英語語法詳解主謂一致語法

1、 語法一致原則語法一致原則 語法一致原則就是根據(jù)主語的語法形式?jīng)Q定其謂語動詞的語法形式。主語是單數(shù)，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： A letter has been sent to every student. Two letters have been sent to every student. 意義一致原則意義一致原則 意義一致原則指主謂之間的一致關(guān)系不是由主語的語法形式來決定，而是由主語所表達(dá)的意義來決定。形式是單數(shù)的主語，其謂語可能是復(fù)數(shù)形式；反之，形式是復(fù)數(shù)的主語，其謂語有可能是單數(shù)（詳見后文所述）。例如： The class are doing

2、experiment on heat and light. The team are playing magnificently. The United States is a country advanced in science and technology. Ten dollars is all I have left. Two thirds of the area is under water. 同一單詞作主語，根據(jù)其表達(dá)意義的不同，有時用單數(shù)動詞，有時卻要用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。例如： The family is the basic unit of the society. The family

3、 have agreed among themselves to spend their vacation in Italy. 就近原則就近原則 就近原則是指謂語動詞與它最近的名詞、代詞或其他詞在人稱或數(shù)上保持一致。常見于eitheror; neithernor; there be; not onlybut also等.例如： Either you or he was wrong. There is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer. Not only his children but he himself is hopin

4、g to be there. 上述三條原則的具體應(yīng)用比較復(fù)雜，以下幾點需要特別注意。 我們分三大類情況來看： (一 ) 謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況1 one, every, each, everyone, everybody, no, no one, one of, many a, more than one, either, neither, nobody, anyone, somebody, someone等作主語或主語修飾語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： Every /Each boy and girl is treated in the same way. Every /Ea

5、ch man and every /each woman has good reason to be proud of the work done by their fathers.2 a kind of, a sort of, a portion of, a section of, a series of, a piece of, a pair of, a couple of 等修飾主語時，謂語動詞一般根據(jù)語法一致原則一般用單數(shù)。例如： A pair of scissors is what he needs now. Two pairs of scissors are what he nee

6、ds now. A series of lectures on engineering is scheduled. There is a couple of vacant rooms behind the office.3 表示國家、單位、書報等名稱或表示時間、距離、體積、度量衡（將它視為一整體）等的名詞或短語作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： The Netherlands is famous for its tulips. One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot. Ten pounds was missing from the bill.

7、 The Thirty-Nine Steps is an interesting novel.4 不定式、動名詞短語或名詞性從句作主語時，謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)。例如： To master at least a foreign language is very necessary in the present conditions. Forgetting the past means nothing but betrayal. When they will start on their journey hasnt been decided5 單數(shù)詞作主語， 雖然后接由as well as, alo

8、ng with, like, rather than, together with, besides, including, in addition to, accompanied by等詞連接其他的詞，謂語動詞仍然用單數(shù)。例如： Gold, as well as silver, has recently risen in price. The factory, with all its equipment, has been burned. John together with his brothers has gone to the party.6 以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語的主謂一致

9、問題 某些以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱作主語時，如physics,mathematics,mechanics, optics, acoustics, politics statistics, economics, linguistics, athletics等, 謂語動詞通常用作單數(shù)。例如： Acoustics studies the science of sound. Athletics is a required course for students of all grades. 但如果這類名詞表示學(xué)科以外的其它含義，可作復(fù)數(shù)用。 例如： Athletics have been greatl

10、y encouraged at this college. The acoustics of the new concert hall are perfect.以以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題 以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語的主謂一致問題,如：arthritis（關(guān)節(jié)炎）,bronchitis（支氣管炎）,diabetes（糖尿?。?mumps（腮腺炎）,phlebitis（靜脈炎）,rickets（軟骨病）, Measles（麻疹）這類以-s結(jié)尾的疾病名稱作主語時，謂語動詞通常用作單數(shù)。 例如： Arthritis causes great pain

11、in the joints of the patient. The diabetes is a kind of chronic disease. Measles（麻疹） usually occurs in children. Phlebitis is a swollen condition of the blood vessels.以以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名稱作主語結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名稱作主語 英語中有一些通常以-s結(jié)尾的由兩部分組成的物體名詞，如glasses, pincers,pliers,scissors, shorts,suspenders,trousers等，這類名詞做

12、主語，如果不帶“一把”、“一副”等單位詞，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： Marys glasses are new. Johns trousers are black. 如果帶有單位詞， 則由單位詞決定動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。 例如： One pair of pincers isnt enough. Two pairs of scissors are missing from my tool box. 英語中還有一些以- s結(jié)尾的名詞，如archives，arms,clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remain

13、s，stairs, suburbs, thanks,wages這類名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： The archives of the country are kept in the Department of Security. The contents of the book are most amusing. High wages often result in high prices. My thanks are sincere.(二二)謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況1 both, some, few, many, several, the majority (

14、of), the minority (of)等詞語作主語或主語修飾語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Both of them have gone to Shanghai on business. Few of my classmates really understand me. The majority of (the) doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.2 以復(fù)數(shù)形式結(jié)尾的山脈、群島、瀑布等專有名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： The Niagara Falls are very spectacular. The West Indie

15、s are commonly divided into two parts. The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean.3 表示群體或類屬的“the +形容詞” 作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： The injured were sent to hospital at once. In many western films, the good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.(三三)謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)要視情形而定的情況謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)要視情形而定的情況1 由and連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。

16、例如： Your problem and mine are similar. 但當(dāng)and連接的詞語作整體考慮，指同一人、同一事物或概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。例如： The worker and poet has published a collection of poems recently. Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness. 當(dāng)and連接兩個形容詞修飾一個單數(shù)名詞作主語時，如果指一件事物謂語動詞用單數(shù)； 如果指兩件事物則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： A black and white(黑白相間的) horse was

17、trotting down. The red and the yellow rose are both beautiful.2 集合名詞如family, group, team, the public, crowd, committee, staff, government等作主語， 表整體意義時用單數(shù)；表個體意義時用復(fù)數(shù)。例如： Our team has won the game. Our team are discussing about how to win. 通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞通常作復(fù)數(shù)的集體名詞 包括police,people, cattle, militia, vermin, p

18、oultry(家禽）等，這些集體名詞通常用作復(fù)數(shù)。 例如： The British police have only very limited powers. The militia were called out to guard the borderland. 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞包括poultry（家禽肉）,foliage，machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise等,這類名詞后的動詞用單數(shù)形式。 例如： Poultry is expensive at this time of year. That green foliage was restful. The merchandise has arrived undamaged.3 一些表示數(shù)量的詞，如 all of, a lot of, any of, most of, half of, two-thirds of, three fourths, eighty p