英語語法：主謂一致和介詞用法

1、一、 聽寫、講解高一第二單元單詞二、 講解例文lesson 7三、 講解練習：非謂語動詞練習四、講解語法：主謂一致五、講解語法：介詞四、主謂一致（二）語法一致：1. 由and連接的兩個名詞或代詞做主語：（1）這部分主語表示的是兩個人或兩件不同的事物，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。例句： My brother and I have both seen that film. Both rice and wheat are grown in this part of China. The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting. Readi

2、ng, writing and arithmetic are called the three Rs.（2）這部分主語表示具有兩個身份或性質(zhì)的同一個人或一個完整的事物，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例句： The professor and writer is speaking at the meeting. War and peace is a constant theme in history. One more knife and fork is needed. The statesman and poet was engaged in warfare all his life. Law and

3、order has been established. Bread and butter is our daily food. Fish and chips is a popular fast food. The stars and stripes is the national flag of U.S.A.（3）這部分主語前面有each, every, many a, no 等修飾時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例句： Each doctor and（each）nurse was given a new shirt. No sound and no voice is heard. Many a

4、boy and girl has made the same mistake. Every minute and every second is precious.2. 動名詞，不定式，主語從句做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例句： Reading is a great pleasure in life. To live means to create. That we need more time is obvious. What is needed is food and medicine.3. 表示時間，金錢，距離，重量的復數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量做主語時，被視為一個整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例句：

5、 Three thousand miles is a long distance. Eight hours of sleep is enough.4. 不定代詞anyone, anything, everyone, everything, someone, something, no one, nothing, each the other 等做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例句： Is anybody going to tell him the news ? Someone wants to see you.（三）就近原則由連詞or, eitheror, neithernor, not onl

6、ybut also, 連接的兩個名詞或代詞做主語時，謂語動詞和離它最近的哪個名詞或代詞的人稱和數(shù)一致。例句：1. Either you or Jean is to be sent to New Zealand.2. Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.3. Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.4. George or Tom is wanted.注意：There be句型中be 的形式由它后面的

7、第一個名詞的數(shù)決定。例句：1. There arent any letters in the mail for you today.2. There is a lamp, two pens and three books on the desk.3. Here are some envelopes and paper for you.名詞后面帶有with, along with, together with, besides, except, but, like, including, as well as, rather than短語共同做主語時，謂語動詞與這些短語前面的那個名詞的數(shù)一致。例

8、句：1. All but one were here just now.2. A library with five thousand books is offered to that nation as a gift.3. An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work.4. You as well as I are wrong.（四）意義一致1. 代詞none, neither, all的不可數(shù)形式還是復數(shù)形式由它們指的內(nèi)容決定例句：（1）All hope has gone.（2）All are

9、 agreed on this point.（3）Is there any milk in the fridge? No, there is none.（4）None has returned from the meeting.2. 集合名詞group, class, family, army, enemy, team等名詞的單，復數(shù)形式根據(jù)它們強調(diào)的內(nèi)容而定。例句：（1）The class were all cheerful.（2）The team were taking over some new plays.（3）The group are reading the newspapers.

10、（4）The army is going to remain in this town.（5）The army have rescued the travelers.3. 限定詞短語all of; none of; a lot of; 以及分數(shù)/百分數(shù)+of .修飾名詞構(gòu)成的名詞短語做主語時，謂語動詞的形式由of 后面的名詞形式?jīng)Q定。例句：（1）None of these suggestions are very helpful.（2）I dont think any of us wants to work tomorrow.（3）Two-fifths of the students in t

11、he class are from Arabic-speaking countries.難點突破1. 主謂一致的考查主要體現(xiàn)在單項選擇和短文改錯兩個題型中。同學們在練習和應(yīng)試時，遇到這樣的題時，要牢記主謂一致的三個基本原則。一定要根據(jù)句子內(nèi)容抓住關(guān)鍵的主語部分。同時還要考慮句子的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。2. one of +復數(shù)名詞做定語從句的先行詞時，定語從句中的謂語動詞與復數(shù)名詞一致。 the only one of +復數(shù)名詞做定語從句的先行詞時，定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。例句：Jim was one of the boys who were late for class.Jim was th

12、e only one of the boys who was late for class.【典型例題】例1 E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication.A. is playingB. have playedC. are playingD. play分析：帶有as well as 短語的名詞做主語時，謂語動詞與這個名詞的人稱和數(shù)一致，不受as well as 短語內(nèi)容的影響。E-mail是單數(shù)形式，故選擇A。例2 Either John or his friends _ to blame f

