2022高考英語一輪總復(fù)習(xí)語法專題突破專題五主謂一致和動詞的時態(tài)語態(tài)學(xué)案含解析北師大版

1、專題五主謂一致和動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)核心考點(diǎn)課堂突破高考感悟.單句填空1.(2020·全國卷)the unmanned change-4 probe(探測器)the name was inspired by an ancient chinese moon goddess(touch) down last week in the south pole-aitken basin. 2.(2020·全國卷)“this really excites scientists,”carle pieters,a scientist at brown university,says,“

2、because it (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon (construct).” 3.(2020·全國卷)this is why decorating with plants,fruits and flowers (carry) special significance. 4.(2020·全國卷)the artist was sure he would (choose),but when he presented his masterpiece to t

3、he emperors chief minister,the old man laughed. 5.(2020·全國卷)when he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(傳奇的) artist,they smiled and (point) down the river. 6.(2020·新高考全國卷)the 80,000 objects collected by sir hans sloane,for example,(form

4、) the core collection of the british museum which opened in 1759. 7.(2020·新高考全國卷)the parts of a museum open to the public (call) galleries or rooms. 8.(2020·新高考全國卷)often,only a small part of a museums collection (be) on display. 9.(2019·全國卷)in recent years some inuit pe

5、ople in nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing. 10.(2019·全國卷)picking up her “l(fā)ifetime achievement” award,proud irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business. 11.(2019·全國卷

6、)irene said,“i dont see any reason to give up work.i love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends i (make) over the years.” 12.(2019·全國卷)our host shared many of their experiences and (recommend) wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit. 13.(2019·全國卷)on the last day of

7、our week-long stay,we (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the north shore under the stars,listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals. .單句改錯1.(2020·全國卷)actually,i start to learn kung fu when i was seven years old. 2.(2020·全國卷)for example,every mo

8、rning,my dad has to have a bowl of egg soup while i had to eat an apple. 3.(2020·全國卷)my dad dont like the soup and i dont enjoy apples. 4.(2019·全國卷)there were two reasons for the decision.one was that i was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing

9、 a doctor.and the other is that i wanted to help people in need. 5.(2019·全國卷)ive had many dreams since i was a child.now my dream is to open a cafe.though it may appear simple,it required a lot of ideas and efforts. 考點(diǎn)歸納一、主謂一致考點(diǎn)主謂一致一覽表主語情況謂語例句單數(shù)名詞、非謂語動詞、短語或從句作主語單數(shù)a sheep eats grass.th

10、e word means very good.to work hard is necessary.what he said was wrong.air is very important to us.teaching english carries significance.用and 或both.and 連接的并列主語復(fù)數(shù)he and i were classmates at that time.both bread and butter are sold out.用and 連接的并列主語如指的是同一個人、同一事物(and 后的名詞沒有冠詞)或主語前分別有each,every,no等修飾時單數(shù)

11、the girls teacher and friend is young.bread and butter(=the bread with butter on it)is daily food in the west.every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.不定代詞either,neither,each,none,the other,another,anyone,someone,something,everybody,everything,nobody等做主語時單數(shù)each of the girls has an

12、 apple.somebody is waiting for you at the gate.everything around us is matter.主語是單數(shù)時,盡管后面跟有but,except,besides,as well as,with,like等連接的其他名詞單數(shù)she as well as her friends likes this film.my sister,like you and tom,is very clever.由a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名詞/分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞做主語時,視名詞的數(shù)而定單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)three-fifths of the

13、 water is dirty.30 percent of them are against the plan.表示復(fù)數(shù)意義的名詞,people,police等做主語時復(fù)數(shù)people are talking about the news.the police havent arrived.有些集體名詞family,class,group,team等做主語時,若看作一個整體,謂語用單數(shù);若視為每一個成員,謂語用復(fù)數(shù)視具體情況而定his family has moved to shanghai.his family are all fond of music.their class is ver

14、y big.the class are waiting for a new teacher.who ,what ,which ,all ,more ,most ,some,any ,half ,none ,the rest等做主語視情況而定who is a doctor?who are league members?most of them are young men.most of the water is dirty.表示時間、距離、重量、數(shù)字、錢等的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作整體看待時單數(shù)thirty years is not a long time.five dollars is quite enou

15、gh.以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞如politics,maths及news屬形復(fù)意單名詞,及書報名、國名等復(fù)數(shù)名詞做主語單數(shù)physics seems to be difficult to me.the united states is a developed country.續(xù)表主語情況謂語例句用or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also 等連接的并列主語與靠近的主語一致either you or i am wrong.not only we but also the teachers are wrong.由there或here引起的句子,主語又不止一個

