2021高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)第三編專題三概要寫作學(xué)案含解析新人教版

1、 概要寫作概要寫作是新高考中兩種新型寫作形式之一，將在英語一年兩考中與讀后續(xù)寫于不同考次不定期交替考查。該題型提供一篇350詞以內(nèi)的短文，要求基于該短文寫出一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。所提供短文的體裁沒有限制，但以說明文和議論文為主，偶有夾敘夾議文、記敘文或其他文體。這是因?yàn)楦乓獙懽骱诵目疾榈氖菍?duì)文章脈絡(luò)的梳理能力和觀點(diǎn)總結(jié)能力。而這兩種能力更容易在說明文和議論文中考查。因此了解議論和說明文體的特點(diǎn)，對(duì)于幫助考生在概要寫作中找準(zhǔn)要點(diǎn)，提高解題能力大有裨益。特別注意事項(xiàng)注意所給文章的體裁和時(shí)態(tài)。合理安排篇幅比例，同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即應(yīng)包括原文中的主要事實(shí)，略去不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。注意要點(diǎn)之間的銜接。要學(xué)會(huì)

2、判斷段落與段落之間，句子與句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，要用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞語貫通全文。切忌抄襲原句，或?qū)⒃募?xì)節(jié)作為中心。不排斥使用原文中的某些詞句，但至少應(yīng)做一些同義替換，若能做到結(jié)構(gòu)上的轉(zhuǎn)換將更理想。注意檢查詞數(shù)、拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)等問題，因?yàn)檫@些都是評(píng)分的考慮事項(xiàng)。自主訓(xùn)練在學(xué)習(xí)教材時(shí)逐段概括段落大意或者復(fù)述課文，或者在做閱讀理解的過程中概括文章的主要內(nèi)容和段落大意，這能夠在一定程度上為概要寫作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)?；A(chǔ)訓(xùn)練熟練掌握并運(yùn)用單詞、短語和句型，在基礎(chǔ)詞匯和句法知識(shí)上下功夫，加強(qiáng)同義轉(zhuǎn)述和句子重構(gòu)方面的訓(xùn)練。專題化訓(xùn)練有計(jì)劃地進(jìn)行適度專題訓(xùn)練有利于快速掌握概要寫作的要點(diǎn)和方法，沖破對(duì)該題型的不適感。平時(shí)

3、可多關(guān)注往年的高考閱讀文章，進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)分析和主旨概括訓(xùn)練?？砂次捏w和題材分類訓(xùn)練，增強(qiáng)對(duì)文章上下文連貫性的把握。另外，還要掌握各種文體的寫作特點(diǎn)和框架。概要寫作一般遵循以下四個(gè)解題步驟：第一步剖析原文，抓住大意概要寫作題首先要做的也是“讀”?！白x”的目的是確定文章的體裁和主題，明確篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。要根據(jù)意義劃分文中的自然段，掌握自然段的大意，意義段的數(shù)量對(duì)應(yīng)的就是要點(diǎn)的數(shù)量。第二步剪枝存精，找到關(guān)鍵全文的結(jié)構(gòu)了然于胸后，然后要做的就是對(duì)文中內(nèi)容的處理。處理的目的是刪除次要內(nèi)容，保留主要內(nèi)容。文中描述性的語言、細(xì)節(jié)和列舉的示例都屬于需要剪掉的“枝”，可一帶而過。剩余的部分要仔細(xì)研讀，與主題句相關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞

4、句更要標(biāo)注出來，重點(diǎn)關(guān)注，最后歸納的要點(diǎn)往往是這些詞句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。并且每段的首尾句有可能是主題句。第三步組織語言，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)在這一步中，我們可采用同義替換、語義轉(zhuǎn)換、要點(diǎn)組織、巧用關(guān)聯(lián)詞等方法來靈活準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)，以達(dá)到語言表達(dá)獨(dú)立性的要求。第四步修正定稿，檢查細(xì)節(jié)初稿完成后，要檢查要點(diǎn)是否齊全，各要點(diǎn)是否表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確；檢查是否有語法、拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等錯(cuò)誤；還要檢查詞數(shù)是否符合要求。閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. however,_there_is

5、_nothing_fixed_about_attitudes_to_dirt. in the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. a particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. by

6、1538, the french king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. so did the king of england in 1546. thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. henry iv, king of france, was famously dirty. upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king o

7、rdered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.though the belief in the merit of dirt was longlived, dirt_has_no_longer_been_regarded_as_a_nice_neighbor_ever_since_the_18th_century. scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. clean water supply and han

8、d washing are practical means of preventing disease. yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since world war . advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. has the hate for dirt, however, gone too

