人教版八年級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法整理

1、人教版八年級(jí)上冊(cè)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法整理Unit 1 How often do you exercise?特殊疑問(wèn)句：wh-questions: what, who, where, when, which, whose, why, whom等。特殊疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成及用法：1. 結(jié)構(gòu)：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+ 一般疑問(wèn)句， 即：特殊疑問(wèn)詞+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)（+其他）疑問(wèn)代詞：1) Who:誰(shuí)。做主語(yǔ)，用來(lái)指人 Who is the boy under the tree?2）Whom 誰(shuí)，做賓語(yǔ)，用來(lái)指人 Whom are you writing to?3) Whose 誰(shuí)的，用來(lái)指所屬關(guān)系，如果做定

2、語(yǔ)，一般后接名詞 Whose pen is this?4) Which 哪個(gè)，哪些，用來(lái)指對(duì)人或物在一定范圍之內(nèi)進(jìn)行選擇 Which grils will in the sports meeting? Which pen is Lilys?5)What什么，通常指物，也可指人，一般用在沒(méi)有指出范圍的情況下 What can you see in the picture? What are you doing now?疑問(wèn)副詞：1) When:何時(shí)，詢問(wèn)時(shí)間When will she come back?2) Where何地，詢問(wèn)地點(diǎn)， Where do you come from?3) Why

3、為什么，詢問(wèn)原因， Why are you late for school?4) How如何，詢問(wèn)手段、方式、工具以及程度等 How do you usually go to school?5) How old多大，詢問(wèn)年齡，How old is Jims little brother?6) How many/much多少，詢問(wèn)數(shù)量How many birds are there in the tree?7) How far多遠(yuǎn)，詢問(wèn)距離， How far is it form your home to school?8) How long多長(zhǎng)，多久，詢問(wèn)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)度或距離 How long w

4、ill you stay in Beijing?9) How often多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間按一次，詢問(wèn)頻率 How often do you go to see your grandparents?10) How soon多久，詢問(wèn)時(shí)間 How soon will you come back?頻率副詞：表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的頻率，never, sometimes, often, usually, always.Unit 2 Whats the matter with you?1.用have來(lái)描述身體不適 have/have got a +疾病名字；得了病2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should,can,

5、may, must沒(méi)有人稱和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，后接動(dòng)詞原形Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將要做某事或計(jì)劃打算做某事要用到句型“be+doing”其中be是助動(dòng)詞，它有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化。Be: am, is, are. be + v.ing是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的形式，但用于表示將來(lái)。用進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)，常用于表示即將來(lái)臨的未來(lái)預(yù)定要做的事情，一般指?jìng)€(gè)人計(jì)劃要做的事。用于此情況的動(dòng)詞一般是表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如，go, come, leave, start, arrive, move等。一肯定句中，結(jié)構(gòu)為“be+doing.”I am

6、going shopping this afternoon.二否定句是在be之后加not.Im not going to shopping this afternoon.三一般疑問(wèn)句是將be置于句首 Are you going shopping this afternoon?Yes, I am/ we are.No, Im not./ We arent.四特殊疑問(wèn)句“疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序。”What are you doing for vacation? When is he going camping?Who are you going there with? Where is she g

7、oing?Unit 4 How do you get to school?Grammar:How引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句：是指以How, how far, how long, how old,how many, how much等詞開頭的疑問(wèn)句。How does he get to shool?- He takes the train to get to shool.How long does it take to walk? -It takes about 35 minutes to walk.How far is it from your home to school? Its four mile

8、s from my home to school.How old is he now? She is twelve years old now.How many storybooks do you have? I have five storybooks.How much is this coat? This coat is 200 yuan.特殊疑問(wèn)句的簡(jiǎn)略結(jié)構(gòu)：how about?+ 名詞或動(dòng)詞-ing形式，用于提出建議、請(qǐng)求或征求意見(jiàn)、詢問(wèn)消息等。如：How about playing tennis?Unit 5Can you come to my party?Can 是最長(zhǎng)用的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞

9、，其后跟動(dòng)詞原形，can的否定形式為cannot，cant.1. can表“能力”，意思是：能，會(huì) I can paly basketball,but I cant swim.2. can表示能力時(shí)可和be able to 互換，be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)，常被用來(lái)表示can所 不能表示的將來(lái)或完成的概念。E.g. They will be able to run this machine on their own in three months.3. 表示“可能性”，意思是：可以，可能。That big cinema can seat 5,000 people.4. 表示允許，意思是可

10、以能夠 You can have the book when I have finished it.5. 表示“驚訝、不相信等（用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句或感嘆句中”。意思是“會(huì)、可能?！盩his cant be true. Can it be true?二如何發(fā)出、接受和謝絕別人的邀請(qǐng)1. 表達(dá)邀請(qǐng)的常用句型：Can you come to?Could you come to?Would you like to come to?Do you want to come to?2. 接受邀請(qǐng)的常用句型：Sure.Certainly. OK. Id love to.3. 謝絕邀請(qǐng)的常用句型：Im sorr