16、,其謂語動詞通常和鄰近的那個主語一致與第一個主語一致there is a pen and some books on the desk.there are some books and a piece of paper on the desk.注意1.不定代詞all,some,any等做主語時,有以下兩種情況:(1)單獨(dú)做主語時,視其上下文或文中的意義而定。謂語動詞可用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)。(2)后接of或直接修飾名詞時,其后若是不可數(shù)名詞,動詞用單數(shù),若是可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如:allthethingsareinthecarnow.nowallthefoodisinthebasket.al

17、lgoeswell.2.“thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”做主語,謂語動詞常用單數(shù),因其意思是“的數(shù)量”;而“anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”做主語,謂語動詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù),因anumberof的意思是“許多,大量(many)”。如:atthebeginningofthisyear,thenumberofstudentswasover1700intheschool.anumberoftreeswereplantedyesterday.二、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)考點(diǎn)一動詞時態(tài)一覽表動詞的時態(tài)一共有16種,以ask為例,將其各種時態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下:現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般ask/asksasked

18、shall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking考點(diǎn)二一般現(xiàn)在時1.一般現(xiàn)在時的構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時主要由動詞原形表

19、示,當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時,謂語動詞形式一般由動詞原形后加-s或-es構(gòu)成。其變化規(guī)則如下:情況變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況直接加-smeanmeanslearnlearnscomecomesplayplayswantwantsneedneeds續(xù)表情況變化規(guī)則例詞結(jié)尾為-s,-x,-sh,-ch或-o在詞尾加-espasspassesdiscussdiscussesteachteacheswashwashesfixfixesgogoes結(jié)尾為“輔音字母+y”變y為i再加-escarrycarriescrycriesstudystudiesworryworries2.一般現(xiàn)在時的用法表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣

20、性的動作或狀態(tài)father always reads newspaper after breakfast.表示主語現(xiàn)在的性格、特征、能力does he like sports?表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理light goes faster than sound.表示按時刻表、日程表、課程表等規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的動作the train starts at 10 oclock in the morning.用于時間和條件狀語從句中代替一般將來時i will tell him about it as soon as i see him next monday.考點(diǎn)三一般將來時構(gòu)成用法例句will/shall+動

21、詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)my sister will be ten next year.be going to+動詞原形表示打算、計劃、即將做某事,或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事its going to clear up.were going to have a party tonight.be+doing進(jìn)行時表示將來go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作he is moving to the south.are they leaving for europe?be about to +動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生

22、的動作,后面一般不跟時間狀語i was about to leave when the bell rang.the meeting is about to close.be to +動詞原形表示按計劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見were to meet at the school gate at noon.一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來the meeting starts at five oclock.the plane leaves at ten this evening.考點(diǎn)四一般過去時1.一般過去時的構(gòu)成一般過去時由動詞的過去式表示。規(guī)則動詞的過去式一

23、般由動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成,其變化規(guī)則如下:情況變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況在動詞后加-edlooklookedwatchwatchedstaystayedexpectexpected以-e結(jié)尾的動詞后加-dhopehopedlikeliked以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動詞變y為i再加-edstudystudiedtrytriedcopycopiedcarrycarried以重讀閉音節(jié)或/r/音節(jié)結(jié)尾,詞尾只有一個輔音字母時雙寫詞尾的輔音字母再加-edstopstoppedclapclappedplanplannedpreferpreferredadmitadmittedpermitpermitted2.

24、一般過去時的用法表示過去某個特定時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)she suddenly fell ill yesterday.we didnt have classes last week.表示過去的習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作i went to the cinema once a week when i was at school.在條件、時間狀語從句中代替一般過去將來時he said he would not go if it rained.注意表示過去一段時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作,也可以用would+動詞原形或用usedto加動詞原形。考點(diǎn)五現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的構(gòu)成形式為:a

25、m/is/are+v.-ing。v.-ing形式的變化規(guī)則如下:情況變化規(guī)則例詞一般情況在詞尾直接加-ingworkworkinglooklookingstudystudying以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞去e再加-inghavehavingfacefacingtaketakingwritewriting以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,且末尾只有一個輔音字母雙寫該輔音字母再加-ingcutcuttingputputtingswimswimmingbeginbeginning續(xù)表情況變化規(guī)則例詞以-ie結(jié)尾的動詞變ie為y再加-inglielyingtietyingdiedying2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法表示此時此刻正

26、在進(jìn)行的動作sorry,im busy right now.i am filling in an application form for a new job.go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,start,begin,meet等動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可以表示按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作im leaving for beijing tomorrow.與always,constantly,forever,continually,all the time 等連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有不滿、抱怨或者贊賞等感情色彩he is always helping

27、others.she is constantly worrying about her sons health.3.不宜用進(jìn)行時的動詞表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞know,realize,think(that),suppose(that),doubt,forget,remember,understand,regard,like,love,hate,care,believe,want,wish,agree,mean,need等表示狀態(tài)的動詞be,have,belong,own,possess,suit,fit,contain,depend,appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,t

