Chapter 04 Occupational Health and Safety

1、1Chunlu Li 李春露李春露Occupational Health and Safety2 Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)The Father of Occupational MedicineFirst book on occupational diseases 1700 in ItalyHistory of occupational healthRamazzini wrote De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (1760; Diseases of Workers), the first comprehensive work on

2、 occupational diseases, outlining the health hazards of irritating chemicals, dust, metals, and other abrasive agents encountered by workers in 52 occupations. He served as professor of medicine at the University of Padua from 1700 until his death. 3456Code of Occupational Disease Prevention of PRC中

3、華人民共和國職業(yè)病防治法中華人民共和國職業(yè)病防治法 “Occupational disease” hereunder refers to the deseases incurred to the laborers of enterprises, institutions and private business units (hereinafter referred to as ”Employer”) resulted from contacting with powder dust, radioactive substances, other poisonous and harmful su

4、bstances in the work.本法所稱職業(yè)病，是指企業(yè)、事業(yè)單位和個體經濟組織（以下統(tǒng)稱為用人單位）的勞動者在職業(yè)活動中，因接觸粉塵、放射性物質和其他有毒、有害物質等因素而引起的疾病。 Key words: chronic ailment, occupational activity, more prevalent 7891011121314 PersonRelevant medical historyFunctional capacity (physical/psychological)JobDemands/requirementsSafety critical workHour

5、s, travel etcRisksEmployeeEmployerColleagues3rd parties (customers/service users/public)Fitness for Work15Occupational health is concerned with health in its relation to work and the working environment; both physically and mentally. What is Occupational health ?16In 1950, the joint ILO/WHO Committe

6、e on occupational health decided upon broad definition: “Occupational health should aim at the promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well - being of workers in all occupations; What is Occupational health ?17 A Brief Definition of Occupational Health is: “The

7、 promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations total health of all at work” -ILO and WHO, 1950History and DefinitionDefinition of occupational healthNon-tariff barrier OHSAS18000 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Serie

8、s 180001819Occupational Health and Preventive Medicine have the same aim :History and DefinitionAim of occupational health20To maintain and promote the physical, mental and social well being of the workers.To prevent occupational diseases and injuries.To adapt the work place and work environment to

9、the needs of the workers i.e. application of ergonomics principle.It should be preventive rather than curative.Aim of occupational health21/63 “Once you get something dirty, the only way to get it clean is to make something else dirty.” The best way to keep the world clean is to not get it dirty to

10、begin with.Many of us learned this as children Dr. Suess The Cat in the Hat Comes Back22/63Inherently Safer Design A DefinitionThe design of chemical processes and products with specific attention to eliminating hazards from the manufacturing process rather than relying on the control of these hazar

11、dsNotice the common philosophy to Green Engineering?23/63New paradigm for safety Traditional safety approach “Add on” safety features Prevent - alarms, safety interlocks, procedures, training Mitigate sprinkler systems, water curtains, emergency response systems and procedures Inherently safer desig

12、n Eliminate or significantly reduce process hazards24/63Inherently safer design, green chemistry, and green engineeringGreen Chemistryand EngineeringInherentlySaferDesign25What is Ergonomics?It is . . . fitting the work to the workerErgon = Greek for “work”Nomos = Greek for “l(fā)aws of”The Study of Wor

13、kApplies both on and off the job2627Benefits of Ergonomics Decreased injury risk Increased productivity Decreased mistakes/rework Increased efficiency Decreased lost work days Decreased turnover Improved morale28Ergonomic Risk Factors Repetition Awkward posture Forceful exertion Static posture Mecha

14、nical contact Stress Temperature Vibration29Ergonomic ControlspEngineering Modify the tool or work area designpAdministrative Dont do one thing too longpWork Practices Use the right tool303132Office Ergonomics- The right equipment, the right place KEYBOARD STYLESA variety of styles are available. Ch

15、oose one that is comfortable for you.333435Inherent Safer Chemical Process Design Inherent safer chemical process design is a precedence technique to prevent human error and invalidation of facility and reduce the risk of chemical process. The opportunity for inherent safer chemical process design w

16、as analyzed by comparing the inherent safety design with the traditional design method. It is easier to design safer chemical process with low cost during the early stage of chemical process development.37PRIMARY CONCEPT Plants can be designed to prevent the possibility of hazardous incidents Inhere

17、ntly Safe Design (ISD) is supplemented by Control Systems Alarms and Interlocks Shutdown Systems Protection Systems and Devices Response Plans383940SAFETY OPTIONS PREVENT by using inherently safe design method CONTROL by including primary response system MITIGATE by using secondary response systems

18、to limit impact BUFFER by isolating facilities away from populations41CATEGORIES OF ISD The following keywords are used for ISD categories 1: Intensification Attenuation Limitation Simplification Other means1Kletz, Trevor, Process Plants: A Handbook for Inherently Safer Design, Taylor & Francis,

19、 199843ISD CATEGORY DETAILS - 1 Intensification minimizes inventories of hazardous materials. Substitution replaces hazardous materials with safer materials. Attenuation uses hazardous materials under the least hazardous conditions. Limitation changes designs or conditions to reduce potential effect

20、s. Simplification reduces complexity to reduce the opportunity for error. (one-pot reaction)In chemistry a one-pot synthesis is a strategy to improve the efficiency of a chemical reaction whereby a reactant is subjected to successive chemical reactions in just one reactor. This is much desired by ch

21、emists because avoiding a lengthy separation process and purification of the intermediate chemical compounds would save time and resources while increasing chemical yield. 44ISD CATEGORY DETAILS - 2 Other means include using designs that: avoid potential domino effects; make incorrect assembly impos