9、far？attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. many firsttime parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. on the contrary, mary ruebush, an american immunologist (免疫學(xué)家), encourages_children_to_play_in_the_dirt_to_build_up

10、_a_strong_immune_system._and_the_latter_position_is_gaining_some_ground. 解題步驟1.剖析原文，抓住大意本文為一篇議論文，全文共分四段，每段中心大意如下：第一段：論述人們對(duì)于身體上的污垢的態(tài)度不一致。第二段：論述在16世紀(jì)早期，人們認(rèn)為身體上的污垢是阻擋疾病的屏障。第三段：論述從18世紀(jì)開始，人們開始認(rèn)為洗去身體上的污垢對(duì)健康有利。第四段：論述現(xiàn)在的專家認(rèn)為在泥土里玩?？梢栽鰪?qiáng)人體的免疫力。2.剪枝存精，找到關(guān)鍵在完成上一步后，接下來要做的就是，提取主要內(nèi)容，找到主題詞句，并用提綱形式標(biāo)注出來。3.組織語言，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá)接下來

11、要做的就是采用同義替換、語義轉(zhuǎn)換、要點(diǎn)組織、巧用關(guān)聯(lián)詞等方法來靈活準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)，以達(dá)到語言表達(dá)獨(dú)立性的要求。要點(diǎn)1：第一段的主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)1?？蓪⒅黝}句中的there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt改為people have mixed opinions towards dirt。其中，nothing fixed等同于mixed，attitudes等同于opinions。要點(diǎn)2：第二段的主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)2?？蓪⒅黝}句中的thought改為believed，block out disease改為prevent people from gett

12、ing ill。要點(diǎn)3：第三段的主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)3。主題句可整合為however, since the 18th century, people have been told that cleaning away dirt is good to health.要點(diǎn)4：第四段的主題句可概括為要點(diǎn)4。原文中的encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. and the latter position is gaining some ground.可整合為some experts believ

13、e that exposure to some dirt may help make our immune system strong, though。原文中的to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system可改為exposure to some dirt和make our immune system strong。同時(shí)注意在各要點(diǎn)之間，根據(jù)意義可使用however，though等關(guān)聯(lián)詞，以使文章邏輯合理，行文連貫。4.修正定稿，檢查細(xì)節(jié)檢查要點(diǎn)是否齊全，各要點(diǎn)是否表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確；檢查是否有語法、拼寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等錯(cuò)誤；檢查詞數(shù)是否符合要求。

14、核實(shí)無誤后，工整地謄寫到答題卡上。精彩范文people have mixed opinions towards dirt. (要點(diǎn)1) in the early 16th century, people in some european countries, france, for example, thought that dirt on the skin could prevent people from getting ill. (要點(diǎn)2) however, since the 18th century, people have been told that cleaning away

15、dirt is good to health. (要點(diǎn)3) nowadays, some experts believe that exposure to some dirt may help make our immune system strong, though.(要點(diǎn)4)以上四步解題流程中，第一步體現(xiàn)的是高度概括的能力，第二步體現(xiàn)的是刪除細(xì)節(jié)、分清主次的能力，這兩步是前提，而第三步(組織語言，轉(zhuǎn)換表達(dá))是取得高分的關(guān)鍵，這一步主要體現(xiàn)在以下三方面：同義替換概要寫作要求使用自己的語言來表述與原句同樣的意思。做題時(shí)在找出文中的要點(diǎn)后，我們可使用詞詞替換(指同義詞和近義詞或用反義詞的否定形式

16、來替換)、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(指用同一個(gè)單詞或短語的不同形式去表達(dá)同樣的意思)、單詞與詞語或詞組與詞組替換及句式替換(指運(yùn)用句式、語態(tài)等的轉(zhuǎn)化及反向表達(dá)等手法)的方法來達(dá)到語言獨(dú)立性的要求。同義替換的能力直接影響評(píng)分，是取得高分的重要一環(huán)。調(diào)整句式除了用同義替換外，我們還可采用對(duì)句式進(jìn)行機(jī)動(dòng)靈活調(diào)整的方式來達(dá)到預(yù)期的目標(biāo)。句式調(diào)整的方式很多，要恰如其分地運(yùn)用，重在平時(shí)的積累和訓(xùn)練。如，我們可用反向表達(dá)、壓縮長句(或長詞組)、簡單句整合、特殊句式等手法。巧用銜接詞在寫概要寫作的時(shí)候，要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)原文的意思，就要充分考慮文章所體現(xiàn)的邏輯關(guān)系，以增加文章的連貫性和流暢性，不用或誤用銜接詞都會(huì)使文章顯得生硬難懂。