11、y, I cant. I have toIm afraid I cant. I have toI dont think I can. I have toUnit 6Im more outgoing than my sister.Grammar:形容詞的比較級(jí)一規(guī)則變化、不規(guī)則變化（課本P93）二than 是比較級(jí)中最常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志詞，意思是“比”。用于引出比較的對(duì)象。1.He draws better than me.2.Youre older than I am. You are older than me.三形容詞比較級(jí)前，有時(shí)可以用much,far, a little,a bit, even

12、, three times等詞來(lái)修飾。Much 和far表示“得多”,much better好得多，a little, a bit表示稍微，一些，一點(diǎn)。a little shorter, 稍微矮點(diǎn)；even表示“甚至，更加，還要”even bigger還要大些，three times表示 “三倍”，如three times bigger than 比大三倍Very絕不可以用來(lái)修飾比較級(jí)，very,so,too, quite 修飾原級(jí)Unit 7How do you make banana milk shake?一可數(shù)名詞英語(yǔ)中的物質(zhì)名詞大體上可分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞?？蓴?shù)名詞指物體的數(shù)量可數(shù)

13、。其單數(shù)形式可在名詞前加a或an,表示一個(gè)，如a pear. 其負(fù)數(shù)形式要在詞尾加-s,或-es（特殊情況除外），如two bananas, three tomatoes. Manymany apples a few studentsfew bags二不可數(shù)名詞1.不可數(shù)名詞指物體的數(shù)量不可數(shù)。不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)之分，也不能在詞前直接加冠詞a 或an.表示不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量時(shí)可在不可數(shù)名詞前加相應(yīng)的由量詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)。如a bag of 2.常見(jiàn)的量詞短語(yǔ)有：a piece of a cup of a teaspoon of a bottle of3.不可數(shù)名詞還可以用下面的詞表示數(shù)量：much

14、much rain a little little4.既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞又可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有：Lots of= a lot of許多，大量 some一些（用于肯定句）any一些（用于否定句和一般疑問(wèn)句）Unit 8How was your school trip?一般過(guò)去時(shí)：指在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過(guò)去意義的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday, last year(week,month),two years ago, in2006等。有時(shí)也可用when,after,before, as soon as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。該時(shí)態(tài)在句中的體現(xiàn)是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式。

15、謂語(yǔ)be動(dòng)詞was/were 否定：wasnt /werent一Be動(dòng)詞句型一般疑問(wèn)句：was/were +主語(yǔ)特殊疑問(wèn)句：疑問(wèn)詞+was/were+主語(yǔ)陳述句：主語(yǔ)+was/were+(肯定句) 否定句：主語(yǔ)+wasnt/werent+二行為動(dòng)詞句型（當(dāng)句中的動(dòng)詞為行為動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要借助動(dòng)詞did構(gòu)成一般疑問(wèn)句和否定句）肯定式：主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式否定式：主語(yǔ)+didnt+動(dòng)詞原形一般疑問(wèn)句：Did +主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形特殊疑問(wèn)句：Did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形Unit 9 When was he born?一般過(guò)去時(shí)的特殊疑問(wèn)句的變法同一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣，不同之處在于須將be動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞改為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，即“特殊疑問(wèn)

16、詞+were或was(第三人稱單數(shù))+主語(yǔ)+（表語(yǔ)）+其他成分”或“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+助動(dòng)詞did+主語(yǔ)+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+其他成分?！币弧⒁詗hen引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，對(duì)某人的出生年月進(jìn)行提問(wèn)，句型是：When was/wereborn? was/were born in +時(shí)間When was David beckham born? 大衛(wèi).貝克漢姆是什么時(shí)候出生的？He was born in 1975.二以how long 引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句，對(duì)表示某一短時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。How long did + 主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞？How long did Charles Smith hiccup? He hiccupp

17、ed for 69 years and 5 months.三When did he start hiccupping? 他什么時(shí)候開始打嗝？When +did+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞？Unit 10 Im going to be a basketball player.Grammar:一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來(lái)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。1. be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形 What are you going to do next Sunday?2. will/shall +動(dòng)詞原形I will go to my hometown next

18、 week.3.be +v.ing The Greens are moving to another city the day after tomorrow.4. be +動(dòng)詞不定式 You are to be back by 10 oclock.5. be + about + 動(dòng)詞不定式 The meeting is about to begin.Unit 11 Could you please clean your room?Grammar:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表示說(shuō)話者對(duì)某一動(dòng)作的看法和態(tài)度，包括可能、懷疑、允許、愿望、必要、猜測(cè)等。Can(能、會(huì)),may( 可以),must( 必須、一

19、定)等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的特點(diǎn)：(1)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有一定詞義，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，必須和另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，且沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。1. I can speak English. 2. She must be a teacher. 3. We may go home now.(2)變否定句時(shí)，直接在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加not,無(wú)需加助動(dòng)詞。He cant play the guitar well.He cant answer the question. You mustnt be late.(3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的句子變一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，須將情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前。Can you help me? Must I go the

