短文改錯(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、短文改錯(cuò)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)短文改錯(cuò)測(cè)試點(diǎn)一.語(yǔ)法主要測(cè)試動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞；名詞.代詞的各種形式，形容詞和副詞以及比較等級(jí)的用法；連詞.冠詞.介詞；主謂一致；簡(jiǎn)單句.并列句和復(fù)合句，以及倒裝.省略句等。 二.是在行文邏輯方面，主要考查人物的性別及相應(yīng)的物主代詞或物的數(shù)量及相應(yīng)的物主代詞，句子的并列.遞進(jìn).轉(zhuǎn)折.因果關(guān)系；時(shí)間的先后順序等 .錯(cuò)誤類型1.冠詞的多用、少用和誤用 2.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的誤用及近義詞的混用 3.代詞指代不一致的錯(cuò)誤或代詞使用不當(dāng)4.主謂不一致的錯(cuò)誤 5.動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的誤用 6.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的誤用 7.形容詞和副詞的混用及其比較等級(jí)的誤用 8關(guān)聯(lián)詞和平行結(jié)構(gòu)的誤用

2、9.固定搭配，習(xí)慣用法與介詞的誤用 10.冗詞的多用設(shè)錯(cuò)方式 一、動(dòng)詞形1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤2. 主、謂不一致的錯(cuò)誤3. 謂語(yǔ)與非謂語(yǔ)誤用4. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的誤用動(dòng)詞置于句首 首先看有沒(méi)有并列連詞and /or /otherwise, 有就考慮是祈使句 沒(méi)有，就考慮非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 再看有沒(méi)有(,)，有就考慮分詞作狀語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有就考慮動(dòng)名詞/不定式作主語(yǔ)例Review what happened in the past helps me succeed in the future. Reviewing常接不定式的形容詞 be glad to do be eager to do be anxious

3、to be ready to do及物動(dòng)詞后有by，in，with，to 先辨是謂語(yǔ)還是非謂語(yǔ)，考慮被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和過(guò)去分詞 be located /situated in位于 be absorbed in被吸引/專心于 be involved in參與/牽涉到/專心于 be lost in沉迷于 be mixed with與混合 be covered with為覆蓋 be lined with排列 be surrounded with環(huán)繞 be faced with面臨 be combined with 聯(lián)合 be connected with聯(lián)系 be compared to /with與相比

4、be addicted to沉迷于 be related to與有關(guān)系無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞 不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不接賓語(yǔ)，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用ing happen /take place /occur lie /exist date from /back to belong to consist of die sound /look /feel /taste /smell練習(xí)1.I moved by their encouraging words and I studied even harder. was2.Facing with many problems, the new government

5、is having a hard time. Facted3.Bury in his work, Tom didnt notice me enter the room. Buried4.Locating in a beautiful and quiet neighborhood, our large fully-equipped Locatedapartment meets all their needs.5.We were driving in the country when the car stop working. stopped6.Mary ,as well as her siste

6、rs study Chinese in China. studies7.I saw the boys played games on the bank of the lake when I passed. playing8.I particularly enjoyed driving through the countryside with you and saw the seeingchanging colors of the leaves on the trees. 9.Why you think so many people still suffer from poverty now?

7、do主謂一致 動(dòng)名詞/不定式/主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ) many /many a The number of與A number of some /the rest /分?jǐn)?shù) /百分?jǐn)?shù) + n not onlybut also /eitheror /neithernor只能使用過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) last week /year /night just now the other day in the past yesterday例Last Saturday, our school had organized all of the Senior I students to visit the children

8、at a local orphanage二、名詞數(shù) 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)、單復(fù)數(shù)錯(cuò)用 名詞的格的誤用 前后修飾語(yǔ)的誤用 名詞前冠詞的誤用不可數(shù)名詞前的修飾語(yǔ) 只能接不可數(shù)：little, much, a great deal of, a great /large amount of 接可數(shù)與不可數(shù)：some, any, a lot of /lots of a piece of必須接復(fù)數(shù)的修飾語(yǔ) many few a large /great number of large /great numbers of these those several例The food was wonderful with

9、 reasonable prices, and we enjoyed several local dish.dishes advice忠告 information信息 news消息 knowledge知識(shí) work工作 homework家庭作業(yè) progress 進(jìn)步 baggage /luggage行李 damage損害 furniture家具 equipment設(shè)備 weather天氣 money金錢 change零錢 experience經(jīng)驗(yàn) juice飲料 cloth布 clothing衣服 paper紙 sand沙 wood木頭 courage勇氣 rubbish垃圾 food食物