17、平時(shí)我們要注意表并列、遞進(jìn)、因果、轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比等銜接詞語的積累。此外， 在一些文本中，有時(shí)某個(gè)段落的意思并不與前面那段有直接關(guān)系，而是與整篇文章有關(guān)系，如結(jié)尾的總結(jié)段落或開篇的段落。這時(shí)，當(dāng)我們用一句話來概括該段落往往可以在句前加一些副詞或短語來引出表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)或事實(shí)。type 1議論文議論文的概要主要是找出“中心句支撐句結(jié)論句”。不過并不是所有的議論文都有結(jié)論句，但中心句和支撐句肯定是有的，其中最重要的是找準(zhǔn)中心句。test 1閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。in modern society there is a great deal of argument about c

18、ompetition. some value it highly, believing that it is beneficial for social progress and prosperity. others say that competition is bad, believing that it sets one person against another and that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people. i have taught many children who hold the belief tha

19、t their selfworth relies on how well they perform at tennis and other skills. for them, playing well and winning are often lifeanddeath affairs. in their singleminded pursuit (追求) of success, the development of many other human qualities is sadly forgotten.however, while some seem to be lost in the

20、desire to succeed, others take an opposite attitude. in a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players, they strongly blame competition. among the most vocal are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society. teaching the

21、se young people, i often observe a desire to fail in them. they seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success. by not trying, they always have an excuse：“i may have lost, but it doesnt matter because i really didnt want to try.” what is not usually admitted by them is the belief that

22、if they had really tried and lost, that would mean a lot. such a loss would be a measure of their worth. clearly, this belief is the same as that of the true competitors who try to prove themselves. both are based on the mistaken belief that ones selfrespect relies on how well one performs in compar

23、ison with others. both are afraid of not being valued. only as this basic and often troublesome fear begins to dissolve (消失) can they discover a new meaning in competition. 寫作指導(dǎo)文章大意：對(duì)于競爭人們持有截然不同的態(tài)度，然而作者認(rèn)為這兩種觀點(diǎn)都有失偏頗。要點(diǎn)提煉：1提出問題：人們對(duì)于競爭的態(tài)度截然不同：有人高度贊賞；有人極力反對(duì)；2用具體事例說明：在有些人看來，成功高于一切；3然而，有些人卻持有截然不同的態(tài)度：抵觸競爭、

24、不愿競爭；4作者觀點(diǎn)：兩種態(tài)度都失于偏頗，只有克服內(nèi)心的恐懼他們才能領(lǐng)會(huì)競爭的意義和真諦。精彩范文nowadays, opinions about competition are divided: some people say its of great value while others think differently. (要點(diǎn)1) to some children, what they long for in life is success and they ignore their characters in other aspects. (要點(diǎn)2) however, others

25、 look at it in a different way where the spirit of competition is not favored and they never make an attempt. (要點(diǎn)3) to be frank, the significance of competition can be discovered only when people get over the fear of failure. (要點(diǎn)4)test 2閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。recently, a professor of philosophy i

26、n the united states has written a book called money and the meaning of life. he has discovered that how we deal with money in our daytoday life has more meaning than we usually think. one of the exercises he asks his students to do is to keep a record of every penny they spend for a week. from the w

27、ay they spend their money, they often see what they really value in life.he says our relation with others often becomes clearly defined when money enters the picture. you might have a wonderful friendship with somebody and you think that you are very good friends. but you will remember him only when

28、 you ask him to lend you some money. if he does, it will bring something to the relationship that seems stronger than ever before. or it can suddenly weaken the relationship. this person may say that he has a certain feeling, but if it is not carried out in the financial world, there is something le

29、ss real about it. since money is so important to us, we consider those who possess a lot of it to be very important. the author interviewed some millionaires in researching his book. question: what is the most surprising thing you have discovered about being rich, because you are a selfmade man?answ

30、er: the most surprising thing is why people give me so much respect. i am nothing. i dont know much. all i am is rich. people just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it for? how much do i need for any given purpose in my life? in his book, the professor uncovered an important ne

31、ed in modern society: to bring back the idea that money is an instrument rather than the end. money plays an important role in the material world, but expecting money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life. 寫前導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章以一本書引出話題：金錢對(duì)于人們的意義。文章旨在告訴我們不應(yīng)把錢放在人生追求的首位。精彩范文a professor has re

32、cently discovered that how one spends money shows what is important to him. (要點(diǎn)1) furthermore, money helps define the relationship between friends. (要點(diǎn)2) however, important as money is, it shouldnt be placed too much emphasis on, according to some millionaires. (要點(diǎn)3) in conclusion, money is only a u

33、seful tool in our life and those hoping for money to bring pleasure have got the wrong end of the stick. (要點(diǎn)4)test 3閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。nowadays in the society, many people, especially girls, blindly pursue the light skin. they hold a biased view that light skin may be seen as a mark of beauty