22、sible; tolerate misuse; keep controls and computer software easy to understand and use; keep process status clear; have well-defined instructions and procedures; employ passive safety; and minimize hazards throughout the materials life-cycle45INTENSIFICATION ATTEMPT TO MINIMIZE THE QUANTITIES OF MAT

23、ERIALS IN THE PROCESS REACTORS SEPARATION DEVICES ENERGY TRANSFER STORAGE VESSELS MATERIALS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS NUMBER OF TRAINS46INTENSIFICATION EXAMPLE FOR REACTORS PHASE 1 BATCH REACTORS REQUIRE THE LARGEST VOLUMES OF MATERIALS1 PLUG FLOW REACTORS REQUIRE SMALLER QUANTITIES AND MAY HAVE BETTER HEAT

24、 TRANSFER/chbe403/hysys/pfex.htm47ATTENUATION REDUCE TEMPERATURES IN REACTORS USE DILUTE REACTANTS IN SOLVENTS USE GRAVITY OR GAS PRESSURE TO TRANSPORT UNSTABLE LIQUIDS USE REFRIGERATED STORAGE INSTEAD OF PRESSURIZED STORAGE48/63Less severe processing conditions Ammonia manu

25、facture 1930s - pressures up to 600 bar 1950s - typically 300-350 bar 1980s - plants operating at pressures of 100-150 bar were being built Result of understanding and improving the process Lower pressure plants are cheaper, more efficient, as well as safer49/63Substitute materials Water based coati

26、ngs and paints in place of solvent based alternatives Reduce fire hazard Less toxic Less odor More environmentally friendly Reduce hazards for end user and also for the manufacturer50SIMPLIFICATION INCREASE VESSEL STRENGTH TO AVOID THE NEED FOR RELIEF VALVES USE MATERIALS THAT CAN FUNCTION OVER THE

27、RANGE OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ELIMINATE OPPORTUNITIES FOR HUMAN ERROR THROUGH SIMPLE INSTRUCTIONS ELIMINATE EXTRA EQUIPMENT MINIMIZE NUMBERS OF CONTROL LOOPS5152/63Simplify Eliminate unnecessary complexity to reduce risk of human error QUESTION ALL COMPLEXITY! Is it really necessary?53/63Simplify - el

28、iminate equipment Reactive distillation methyl acetate process (Eastman Chemical) Which is simpler?ReactorSplitterExtractiveDistillatonSolventRecoveryMethanolRecoveryExtractorAzeoColumnDecanterFlashColumnColorColumnFlashColumnWaterWaterHeaviesMethylAcetateWaterCatalystMethanolAcetic AcidReactorColum

29、nImpurityRemovalColumnsWaterHeaviesAcetic AcidMethanolSulfuricAcidMethylAcetate54/630246810121973198319932003Total Recordable Injury/Illness RateIs It Worth the Effort?Number of US chemical workplace injuries/illnessesper 100 employees continues to drop due to comprehensive safety strategies,includi

30、ng Inherently Safer Design55 The factors that influence the health of population also apply equally to industrial workers.HEALTH OF THE WORKER56HEALTH OF THE WORKEROccupational Environment means, the external condition and influence of place of work and has a bearing on the health of the worker. The

31、 workers are placed today in a highly complicated environment and it is becoming more complicated day by day. 57a. Man and physical, chemical and biological agentsb. Man and machinec. Man and manHEALTH OF THE WORKER There are three types of interaction in a working environment:58HEALTH OF THE WORKER

32、Physical, Chemical, Biological agents59HEALTH OF THE WORKERPeople Foremost以 人 為 本60Occupational hazards61 Source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill health, damage to property, damage to the workplace environment.Occupational hazardsWhat is Occupational Hazards?62An indu

33、strial worker may be exposed to five types of hazards, depending upon his occupation.Occupational hazardsPhysical hazardsChemical hazardsBiological hazardsMechanical hazardsPsychosocial hazards63PHYSICAL HAZARDS Temperature - Heat / Cold Light Noise Vibration Ultraviolet radiation Ionizing radiation

34、 Occupational hazards64HeatOccupational hazardsHeat is a common health hazard in industries. Direct effects of heat are heat stroke (sun stroke), burns and heat cramps. Indirect effects of heat are decreased efficiency, increased fatigue and increased chances of accidents. High temperature is also s

35、een in deep mines where it may go up to as high as 65 C. Work under such condition is extremely difficult, stressful and health & efficiency of worker is diminished.PHYSICAL HAZARDS 65Cold Occupational hazardsImportant hazards due to cold are frost bite and trench foot. Cold injuries are commonl

36、y seen in the oilfields near the polar regions. Hypothermia is also an important health hazard in some industries.PHYSICAL HAZARDS 66HypothermiaFrost bite67LightOccupational hazardsPHYSICAL HAZARDS Worker may be exposed to poor or excess illumination. The acute effects of poor illumination include e

37、ye strain, eye pain, headache, tearing and eye fatigue. Exposure to excess illumination or glare causes discomfort, visual fatigue and annoyance. Sudden intense direct glare can cause blurring of vision and accidents. 68NoiseOccupational hazardsPHYSICAL HAZARDS Noise is a health hazard in many indus

38、tries. The effects of noise are of two types: (i) Auditory effects - which consist of temporary or permanent hearing loss (ii) Non-auditory effects which consist of nervousness, fatigue, interference with communication by speech, decreased efficiency and annoyance. The degree of injury from exposure

39、 to noise depends upon a number of factors such as intensity and frequency range, duration of exposure and individual susceptibility.69VibrationOccupational hazardsPHYSICAL HAZARDS Vibration usually affects arms and after months and years of exposures small blood vessels of fingers can become sensitive to vibration and cause spasm known as “white fingers”. Exposure to vibration can injure joints of hands, elbow joints and