10、bread面包 beer啤酒 wine葡萄酒 coffee咖啡 tea茶 milk牛奶 water水 do damage /harm /good to get /be close to nature protect the environment send sth into space the universe make progressof + 抽象名詞 importance significance value help use interest have /find /feel interest in with pleasure /joy /delight be in trouble /

11、difficulty be in danger with difficulty in surprise /anger take pride in例Apart from the convenient public transportation, our own car can also take them to some nearby places of interests. interest抽象名詞具體化 danger(危險(xiǎn))a danger(一件危險(xiǎn)的事或一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的人) experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)an experience一次經(jīng)歷 failure失敗a failure一位失敗者，一件失敗的事

12、success成功a success一位成功者，一件成功的事 knowledge知識(shí)a good knowledge對(duì)精通/熟知 surprise驚奇a surprise一件令人吃驚的事 pleasure快樂(lè)a pleasure一件愉快的事例He was a complete failure as a teacher, but he has made great success of his business.必須用復(fù)數(shù) make friends /enemies with one of my friends in public places必須用單數(shù) have a good command

13、/knowledge of特殊名詞的修飾語(yǔ) price /cost sth population number high /low cheap /expensive large /small (many錯(cuò))不帶冠詞的名詞 go to school at school go to church at church send sb to hospital in hospital throw /put sb in prison in prison work in a school /a hospital /a prison go to the school /the hospital to see

14、sb have lunch /breakfast /supper have /find /feel interest in to ones surprise /joy /delighta & an an hour an honest man a university student a one-year-old boy a useful book練習(xí)1.We can find a lot of informations on the Internet. information2.Different people speak different language. languages3.

15、The man is a friend of my father. fathers4.I wont take this jacket, for its price is very expensive. high5.When a child is five in England or Wales, his parents must send him to the school .6.After a hour or so we began to feel very frightened . an7.An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the s

16、ea between France and England in the balloon in 1784 . a8.I gained so much confidence that I went back to school as new person . a9.With coming of spring, grass and trees turn green . the三、形容詞和副詞看修飾語(yǔ) 形容詞和副詞的誤用 原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的誤用。 形容詞(作定語(yǔ)) 修飾 名詞 系動(dòng)詞 + 形容詞(作表語(yǔ)) 副詞(作狀語(yǔ)) 修飾 形容詞/副詞 副詞(作狀語(yǔ)) 修飾 動(dòng)詞 副詞(作狀語(yǔ)) 修飾 整個(gè)

17、句子半系動(dòng)詞 狀態(tài)保持：keep, remain, stay, lie, stand 結(jié)果是，證明是：prove, turn out 感官系動(dòng)詞：feel, smell, sound, taste, look 似乎好像：seem, appear 狀態(tài)變化：become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 練習(xí)1.Im sure well have a wonderfully time together. wonderful2.He knows me so good that he can recognize my foot steps. well3.T

18、his river isnt as longer as that one. long常見(jiàn)評(píng)注狀語(yǔ) fortunately幸運(yùn)的是 unfortunately不幸的是 luckily幸運(yùn)的是 unluckily不幸的是 generally /honestly /frankly speaking一般/老實(shí)/坦率地說(shuō) more /most importantly更/最重要的是 worse still /whats worse更糟糕的是 詞性錯(cuò)誤：評(píng)注狀語(yǔ)該用副詞, 錯(cuò)點(diǎn)用形容詞； 意義錯(cuò)誤：評(píng)注狀語(yǔ)表達(dá)了對(duì)自己要說(shuō)的話的態(tài)度，錯(cuò)點(diǎn)用與后文意義不一致的副詞練習(xí)1.Fortunate，there are

19、 too many people in my family. Unfortunately2.Luck enough, I have caring teachers and friendly classmates. Luckily3.But most important, public awareness of sharing and caring is to be further importantlyPromoted. adj. &adv.adv.deepdeeplywidewidelyhighhighly具體的可以測(cè)量的抽象的不可測(cè)量的adj. &adv1.wide /wi

20、dely the wide use of computers (adj.) be widely used /accepted open your eyes /mouth /the door wide2.high /highly sing high praise for(adj.) fly /jump /climb high sing high and clearly speak /think highly of praise sb highly highly developed /successful3.deep /deeply take a deep breath(adj.) breathe

21、 deeply leave /make /create a deep impression on(adj.) be deeply impressed study sth deeply learn deep into the night dive deep into the water.比較級(jí)常錯(cuò)點(diǎn) 要避免比較級(jí)重復(fù)使用。 要避免比較級(jí)與同級(jí)比較混用。 要注意比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí)中表述的準(zhǔn)確。 要注意比較的對(duì)象要一致。練習(xí)1.He is more cleverer than his brother.2.China is larger than any country in Asia. other3.