13、or the bad results.A. areB. isC. wasD. has been分析：eitheror.連接兩個名詞做主語時，其謂語動詞與離它最近的名詞的數(shù)和人稱一致，本題中his friends 決定了謂語動詞的形式，故選擇A。例3 The conductor and composer _ by a crowd of people.A. are greetedB. is greetedC. greetsD. have been greeted分析：根據(jù)句意，主語部分的The conductor and composer 是指一個人即：樂隊指揮兼作曲家， 所以主語的內(nèi)容是單數(shù)形式

14、，故選擇B。例4 The trousers _ you well, madam.But the colour _ me. A. fit; dont suit B. fits; doesnt suit C. fits; dont suit D. fit; doesnt suit分析：trousers, clothes, glasses,等名詞本身就是復數(shù)形式。謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。Colour 是單數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)，故選擇D。例5 The Smiths family, which _ rather a large one, _ very fond of their old house.A. were

15、; wereB. was; wereC. were; wasD. was; was分析：family指“家庭”為單數(shù)，指“家庭成員”為復數(shù)形式。第一空格前的which 指“家庭” 謂語用was. 第二空格后的fond of指“家庭成員喜歡他們的老房子” 謂語為were，故選擇B。例6 He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.A. is B. areC. have beenD. has been分析：當定語從句先行詞是“one of +復數(shù)形式”時， 其后的從句謂語動詞用復數(shù)

16、形式。而當one之前有the only時， 定語從句則強調(diào)the only one，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。另外，題目中的時間狀語for three years表明從句的時態(tài)為現(xiàn)在完成時，故選擇D。例7 Three fifths of the police _ in the school near the town.A. has trainedB. have trained C. has been trained D. have been trained分析：分數(shù)+名詞做主語時，謂語動詞的形式由分數(shù)所指的名詞的形式（可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞）決定，police 是集合名詞為復數(shù)形式，根據(jù)句子意思，poli

17、ce 與train 為被動關(guān)系，應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，故選擇D。短文改錯片段：1. Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.分析：本句中主語Now my picture and the prize是復數(shù)形式，謂語動詞is應(yīng)改為are.2. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, but after class we become stranger at once.分析：本句第一行，根據(jù)全篇內(nèi)容的語境，應(yīng)當是一般現(xiàn)在時，所以謂語動詞talked改為talk.第二行：

18、根據(jù)句意：我們下課后立刻又成了陌生人。Stranger應(yīng)當與主語we一致，改為復數(shù)形式，strangers.3. But not all information are good to society.分析：主語information是不可數(shù)名詞，are應(yīng)改為is【模擬試題】1. Is there anybody in the classroom ?No, the teacher, together with the students _ to the playground.A. goB. went C. has goneD. have gone2. Are these your sheep

19、?No. Mine _ on grass at the foot of the hill.A. are feedingB. feedC. is fedD. is feeding3. Sitting at the back of the room but in front of some old men and women _ a very shy girl with two bright eyes.A. wasB. are C. were D. there was4. Mr. Bush, together with his wife and daughter _ going to Japan

20、next week.A. are B. isC. will beD. would be5. Not the teacher but the students _ excited.A. is B. hasC. are D. have6. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _ all that I can spare to talk with you.A. areB. wasC. is D. were7. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.A. Two fift

21、h; is B. Two fifths; are C. Two fifth; are D. Two fifths; is【試題答案】1. C分析：本題考查的主謂一致的內(nèi)容與上一題相同，從句子的語境判斷，應(yīng)當用現(xiàn)在完成時。2. A分析：mine指my sheep 為復數(shù)形式。是主動語態(tài)。3. A分析：本句為倒裝句。主語是a very shy girl with two bright eyes.核心主語是a very shy girl，為單數(shù)，全句為過去時。4. B分析：全句的核心主語是Mr. Bush，為單數(shù)，全句為將來時。5. C分析：運用就近原則，謂語動詞和主語the students 一致

22、，此處為主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，用be動詞。6. C 分析：主語ten minutes表示時間，被視為一個整體，為單數(shù)形式。全句是現(xiàn)在時。7. D分析：本句核心主語是land，為單數(shù)形式，同時注意分數(shù)的表達形式。四、 講解語法：介詞1. 常見介詞用法介詞是用在名詞、代詞等前面，表示名詞、代詞等與句中其他詞的關(guān)系的詞，介詞是一種活躍的虛詞。介詞后面的名詞、代詞（用賓格）或相當于名詞的東西叫做介詞賓語。介詞和它的賓語合稱介詞短語。(1) by:表示“通過，靠途徑，借助于，按照，根據(jù)”。如：例494：We came here by road/ sea. (由陸路、乘船)比較：例495：The poor boy

