中考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)第二部分題型突破一閱讀理解課件五四制

1、(一)選擇型閱讀理解1閱讀理解“三步定位法”第一步看題干，定位題干關(guān)鍵詞。先看問(wèn)題，找出題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，猜測(cè)文章大意。第二步讀文章，一次定位找原文。帶著關(guān)鍵詞快速通讀全文，畫出與題干內(nèi)容相關(guān)的詞匯和句子，并在腦海中形成篇章結(jié)構(gòu)圖。第三步回看題，連線解讀定答案。細(xì)讀題干、選項(xiàng)，針對(duì)已畫出的原文內(nèi)容進(jìn)行二次定位，精準(zhǔn)連線，鎖定答案。2具體解題技巧(1)細(xì)節(jié)理解題 多從文章的某個(gè)具體事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)題目，考查對(duì)文章具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)的理解能力，屬于表層理解題范疇，難度較小，但所占比例最大，一般占總分值的60%85%。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式有：用what, where, which, why, who, ho

2、w等疑問(wèn)詞進(jìn)行提問(wèn)；用according to.開(kāi)頭，后接短文具體內(nèi)容；用動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu)、介賓結(jié)構(gòu)或系表結(jié)構(gòu)等方式設(shè)題；以.because的提問(wèn)方式設(shè)題等。解答這類題要學(xué)會(huì)以下技巧：如果所提問(wèn)題是文章中現(xiàn)成的內(nèi)容可直接搜尋；細(xì)讀文章的第一段或前幾句，注意每段的開(kāi)頭句和結(jié)尾句；重視結(jié)尾段，作者一般會(huì)在結(jié)尾段作出總結(jié)，表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)。 i grew up in new hampshire, a small town in south canada, where in my fathers words for the seasons were “spring, summer, fairtime and w

3、inter！” at that time, a weeklong fair(集市) was held in the town every autumn. thousands of people from other towns came to sell and buy things. it was the busiest time of the year.例 thousands of people came to the town to at the fair.aenjoy grandmas foodbsell and buy thingsclearn to cookdhave a big p

4、arty【答案及解析】 b由本段第三句話可知，數(shù)千人來(lái)到小鎮(zhèn)是為了在集市上買賣東西，故選b。(2)推理判斷題一般來(lái)說(shuō)主要有：對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)的推理判斷；對(duì)某個(gè)問(wèn)題或某一部分的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度的推理判斷；對(duì)作者在整篇文章中的態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)和寫作意圖的推理判斷。常見(jiàn)的設(shè)題方式有：the sentence/paragraph/passage infers that.；we can learn from the sentence/paragraph/passage that.; the sentence/paragraph/passage implies that.；by saying., the author mean

5、s.; what can we infer from the.; at the end of the passage the writer suggests.；from the second example we can infer that.；it can be concluded/inferred from the passage that. one day, a little boy decided to dig a hole behind his house after watching a science program. as he was working, a couple of

6、 boys stopped by to watch. “what are you doing？” asked one of the visitors. “i want to dig a deep hole all the way through the earth！” the boy answered excitedly. the older boys began to laugh, telling him that it was impossible to do it. then they left.例 it can be inferred from the passage that the

7、 older boys think the little boy is asilly bstrictcfriendly dstrongminded【答案及解析】 a由本段倒數(shù)第二句可知，那些年紀(jì)大一些的男孩嘲笑小男孩，說(shuō)他不可能完成那件事，由此可推斷，他們覺(jué)得小男孩很愚蠢，故選a。(3)詞義猜測(cè)題 該題型要求在充分理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)某單詞或短語(yǔ)進(jìn)行合理猜測(cè)。做題時(shí)可結(jié)合上下文的文意和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行推測(cè)。 a serious sandstorm(沙塵暴) has hit beijing, together with five to seven degree strong wind. a grea

8、t yellow dust cloud enveloped the chinese capital last sunday.例 what does “enveloped” mean in this passage?a信封 b遮蓋c刮走 d灰塵【答案及解析】 b由前面可知，沙塵暴襲擊了北京，再結(jié)合句法可知envelop在此是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，排除a、d兩項(xiàng)；再結(jié)合生活常識(shí)可判斷，此處envelop是表示“遮蓋”之意，故選b。(4)主旨大意題考查考生對(duì)短文整體的理解概括能力。常見(jiàn)的提問(wèn)方式有：what is the main idea/subject/topic of the passage；the au

9、thor is mainly concerned with.；what does the passage mainly discuss；the passage is mainly about.；which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?解答該類題目時(shí)可注意以下幾點(diǎn)：有標(biāo)題的文章，要從標(biāo)題開(kāi)始閱讀，因?yàn)闃?biāo)題常是文章的主題；注意段首和段尾，有些文章會(huì)在段首或段尾給出全文主旨；有些文章的中心思想貫穿全文，建議最后做此類題目，因?yàn)樽鐾昶渌}目后， 自然就會(huì)對(duì)文章主旨有一定的把握；留心關(guān)鍵詞，抓住文章主旨，關(guān)鍵詞即文中

10、反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的、與主題有關(guān)的名詞或動(dòng)詞。schools will go electronic. computers will be important and popular among the students. everything will be in the computer and students will not need to bring books to school. they will find information on the internet. a computer will be the students library, schoolbag and connect