22、Marys spoken Chinese is better than her sister sisters4.As a result, we dont write as better as we did in the past. well5.Tom is the most diligent student I have never met. ever6.I have ever met a more diligent student than Tom. never四、代詞 人稱代指代要清楚，主格、賓格、名詞和形容詞性物主代,反身代詞。 不定代詞的誤用及混用 反身代詞：放在動(dòng)詞介詞之后，作賓語(yǔ)，

23、表示動(dòng)作作用于主語(yǔ)本身myselfhimselfherselfyourselfourselvesthemselvesyourselves 例1.Only a few students solve their problems all by them. themselves2.I just smiled to me and thought , “What can I do ?” myself人稱代詞：主格：作主語(yǔ)賓格：作賓語(yǔ)，放在動(dòng)詞介詞之后主格Iweheshetheyyou賓格meushisherthemyou物主稱代詞：形容詞性：作定語(yǔ)，放在名詞前名詞：作主賓表，相當(dāng)于形容詞性加一個(gè)名詞形容

24、詞性myouryour名詞性mineoursyours形容詞性hishertheir名詞性hisherstheirs練習(xí)1.There are trees on all sides of the road. both2.I think important to learn the computer well. it3.Finally, the men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves . their4.And they must not break the rules too often if we want to win th

25、e game. weit 一考it的補(bǔ)全，二考it所代替的成分 find /consider /feel /think /make it 補(bǔ)語(yǔ) + to do /從句 love /like /hate /appreciate it when /if It is + adj /n to do /doing1.I would greatly appreciate if I could have the chance to host them and make itfriends with them.2.Whats more, it is our duty protect our environme

26、nt. to3.It is such great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me who is A minegoing to Chengdu. 五、介詞 主要考查介詞短語(yǔ)和習(xí)慣用法的搭配。 介詞后面接名詞、代詞賓格、動(dòng)名詞 不能接that從句和不定式，但可接特殊疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的從句和不定式介詞別忘記 consist of wait for sb ask for sth lie /exist in date from date back to have /find /feel interest in be interested

27、in have an effect /influence on have an attitude to /towards pay attention to pay a visit to focus /concentrate /center on do damage /harm /good to類似短語(yǔ)、不同介詞 in the morning /evening /afternoon at night on a rainy /cold morning /night be proud of不用介詞 every day /morning /weekend next morning /Friday la

28、st week /month /year1.前不能加介詞，后不能加when Each /Every time從句 每次 The next /The last time從句 上次/下次 The moment /The minute /The second /The instant 從句 一就 The first time從句 第一次2.及物動(dòng)詞直接接賓語(yǔ)，但受漢語(yǔ)影響，容易錯(cuò)誤的加一個(gè)介詞，這是介詞常見(jiàn)的設(shè)錯(cuò)方式 enter sp = get into sp reach sp = arrive at /in sp = get to sp lack sth.(vt.) 3.用作名詞時(shí)可以與of連用

29、，譬如Due to /Because of (a) lack of money, his parents cant send him to school. = Because his family lacks money, his parents cant send him to school.練習(xí)1.I saw him enter into the classroom. 2.On the other hand, some food producers lack of social conscience.3.The bus will wait us at the gate of the sch

30、ool. for4.Im Lihua, a Chinese student take summer courses in your university. Im takingwriting to you to ask help. for5.Before leave the orphanage we took photos with the children and gave them our leavingcontact details but we could keep in touch with one another. so5. Im sorry to occupy your preci

31、ous time, but I really want to tell you anything somethingabout the problem of some people keep too many pets nowadays. keeping注：Of后邊接的是動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，some people 是keeping的邏輯主語(yǔ)六、連詞 并列連詞：并列連詞連接對(duì)等的成分，是找錯(cuò)的關(guān)鍵信號(hào)詞 從屬連詞：連詞誤用 連接副詞：主語(yǔ)考察上下文理解常見(jiàn)并列連詞 as well as和，也 and but強(qiáng)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)折 while強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)比 or或者，否則eitheror要么要么 neither.nor既

32、不也不 not onlybut also并列連詞 并列連詞連接對(duì)等的成分，在改錯(cuò)中是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的信號(hào)詞。 并列連詞搭配與意義 Taking everything necessary with you and please get on the bus on time. and連接兩個(gè)并列的祈使句練習(xí)1.It will start at 2:00 pm and lasts for about three hours. last注：and連接動(dòng)詞原形置于will之后2.Doctors say that anger can lead to serious diseases, and that both

33、 controlling anger and express anger strongly can be harmful to our health. expressing注：and連接并列的-ing形式作主語(yǔ)3.We can go swimming, playing ball games or simple take a walk after a dayPaly simplys study. 4.Beautiful and neatly handwriting is beneficial to us students. neat5.Some think online shopping is