23、makes a living by selling newspapers.例496：Only by this means can we get in touch with them.例497：Finally I got the information by means of computer.例498：Mike likes to write by the nice bright light at night.例499：You shouldnt judge a person by his looks.例500：Tomatoes are sold by weight.例501：We are pai

24、d by the hour.例502：I did the job all by myself.例503：What time is it by your watch?例504：What do you mean by this?表示“到為止，到之前”，主句常用過去完成時態(tài)或?qū)硗瓿蓵r態(tài)。如：例505：I had learnt 22 units by the end of last term.例506：By the time he returns, we will have finished it.表示“在旁”，例如：例507：We live by the road/ sea.(2) in:表示“用

25、，以，以方式、口氣、心態(tài)、形式”。如：例508：The article was written in English(in Chinese, in ones own words)例509：This can be done in this way/ in a different way. (inway例510：He spoke in an excited voice. (invoice)例511：They went there in his car. 例512：The passer-by looked at me in surprise/ silence.表示地點，在某范圍或某空間內(nèi)。例如：例5

26、13：Theyll stay in Shanghai for five days.例514：There is a small hole/ window in the wall.表示一段時間或表示年、月、季節(jié)。例如：例515：Im sure theyll be here in half an hour. 例516：Some birds fly away to the south in winter.(3) on:表示“在時候”（某一天或某天的上午、下午或晚上）。例如：例517：The family go to church on Sundays.例518：We met again on Nov.

27、 1st, 1999.例519：It happened on a winter night. 表示“在上（地點）”，例如：例520：A picture is hung on the wall.例521：Your voice sounds quite different on the phone. (類似的如on the phone/ radio/ television) 表示“有關(guān)”，例如：例522：Professor Hunter will give us a talk on education in Australia. 表示“是成員”，例如：例523：Are you still on t

28、he school football team? (on=being a member of)(4) at:表示“在時刻， 在點鐘，在歲（時）”等。例如：例524：The speaker will arrive at the airport at 11:00 am.例525：At the age of five, she was accepted into the new family.表示：在地點，在方面，在場合。例如：例526：Johnson lives at 101 Oxford Street.表示：因為，由于（說明引起某種情緒的原因），例如：例527：Most of us got ex

29、cited at the exciting news.例528：The baby was frightened at the sight of the snake.表示：處于（某種狀態(tài)），進行（某種活動）。例如：例529：The Greens are at table now. (at school, at work, at sea, at meeting, at war.等等)表示指向和目標：向，對，如：例530：The hunter shot at the bear but didnt shoot it. (瞄準)類似的詞如：aim at, look at, stare at, glanc

30、e at, laugh at, smile at等。表示：以速度或代價，例如：例531：The car is now moving at (the speed of) 120mph.例532：I bought the book at 50 a copy.（5）for:與表示離開、啟程的動詞連用，表示方向和目標，例如：例533： We are leaving/ driving /sailing/ setting out/ starting off for that city right now.表示一段時間，如：例534：Ill stay here for a few days.表達“為了”，如

31、：例535：-What do you read the book for? -Just for pleasure.例536：Hope for the best, and prepare for the worst.表達“就來說”，例如：例537：Its bad for your teeth.例538：Jenny is tall for her age.表示“給”，如：例539：Here is a letter for you.表示原因。如：例540：For some reason, he had to move on again.表示贊成。例如：例541：Are you for or agai

32、nst the plan?(5) off：表示離開。例如：例542：The island is three miles off the coast.例543：Please keep off the grass.注意下面的例句里off 用作副詞，表達同樣的意思。例如：例544:-Im afraid I must be off now. -Oh, are you starting off/ setting off for Jamestown? -Yes, And my plane takes off at 11:15. -Then let me see you off. -Thank you ju

33、st the same. Jack will drive me off to the airport.(6) to:表示對某人的態(tài)度：例545：The boss is very kind to us.表示：致，致使。如：例546：To our surprise, he got A grade in the exam this time. 表示方向和目標（與表示來往的動詞連用）如：例547：Lets go/ walk/ run to the shopping center. 表示：給，于。如：例548：To whom did you send the message? 表示對比。例如：例549：

34、The score was 6 to 2. 表示目的。例如：例550：He often comes to our help.(他常來幫我們) 表示關(guān)聯(lián)、聯(lián)系，意為“對于、至于、關(guān)于”。例如：例551：Water is to fish what air is to man. (水對魚的關(guān)系正如空氣對人)例552：Where is the key to the door/ exercise? (類似的用法還有answer, approach, explanation, introduction, invitation, key, memorial, monument, note, solution