11、ion to the outside world. there will be robot teachers. they will check homework on computers and communicate with the students parents through email.例 whats the main idea of this passage?aschools will go electronic.bcomputers will be important.cthere will be robot teachers.dteachers will communicat

12、e with the students parents through email.【答案及解析】 a第一句為中心句，后面是對(duì)其擴(kuò)展和論述，故選a。(5)數(shù)字推算題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)提供的數(shù)據(jù)以及內(nèi)在關(guān)系做出簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算和推斷。 i won a prize for one of my paintings when i was fourteen. that may be why i went to art school four years later.when i left school, i got some money. i hope to become a fulltime painter.例

13、when finishing school studies, the writer was about a14 b16c18 d21【答案及解析】 d作者14歲因繪畫獲獎(jiǎng)，18歲進(jìn)入美術(shù)學(xué)校，畢業(yè)時(shí)一定在18歲以上，故選d。 (二)判斷正誤型閱讀理解 在中考英語(yǔ)中，正誤判斷題一般難度不大，所設(shè)題目都是陳述事實(shí)，不出現(xiàn)疑問(wèn)句形式。 閱讀短文時(shí)要在掌握主旨和作者意圖的基礎(chǔ)上，捕捉與題干相關(guān)的內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)。在對(duì)每一道題進(jìn)行判斷時(shí)，通過(guò)尋讀法在原文中找出與每個(gè)問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落與詞句，并進(jìn)行認(rèn)真比較分析，從中找到依據(jù)，不能憑印象想當(dāng)然，胡亂猜測(cè)，只有完全符合文章意思的句子，方可判定為正確，那些基本意思相符，卻

14、仍有某一點(diǎn)不符的應(yīng)判定為錯(cuò)誤。判斷每個(gè)句子的正誤時(shí)絕不可先看一道題目，就將短文搜索一遍尋找答案，這樣不僅費(fèi)時(shí)，而且由于缺乏對(duì)文章意思的全面了解，判斷時(shí)往往有很大的盲目性。有些題要從西方語(yǔ)言文化背景和習(xí)俗入手。 在閱讀理解中，判斷句子的正誤要先讀懂短文，理解短文的大意和脈絡(luò)，然后依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容對(duì)給出的句子進(jìn)行是非判斷。這類題目的一般解題思路是：閱讀原文、捕捉信息、理解大意。先通讀原文，捕捉文中所提供的信息，抓住文章主旨，理解短文的大意和理清全文脈絡(luò)。 審讀題目、找出相關(guān)依據(jù)判斷。讀懂短文內(nèi)容后再審讀題目，把握每個(gè)待判定句子的含義，通過(guò)尋讀法在原文中找出與每個(gè)問(wèn)題相關(guān)的段落與詞句，然后依據(jù)短文內(nèi)容對(duì)

15、所給出的句子進(jìn)行是非判斷。重讀短文、逐題復(fù)檢、核查無(wú)誤。完成正誤判斷后必須將短文重讀一遍，加深對(duì)短文的理解，在此基礎(chǔ)上再對(duì)每一道題進(jìn)行復(fù)查，對(duì)有些似是而非的句子，一定要重新認(rèn)真識(shí)別。(三)還原型閱讀理解 還原型閱讀理解要求考生閱讀短文，從文后所給的句子中選出適當(dāng)?shù)奶钊胛闹小＿€原型閱讀理解主要考查考生對(duì)短文整體結(jié)構(gòu)的駕馭能力，是否能理解故事情節(jié)和事件發(fā)展順序以及段落中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。此處所指各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，可分為：并列、順序、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、總分、解釋、因果等關(guān)系。1并列關(guān)系指句與句之間處于平等并列的地位，互不相屬，只是組合起來(lái)，共同說(shuō)明一個(gè)話題。表達(dá)并列關(guān)系的常用連詞和副詞有and,

16、at the same time等。2順序關(guān)系指構(gòu)成語(yǔ)段的各個(gè)句子只能按事物的發(fā)展過(guò)程由先而后的順序排列，不可以隨便改動(dòng)次序。表達(dá)順序關(guān)系的常用連詞和副詞有：first, second, third (或firstly, secondly, thirdly.), and, then, after that, finally等。3遞進(jìn)關(guān)系指句群按語(yǔ)義的輕重、認(rèn)識(shí)的深淺進(jìn)行由輕到重、由淺入深的排列。表達(dá)遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的常用連詞和副詞有：above all, whats more, moreover, besides, in addition等。4轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系指句與句之間存在著意義的轉(zhuǎn)折。按這種關(guān)系組織起來(lái)的句群通常表達(dá)“對(duì)比”、“對(duì)照”的意思。表達(dá)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的常用連詞和副詞有：but, however, yet, while等。5總分關(guān)系指前邊的句子陳述兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的情況，后邊的句子緊接著分別對(duì)它們加以說(shuō)明。用這種方式組織起來(lái)的句群能夠前后呼應(yīng)，條分縷析。6解釋關(guān)系指后面的句子是對(duì)前面的句子作解釋、引申、例證，使意義更加明了、具體。表達(dá)解釋關(guān)系的常用連詞和副詞有：because, as, for, since等。7因果關(guān)系是一種特殊的解釋關(guān)系，但不能反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)解釋關(guān)系都是因果關(guān)