34、 and elegance.the result is that skin lightening has become a common activity across africa, asia and other areas of the world. more and more people with dark skin are using skinlightening products, even if it means they may face health risks. they believe that having whiter skin will improve their

35、lives. many people think they will have a better chance of getting a job or marrying into a better family. or they want to look like what their society generally considers beautiful. some beauty care products and soaps contain chemicals that make skin lighter. this is also called bleaching. but some

36、 of the chemicals are extremely dangerous. one of the most dangerous has been connected to kidney damage and some kinds of cancer. it also causes low birth weight in babies when motherstobe use it during pregnancy. at first, bleaching products make the skin color lighter. but after longterm use they

37、 can cause problems. they could even make some skin darker. the chemicals in the products block and break down the natural process that gives color to skin. the skin loses its natural barrier (障礙) to protect against sunlight. then the skin can become thick and discolored. usually the person will use

38、 more of the product in an effort to correct the problem, but this only makes it worse. doctor ly who works in a hospital, says the chemicals are now more dangerous because they are stronger. some cases have resulted in blackened fingernails, infections and permanent (永久的) skin damage. and these are

39、 not the only risks. experts say some people who change their skin color suffer emotional damage. they feel regret and sadness. they feel that instead of risking their health, they should have learned to love and accept their skin color as it was. 寫前導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了女性以白皮膚為美，尤為亞洲女性。但是過于追求白，反而是一種傷害。精

40、彩范文many people prefer light skin since it is considered a symbol of being beautiful and attractive. (要點(diǎn)1) therefore, bleaching is becoming increasingly popular in many parts of the world. (要點(diǎn)2) however, though some beauty products may bring people lighter skin, the chemicals contained are of extreme

41、 danger. (要點(diǎn)3) they will do harm to people both physically and mentally. hence, the love and acceptance of their skin color is of importance. (要點(diǎn)4)test 4閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。people have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behavior are formed. it is not easy to explain why one p

42、erson is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.social scientists are of course extremely interested in these types of questions. they want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behavior. there are no clear answers yet, bu

43、t two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. as one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between supporters of each theory. the controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”those who suppor

44、t the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. that our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. taken to an extreme, this theory stat

45、es that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts (本能)supporters of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining o

46、ur personalities and how we will act. a behaviorist, b. f. skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. the behaviorists view of the human being is quite mechanistic. they state that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli (刺激) as t

47、he basis of their behavior.either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. in fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain. 寫前導(dǎo)讀：本文是一篇議論文。文章主要對(duì)塑造人的個(gè)性及行為的因素進(jìn)行了分析討論。雖然并未得

48、出結(jié)論，但在不久的將來科學(xué)會(huì)帶領(lǐng)我們解開這個(gè)謎團(tuán)。精彩范文it is difficult to tell exactly what plays an important role in shaping ones personalities and behavior. (要點(diǎn)1) with no definite answers given, there are two different theories known as nature and nurture. (要點(diǎn)2) supporters of the former argue that genes are the key factor

49、s to peoples personalities and behavior (要點(diǎn)3) while supporters of the latter hold the opinion that they are largely determined by environment. (要點(diǎn)4) however, neither of the two theories gives full explanation to the question and the answer to it is likely to exist between the two theories. (要點(diǎn)5)test

50、 5閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。a vegetarian diet is often praised for its health benefits. studies have shown that vegetarians usually have lower levels of heart disease and a lower risk of diabetes than people who eat meat. what most people are less aware of, however, are the effects that a vegetarian

51、 diet can have on the environment.researchers from the union of concerned scientists in the us recently studied how consumer behavior affects the environment. the study showed that meat consumption is one of the main ways that humans can damage the environment, second only to the use of motor vehicl

52、e. then, how can eating meat have a negative effect on the environment? for a start, all farm animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep give off methane (沼氣) gas by expelling (排出) wind from their bodies. one cow can produce up to 60 liters of methane each day. methane gas is the second most common green

53、house gas after carbon dioxide. many environmental experts now believe that it is more responsible for global warming than carbon dioxide. it is estimated that 25% of all methane released into the atmosphere comes from farm animals. another way that meat production affects the environment is through

54、 the use of water and land. 2,500 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of beef, whereas 20 gallons of water are needed to produce one pound of wheat. one acre of farmland used for crop production can produce 40,000 pounds of potatoes, 30,000 pounds of carrots, or 50,000 pounds of tomatoe

55、s. many people now see the benefits of switching to a vegetarian diet, not just for health reasons, but also because it plays a vital role in protecting the environment. however, some nutritionists advise against switching to a totally strict vegetarian, or vegan diet. they believe a vegan diet, which excludes all products from animal so