35、等) 表示物體或道路的方向。意為“通向”。例如：例553：Lets meet at the entrance to the theatre. (類似用法還有access, entrance, guide, road等) 表示適應(yīng)、遵照，意為“按、按照、隨同、伴隨”。例如：例554：Pleased add salt to your taste.例555：Hes singing to the piano.(7) with：帶復合結(jié)構(gòu)（with+賓語+賓語補足語）。注意句中的賓語補足語：例556：The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. （介詞短語）

36、例557：I like to sleep with the light on.(副詞)例558：I like to sleep with the windows open.(形容詞)例559：With so much work to do, I have to get up early tomorrow. (不定式)例560：With the day going on, everything will be all right. (現(xiàn)在分詞。隨著時間的推移，一切都會好的。句子中的with the day going on相當于as the day goes on.)例561：With his

37、money and friends gone, he felt very lonely.(過去分詞)表示：具有，帶有。例如：例562：The man with thick glasses in Professor Hunter.表示使用的工具、手段等。例如：例563：All this was done with our hands. (by hand.)表示：相處、合作。例如：例564：David is hard to work with.表示原因。例如：例565：He turned red with anger.例566：With the teachers help, Joan made g

38、reat progress in English. 表示：在方面。例如：例567：Could you help me with my English? 表示：隨著。例如：例568：With these words, he left the room angrily.(8) during例569：During my stay in the States, I often thought of my friend Li Hua. (句子中的during my stay in the states.可用從句when/ while I stayed in the States來表達，但不可用durin

39、g I stayed in the States, 因為介詞during 不帶句子)(9) but:例570：Who but Cart would do that?例571：They had no choice but to give in. 例572：My cat does everything but speak.Except, besides, including和except, except for, except that, except when兩組介詞的比較。Except ：除外，沒有。指的是同類人、事、物的比較；另外，其搭配except for指的是不同類的人、事、物比較，ex

40、cept that, except when后接的是從句。例如：例807：All the articles were well written except Anns.( 同類物相比，即安的作文寫得還好)例808：Anns article was well written except for some spelling mistakes.（不同類相比，即只不過有些拼寫錯。）例809：The old lady often takes a walk except when it is raining. (跟從句，即下雨時不散步)But:：除外，沒有。與except 同義，但只用于who, all

41、, no one, nobody, nothing, everyone，everything等代詞后，例如：例811：Who but Carl would do that?例812：They had no choice but to give in.例813：He does everything but cook. (他什么都行，就是不會做飯。此處的but前面有行為動詞do,其后的動詞應(yīng)不帶to.) Besides:作介詞，意思為“除外，還有“；作副詞，意思為”況且，再說“。例如：例814：All the students were besides their teachers.例815：It

42、s getting dark; besides, its going to rain.Including/ included:包括。注意它們不是介詞，、including是動詞include的ing形式，included則是形容詞。例如：例816：All the students went, including Li Hua/ Li Hua included.(后者是獨立主格，相當于and Li Hua was included.)1. The speech by the mayor of Shanghai before the final voting for Expo 2010 is st

43、rongly impressed _ my memory. A. to B. over C. by D. on2. The trees in that thick forest are so dose together that there is hardly any room to move _ them. A. between B. in C. among D. across3. So far, several ships have been reported missing _ the coast of Bermuda Island.A. off B. along C. on D. ar

44、ound4. It was easier to move about _ the fringe of the crowd.A. at B. in C. on D. to 5. For miles around me there is nothing but a desert, without a single plant of tree _.A. in sight B. on the earth C. at a distance D. in a place6. I wanted two seats _ Madame Gurie for Friday night, so I rang the c

45、inema to seeif I could book two tickets. A. of B. about C. to D. for 7. -Has the train arrived? -No, it all will be late _ half an hour.A. at B. for C. in D. by 8. I like traveling by sea _ it is not rough.A. unless B. in case C. as long as D. although9. -Poor Tom! He will have to work all the next

46、month.-Luckily, _ the basketball games are held.A. except B. except that C. except when D. except for 10. _ sick or well, my grandfather is always cheerful.A. Either B. No matter C. Even if D. whether11. The oil must be used up, _ the light went out.A. for B. because C. since D. as 12. The two count

47、ries were _ between 1989 and 1992.A. peace B. at no war C. at peace D. at peaceful13. The bridge is 1000 meters _ length.A. with B. in C. at D. on14. Look out _ the traffic when crossing the road.A. at B. of C. for D. with 15. We often call Martin Luther King M.L.King _ .A. in short B. for short C.

48、at short D. to short16. _ the end of last term, every student in the school, I think, has taken at least five maths tests. A. By B. Since C. From D. In17. -How can I get to the island you mentioned?-You cant get there _ by swimming.A. other than B. more than C. rather than D. less than18. -I find reading comprehension