28、urn out等表示短暫性、一次性動作的動詞allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等表示感覺的動詞see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等考點(diǎn)六現(xiàn)在完成時構(gòu)成have/has+過去分詞用法所表示的動作在說話之前已完成,而對現(xiàn)在有影響,句中沒有具體的時間狀語i have spent all of my money (so far).(含義:現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了。)guo zijun has (just/already) come.(含義:郭子君現(xiàn)在在這兒。)my father has gone to wor

29、k.(含義:我爸爸現(xiàn)在不在這兒。)現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的動作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會持續(xù)下去。常與for.和 since.等表示一段時間的狀語或 so far等表示包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的狀語連用mary has been ill for three days.i have lived here since 1998.there have been three accidents here so far this year.還可用在時間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時完成的動作,強(qiáng)調(diào)此動作先于主句動作發(fā)生ill go to your home when i have finished my hom

30、ework.dont get off the bus until it has stopped.考點(diǎn)七過去進(jìn)行時構(gòu)成was/were+v.-ing用法表示過去某個時刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動作it was raining when they left the station.過去進(jìn)行時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作she asked whether he was coming back for lunch.考點(diǎn)八過去將來時構(gòu)成was/were going to+動詞原形;would/should+動詞原形用法表示在過去預(yù)計將來的某一時間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)i thought that j

31、ack was going to write a letter to his father.you knew i would come.考點(diǎn)九過去完成時構(gòu)成had+過去分詞用法表示在過去某一時間或某一動作之前已發(fā)生的動作,即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”when i came home from work, she had finished her homework.表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖,只適用于動詞expect(期待),hope(希望),intend(打算),mean(打算),suppose(料想),think(認(rèn)為),want(想要)等we had hoped that you wou

32、ld be able to visit us.i had meant to come, but something happened.考點(diǎn)十現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時構(gòu)成have/has been+ v.-ing用法表示動作從過去某一時間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或離現(xiàn)在不遠(yuǎn)的時間。其動作是否繼續(xù)下去,則由上下文而定;可以表重復(fù)性動作,也可以帶有感情色彩jack has been phoning jane every night for the last week.it has been raining for 2 days.(表達(dá)說話者“抱怨”的感情色彩。)i have been hoping to have

33、a car of my own.考點(diǎn)十一幾組時態(tài)的區(qū)別一般過去時一般過去時只涉及一個純過去的動作,凡有明確的過去時間的均用過去時,一般過去時強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動作發(fā)生在“過去”,和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系were you at school yesterday?昨天你在學(xué)校嗎?(問的是昨天的事情。但對今天沒什么影響。)現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果,動作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)i have just finished my homework.我剛剛寫完作業(yè)。(看上去好像是過去才發(fā)生的事情,但是對我現(xiàn)在有了影響。因為寫完了作業(yè),就可以做自己想做的事情。)續(xù)表過去完成時過去完成時指的是相對于過去的某一

34、特定時間更早發(fā)生的動作,發(fā)生在“過去的過去”,即過去完成時至少涉及兩個過去的動作when he came in,i had had my supper.他進(jìn)來時,我就已經(jīng)吃完晚餐了。(吃在進(jìn)來之前,所以用過去完成時。)考點(diǎn)十二固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的時態(tài)hardly.when.,no sooner.than.“一就”主句時態(tài)用過去完成時,從句時態(tài)用一般過去時hardly had i opened the door when tom came in.this/that/it is/was the first/second.time+that從句“是次做某事”若主句中為is,則從句時態(tài)用現(xiàn)在完成時;若為was

35、,則從句時態(tài)用過去完成時this is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.it+be.before.“要過才”或“在以后才”若be動詞用一般過去時,則before 從句中常用一般過去時;若be動詞用將來時,則before 從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時im sorry youve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time before brian gets back.was/were doing.when“正在做某事,這時(突然)”在when引

36、導(dǎo)的從句中,謂語動詞用過去式i was about to leave when he came in.i had just locked the door when i realised i had left my key on the kitchen table.was/were about to do.when.“正要做某事,這時(突然)”had done.when“剛做完某事,這時(突然)”it is/has been+時間段+sincesince從句用過去時。該句型表某個動作持續(xù)多久。但若since后跟延續(xù)性動詞,要翻譯成否定含義,即“沒做某事已經(jīng)多久了”it has been thr

37、ee years since he worked here.他不在這工作已經(jīng)三年了。it has been three years since he smoked.他已經(jīng)戒煙三年了。it has been three years since he began to smoke.他吸煙有三年了?？键c(diǎn)十三八種時態(tài)的標(biāo)志詞一般現(xiàn)在時often,usually,always,sometimes,never,seldom,every week/day/year/month.,once a week,on sundays續(xù)表一般過去時ago,yesterday,the day before yesterd

38、ay,last week/year/night/month.,in 1989,just now,at the age of five,one day,ago,long ago,once upon a time,then(那時),on that day,the other day(幾天以前)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時now,these days,at this moment/time過去進(jìn)行時at this time yesterday,at that time或“when+一般過去時從句”,at 1:00 last night現(xiàn)在完成時recently,recent years,these days/year

39、s,lately,since,for+時段(但還在延續(xù)),in the past few years,ever since,in the last/past five months,up to now,since then,so far,ever,never,yet,lately,once,twice,three/four times.,already,before,just過去完成時before,by the end of last year/term/month一般將來時tomorrow,next day/week/month/year.,soon,in a few minutes,by.