20、re at once?(4)can 可表示能力、允許、可能性、懷疑猜測(cè)，意為“能，會(huì)，可以。”cant, 意為“不能，不會(huì)，不可以?！?，還有“不可能”之意。-Can you drive? Sorry, I cant. It cant be true.(5)can 也可表示請(qǐng)求與邀請(qǐng)Can you please sweep the floor?Unit12 Whats the best radio station?Grammar:形容詞/副詞的最高級(jí)，用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之間的比較，表示在一群人或事物中，其中一個(gè) “最”見(jiàn)課本p93語(yǔ)法1. the +最高級(jí) She is the tal

21、lest of all her classmates.2. 最高級(jí)可被序數(shù)詞以及much, by far,nearly,almost, by no means, not quite,not really, nothing like等修飾。This hat is by far the biggest.3. 表示最高程度的形容詞，excellent, extreme, prefect等沒(méi)有最高級(jí)也不能用比較級(jí)。He is an excellent teacher.4. 形容詞最高級(jí)間修飾做表語(yǔ)或介詞并與的名詞代詞是，被修飾的詞往往省略。He is the youngest (boy) in his

22、 class.5. Who/Which +be+最高級(jí)，A,B,or C? Who is the most useful, a bicycle, a motorcycle,or a car?6. the +序數(shù)詞+最高級(jí) He is the second tallest student in our class.7. One of the +最高級(jí)+復(fù)數(shù)名詞The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.新目標(biāo)八年級(jí)下冊(cè) 英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講+練習(xí)（一）一般將來(lái)時(shí) 一般將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)。通常與表示將來(lái)的

23、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do （動(dòng)詞原形）結(jié)構(gòu)：表示打算、準(zhǔn)備做的事情或者肯定要發(fā)生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來(lái)的用法： 1. 表示預(yù)見(jiàn) Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意圖 I will borrow a book from our school l

24、ibrary tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本構(gòu)成如下：一般疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成： （1）will+主語(yǔ)+do? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的一般疑問(wèn)句：Will there + be ? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there wont 否定句構(gòu)成：will + not （wont）+do Sarah wont come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑問(wèn)句構(gòu)成： 特殊疑問(wèn)詞wi

25、ll主語(yǔ)？What will Sarah do next Sunday? 練一練根據(jù)例句，用will改寫下列各句 例：I dont feel well today. （be better tomorrow） Ill be better tomorrow. 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight） _ 2. Im tired now. （sleep later） _ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon） _ 4. We cant leave right now

26、. （leave a little later） _ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow） _答案：1. Shell have a lot of homework tonight. 2. Ill sleep later. 3. Theyll buy one soon. 4. Well leave a little later. 5. Maybe itll be better tomorrow. （二）should的用法： should用來(lái)提出建議和忠告，后邊加動(dòng)詞原形，否定句直接在should后邊加not. 例如：I think

27、 you should eat less junk food. 我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她經(jīng)常開車，很少走路。所以我認(rèn)為她應(yīng)該多走路。 Students shouldnt spend too much time playing computer games. 學(xué)生們不應(yīng)當(dāng)花太多的時(shí)間玩計(jì)算機(jī)游戲。 學(xué)習(xí)向別人提建議的幾種句式： （1）I think you should （2）Well, you could （3）Maybe you should

28、 （4）Why dont you? （5）What about doing sth.? （6）Youd better do sth. 練一練 用should或shouldnt填空 1. I cant sleep the night before exams. You _ take a warm shower before you go to bed. 2. Good friends _ argue each other. 3. There is little milk in the glass. We _ buy some. 4. They didnt invite you? Maybe yo

29、u _ be friendlier. 5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _ do exercises every day. 答案：1. should2. shouldnt3. should4. should5. should（三）過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者過(guò)去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 1. 構(gòu)成 was /were + doing，例如： I was watching TV at 9 oclock last night. at 9 oclock last night是時(shí)間點(diǎn) They were pla

30、ying football all afternoon. all afternoon是時(shí)間段 2. 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志詞 at 8 oclock last night, this time yesterday等。例如： I was having lunch at home this time yesterday. 昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在吃午飯。 At that time she was writing a book. 那陣子她在寫一本書。（表示她在那段時(shí)間里一直在做那件事情。）練一練用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. This time yesterday I _ _（read）books.

31、2. At 9 oclock last Sunday they _ _（have）a party. 3. When I _（come）into the classroom, she _ _（read）a storybook. 4. She _ _（play）computer games while her mother _ _（cook）yesterday afternoon. 5. I _ _（have）a shower when you _（call）me yesterday. 答案：1. was reading2. were having3. came; was reading 4. was playing; was cooking5. was having; called（四）間接引語(yǔ)形成步驟： （1）不要逗號(hào)，冒號(hào)，引號(hào) （2）要考慮到人稱的變化（人稱的變化與漢語(yǔ)是一致的） （3）要考慮時(shí)態(tài)的變化 （4）要考慮時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和語(yǔ)示代詞的變化。 1. 直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，幾個(gè)主要時(shí)態(tài)的變化規(guī)律直接引語(yǔ)間接