34、more convenient and the goods are cheap. cheaper注：And連接兩個(gè)并列句，在意義上相對(duì)。6.It is a fun to walk around stores and looking at various goods on sale look注：It is fun doing /to do都可，但只能改一處，故改后者。并列的不定式to可省略7.Remember: Losing your temper does good to neither you or the other people. nor8.We should plant trees e

35、very year, or we can have a better life in the future. and/so9.Fast food is becoming more and more popular in China, especially among children or teenagers. and連詞 考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系與連詞的正確使用 Though /although不能與but連用 Because /since /as不能與so連用 If不能與and連用 even if /though即使，甚至 as if /though似乎，好像 as long as只要 as s

36、oon as一就 if如果-unless如果不(不要翻譯成除非，句中不能有not) while當(dāng)什么時(shí)候(從句謂語(yǔ)必須用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，否則改為when) be about to do /be doing /had just done必須與when連用連接副詞 考察上下文邏輯關(guān)系 however轉(zhuǎn)折 therefore /thus因果 besides /moreover /furthermore /additionally并列 連接副詞用( ，)與主句隔開(kāi)，改正時(shí)也必須改成連接副詞，不能改成并列連詞或從屬連詞。練習(xí)1.Hot water is provided for 24 hours, but

37、lifts work day and night. and2.I thought it was dull to watch a game in which players kicked a ball to each other. Therefore, my father loves football. however3.We can choose what we really need and even find a good bargain. However, we Besidescan chat with the shop assistant and acquire a lot of us

38、e information.4.Third, the environment of fast food restaurants is both clean and comfortably. comfortableTherefore, in terms of nutrition, fast food is far from satisfactory. However七、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞與虛擬語(yǔ)氣 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后接動(dòng)詞原形 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意義 語(yǔ)氣的辨別need與dare區(qū)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 接動(dòng)詞原形 第三人稱單數(shù)不加s 否定直接在后邊加not 疑問(wèn)提前 接to do /doing /名詞 /代詞 第三人稱單數(shù)

39、加s 否定與疑問(wèn)借助do /does /did虛擬語(yǔ)氣：與現(xiàn)在相反：did /were與過(guò)去相反：had doneif 條件句：表愿望的句型： If only(要是就好了，但愿) would rather(寧愿) wish(希望) as if /though(似乎，好像)should doVt+ 賓語(yǔ)從句N + 同位語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)從句 建議：suggest, advise, recommend propose 命令：order, command 要求：demand, insist, require, request, urge 建議：suggestion, adviceproposal 命令：ord

40、er, command 要求：demand,request, requirement練習(xí)1.He feels as if he is floating on a cloud. were2.Our suggestion is that you are the first to go. be3.The poor little boy could never able to see or hear again. was4.He mustnt have been to Beijing before because he knows nothing about it. cant5.Dare you to

41、 tell your parents about your school records?6.She told him he ought not do it. to7.I believe that he wide use of such shopping bags can greatly improves our impoveenvironment. 八、定語(yǔ)從句 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的誤用 定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致 介詞 + which /whom (,)后邊不能用that 多余練習(xí)1.Im Li Hua, chairman of the Students Union of No. 8 Middl

42、e School which it is close to your university.2.Katia will introduce me to some of her friends, one of who has been to China whomseveral times.3.He put it in a secret place where I couldnt find. which4.The house which Lu Xun once lived is being repaired now. where5.I'll never forget the day whic

43、h I first went to school. when6.I read your e-mail to my parents and showed them the photo you sent it to me . 7.We took many books that was popular among children, as well as many kinds of wereschool supplies and toys.九、名詞性從句 連接代詞和連接副詞及從屬連詞的混用考點(diǎn)1：語(yǔ)序 從句都使用陳述句語(yǔ)序考點(diǎn)2：what & that What是連接代詞在句中作主賓表定 T

44、hat引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表事實(shí)的句子，that在句中不作成分考點(diǎn)3：what & which & whose What 有范圍，表示：什么 Which 無(wú)范圍，表示：哪一個(gè) Whose 無(wú)范圍，表示：誰(shuí)的考點(diǎn)4：同位語(yǔ)從句&定語(yǔ)從句that & which 先行詞差異：跟同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞有news, idea, belief, doubt, fact, hope, thought, problem, reason等;定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞不固定。 連詞差異：同位語(yǔ)從句中只能用that，在句中不擔(dān)任成分，定語(yǔ)從句中可用that, 也可用which，在從句中作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)等?？键c(diǎn)5：what & howwhatever & however What /whatever修飾名詞 How /howev