40、,the day after tomorrow,in the future過去將來時the next day/morning/year.,the following month/week.考點(diǎn)十四主動語態(tài)表示被動意義系動詞+形容詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appearthe soup smells good but tastes terrible.不及物動詞與狀語連用,用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keepthis kind of material washes ea

41、sily.the pen writes smoothly.meat wont keep long in such hot weather.表開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動的動詞begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,runthe shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.有些表示“需要”的動詞后加動詞的-ing形式need,require,want,be worthyour hair wants cutting.the floor requires washing.the book is worth reading.不定式在某些形容詞之后,且與主語有

42、動賓關(guān)系hard,difficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossiblethe question is difficult to answer.the box is heavy to carry.the project is impossible to complete in a year.考點(diǎn)十五動詞的被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are asked過去進(jìn)行時was/were being asked一般過去時was/were asked現(xiàn)在完成時have/has been asked一般將來時sh

43、all/will be asked過去完成時had been asked過去將來時should/would be asked將來完成時will/would have been asked現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時am/is/are being asked含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/may be asked注意(1)被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not,短語動詞的被動語態(tài)不可漏掉其中的介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,只需將其后的動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。如:treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./theboy

44、wasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.(2)下面動詞或動詞短語沒有被動語態(tài):leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等?？键c(diǎn)十六特殊形式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)be+過去分詞+不定式he i

45、s reported to have broken a world record.據(jù)報道他打破了世界紀(jì)錄。it+be+過去分詞+從句it is believed that.人們相信;it is generally considered that.一般認(rèn)為;it is said that.據(jù)說;it is well known that.眾所周知;it must be pointed out that.必須指出的是;it is supposed that.應(yīng)該是;it is reported that.據(jù)報道;it must be admitted that.需要承認(rèn)的是;it is hoped

46、 that.希望get+過去分詞get married 結(jié)婚;get hurt 受傷;get lost 迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped 被困專項訓(xùn)練鞏固提升.單句填空1.it was raining lightly when i (arrive) in yangshuo just before dawn. 2.i was on my way home after shopping and saw a small dog running across the very busy street i (travel) on. 3.at present mo

47、re and more people (buy) clothes online to save time and money. 4.every one except tom and john (be) there when the meeting began. 5.leaving the less important things until tomorrow (be) often acceptable. 6.jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she (teach) a

48、class at that time. 7.just an hour ago he told me on the phone that he (come) home right after his work. 8.tomb sweeping day is a time to remember the dead.it is a major chinese festival which (fall) in early spring. 9.usually beijing roast duck (serve) together with special pancakes,

49、green onions and sweet sauce. 10.just as i got to the school gate,i realized i (leave) my keys in the library. .單句改錯1.it was the first time that i have lived away from my home,so i found it difficult to fit in. 2.planning so far ahead make no senseso many things will have changed by n

50、ext year. 3.when we arrived there,it had snowed heavily the day before and there was terrible storms. 4.a friend of mine was returned to his house after a holiday only to find it had been broken into. 5.the one who always listen to others tends to be easy-going.when he is in trouble,h

51、is friends will be willing to help him. 6.perhaps it will be a long time before they will come from abroad. 7.my father has employed at this job since 1990. 8.the lion regarded as the king in the animal world so it represents power. 9.i was told that china was belonged to the dev

52、eloping countries. 10.great changes have been taken place in my school. .語法填空when he was a little boy,christopher cookerell once watched his mother turn the wheel of her sewing machine with her hand.“wouldnt it work quickly if a machine 1.(turn) the wheel for you?” he asked.“i suppose it w

53、ould,” 2. (say) his mother,without paying him any attention. christopher knew she always 3.(have) a lot of work,and he wanted to help her.up in his bedroom there was a toy steam-engine which his father 4.(buy) him as a gift.“i will make better use of it,” little christopher said to himself.so,when his mother 5.(not use)her sewing machine,he fixed the toy steam-engine onto it.when the job 6.(finish),he was quite pleased,thinking his mother 7.(like) it. “very clever,” his mother said when she saw it.then she 8. (sit) down and went on turning the wheel by hand.“i 9.(work) like this fo