓， 名. “文章標(biāo)題.” 論文集名稱. ed. 論文集編者名姓. 出版地:

39、 出版社, 出版年代. 起始頁(yè)碼.print. lawrence,d.h., the rocking horse winner. the norton anthology of short fiction. ed. r.v.cassill. 5th ed.new york: norton, 1995. 543-559. print. 11. 多卷、多冊(cè)或再版著作 書(shū)名后注明第幾冊(cè)或第幾卷.（帶翻譯） 姓, 名. 書(shū)名. 卷目 vols. trans.譯者姓名. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代.print. plato. laws. 2 vols. trans. r. g. bury. leob

40、classical libery. new york: g. p. putnams sons, 1926. print. 12. 前言，后記 前言作者姓，名. “introduction (或forewords 或 preface).” 書(shū)名. by 書(shū)目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 前言起始頁(yè)碼.print. 后記作者姓，名. “afterwords.” 書(shū)名. by 書(shū)目作者名姓. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. 后記起始頁(yè)碼.print. schlesinger, arthur m., jr. “introduction.” pioneer women: voices fr

41、om the kansas frontier. by joanna l. stratton. new york: simon, 1981. 11-15.print. 13. 期刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章標(biāo)題.” 雜志名稱 卷號(hào). 期號(hào) (出版年代): 起始頁(yè)碼.print. maguire, james h. “the canon and the diminished thing.” american literature 60 (1988): 645-52.print. davis, sherri heckler. “the zen art of prewriting.” new m

42、exico english journal12. 1 (1988): 21-23.print. 14. 周刊或雙周刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章標(biāo)題.” 雜志名稱 出版日月年: 起始頁(yè)碼.print. hoagland, edward. “standing tough in the desert.” new york times book review 7 may 1989: 44-45.print. 15. 月刊或雙月刊文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章標(biāo)題.” 雜志名稱 出版月年: 起始頁(yè)碼.print. weiss, philip. “the book thief: a true ta

43、le of bibliomania.” harpers january 1994: 37-56.print. 16. 報(bào)紙文章 文章作者姓, 名. “文章標(biāo)題.” 報(bào)紙名稱 出版日月年, 版, 欄, 頁(yè)碼.print. intraub, anna jinagwang. “how i learned to read.” new york times. 13 january 2002, section 4, column 6, page 16.print. 如果作者未知, 版欄信息缺失, 格式為: “文章標(biāo)題.” 報(bào)紙名稱 出版日月年: 頁(yè)碼.print. “l(fā)earn english throu

44、gh football.” 21st century supplement 21 feb. 2002: iii.print. 17. multimedia sources: (多媒體資料) mla format for multimedia sources requires a medium description at the end of the citation. film, dvd, radio, web. e-mail, presentation and other descriptions should be used to indicate the type of multime

45、dia that is being referrenced. mla格式要求多媒體資料的引用要在應(yīng)用信息后面加上媒體形式：如電影，dvd，收音機(jī)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)，電子郵件，演講等。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)著作 l general format: author(corporations, governments): title of site. sponsor. date created (use n.d. if not given) medium. date accessed. 基本格式：作者（機(jī)構(gòu)，政府）：網(wǎng)頁(yè)標(biāo)題。網(wǎng)站，網(wǎng)頁(yè)制作日月年（若無(wú)，用n. d.）媒介. 訪問(wèn)日月年。 l 整個(gè)網(wǎng)站：如：united stat

46、es environmental protection agency: drinking water standards. epa, 8 july 2004. web. 24 jan. 2006. l 網(wǎng)頁(yè)上一篇不知發(fā)表日期的文章： shiva. “biothics: a third world issue.” nativeweb. nativeweb, n. d. web. 22 feb. 2006 l 網(wǎng)上著作 作者姓, 名. 書(shū)名 出版年代. 檢索日月年.web emerson, ralph waldo. essays: first series.1841.12 feb. 1997. w

47、eb. l 網(wǎng)絡(luò)文章 作者姓, 名. 文章名稱. 來(lái)源名稱. 最后編輯日月年.web. 檢索日月年 fischer, michael f. “worthless words for the day.” 21 november 2005.web. 8 may 2007 19. l 博客：作者姓, 名. 博客名稱. 來(lái)源名稱 最近編輯日月年.web. 檢索日月年 ：li chengpeng. li cheng peng. s, 30 dec. 2011. web. 4 jan. 2011. 電郵：作者. 主題. 電郵大意. 發(fā)郵件日月年. e-mail. i.e. mu xinghua. “re:

48、 the main characters in flowering judas”. message to the teacher. 20 dec. 2011. e-mail. 光盤(pán)： 作者姓, 名. “條目標(biāo)題.” 光盤(pán)名稱. (其他信息). cd-rom. 出版地: 出版社, 出版年代. “communion.” the oxford english dictionary. 2nd ed. cd-rom. oxford: oxford up, 1992. 視頻: 作者. “視頻標(biāo)題.” 視頻用途. 網(wǎng)站 上傳日月年. web. 訪問(wèn)視頻日月年. wang xinguo et. al. “ke

49、w gardens: a cwnu version.” project: assignment. s. 7 july 2006. web. 4 jan. 2012 演講：（lecture, or public address） 演講者，演講場(chǎng)合，演講地點(diǎn)，時(shí)間 presentation. wang yan. et. al. “success and morality.” international cctv cup english speech contest. swnu. 11 nov. 2011. presentation. 注: 由于mla格式較為繁雜, 此處未包含的具體格式請(qǐng)參閱mla

50、科研論文寫(xiě)作規(guī)范的最新版本。 apa citation style（apa 論文引用規(guī)范） apa citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the american psychological association for documenting sources used in a research paper. apa style requires both in-text citations and a reference list. for every in-text citation ther

51、e should be a full citation in the reference list and vice versa. apa論文寫(xiě)作規(guī)范是由美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)為論文引用文獻(xiàn)（the american psychological association )確立的一整套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式。包括文中引用和文末引用文獻(xiàn)清單。每一個(gè)文中引用對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)文末一個(gè)完整的引用，反之亦然。 the examples of apa styles and formats listed on this page include many of the most common types of sources used in

52、 academic research. for additional examples and more detailed information about apa citation style, refer to the publication manual of the american psychological association and the apa style guide to electronic references. also, for automatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style, u

53、se a bibliographic citation management program such as refworks or endnote. you can find more information on this in our citation management page. reference citations in text in apa style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what information is being quot

54、ed or paraphrased and whose information is being cited. examples: works by a single author the last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate point. from theory on bounded rationality (simon, 1945) if the name of the author or the date appear as part

55、of the narrative, cite only missing information in parentheses. simon (1945) posited that works by multiple authors when a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. in parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&). as has been shown (leit

56、er & maslach, 1998) in the narrative text, join the names with the word and. as leiter and maslach (1998) demonstrated when a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. kahneman, knetsch, and thaler (1991) found in all subsequent citations per paragr

57、aph, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. (latin for and others) and the year of publication. kahneman et al. (1991) found works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. the names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out e

58、ach time they appear in a text reference. (national institute of mental health nimh, 2007) when appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. the general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the reference list without difficulty. (nimh, 2007) works with no author when a work has no author, use