機(jī)械手外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯

1、EnglishRobot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machin

2、es, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, t

3、here has been CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and lab

4、or intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control

5、system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, a

6、utomatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.First, An overview of industrial manipulator Robot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functiona

7、l machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive in

8、dustries that Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China's coastal areas, local plastic processing plants have also emer

9、ged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly interested in, because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges. With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and opening

10、up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the work piece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and more attracted our attention. Robot is to imitate the manua

11、l part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices. In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of parts loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity i

12、s not high, the cost of production major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right The answer is yes, but t

13、he robot can come to replace it. Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve safe production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure,

14、 dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power

15、 source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is

16、 small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pressure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the material components and ma

17、nufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With the hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it

18、fly in the ointment:1. As the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily controlled. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power cannot be too large; in order to i

19、ncrease the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic system size increased. With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the following advantages: Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollut

20、e the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production. Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport. The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefore the materia

21、l and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general, reciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better. Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic. Clean air medium, it will not dege

22、nerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. It can be safely used in flammable, explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize automatic overload protection. Second，The composition of mechanical handmechanical hand Robot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more com

23、plicated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the Usually by the implementing agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.1. Implementing agencies Manipulator executing agency by the hands, Wrists, arms, pillars. Hands are crawling institutions, is

24、 used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand cannot wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also

25、be made mobile as needed. 2. Transmission The actuatorTransmission The actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly used manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms. 3. Co

26、ntrol System Manipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be ach

27、ieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex programmable robot controller, the micro-computer control.Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristics Robots are generally divided into three categ

28、ories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, al

29、so has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed to operate us

30、ing radio signals to carry out detecting machines such as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third category is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the work piece material and

31、 delivery. This mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the "Mechanical Hand", which is the host of services, from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed, and therefore special. Main features: First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower

32、 material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes(cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.)Third, rail-type transpo

33、rt system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam crane) machinery, Four, Application and development of industrial manipulatorApplication of hand Manipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electr

34、onic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Althoug

35、h the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors, and incr

36、easingly has been applied widely, for example: (1)Machining the work piece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combination machine tool use is more common.(2)In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit board

37、s, in the machinery industry .It can be used to assemble parts and components. (3)The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor.(4)May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous goods and hazardou

38、s materials removal and so on.(5)Universe and ocean development.(6)Military engineering and biomedical research and testing. Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel

39、, time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application needs, creating customized cases. Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program drawshandling objec

40、ts or perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and automation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operation, improving working co

41、nditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century, 40, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first use of radioactive material handling robot, human robot in a safe room to manipulate various operations and experimentation. 50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended to in

42、dustrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place the work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, machine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the completion of the upper and

43、 lower material, or From the library take place knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly by the hand and sports institutions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions, often there are clampingsupport and adso

44、rption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic electrical device drivers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractablerotation and lifting movements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in metallurgical industry, machinery manufacture, light i

45、ndustry and atomic energy sectors. Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixed procedure for the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace human labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and automation that can oper

46、ate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, which is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additional devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic

47、 production line handling and transmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers, etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materi

48、als used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the workpiece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational requirements of a varie

49、ty of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations, so that the completion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and posture. Robo

50、t is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development a

51、nd production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to re

52、duce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more comm

53、only used.At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was

54、adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable. When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product qua

55、lity, and better adapt to market competition. At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of

56、 a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.中文機(jī)械手是近幾十年發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種高科技自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)設(shè)備。工業(yè)機(jī)械手是工業(yè) 機(jī)器人的一個(gè)重要分支。它的特點(diǎn)是可通過(guò)編程來(lái)完成各種預(yù)期的作業(yè)任務(wù)，在構(gòu)造和性能上兼有人和機(jī)器各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，尤其體現(xiàn)了人的智能和適應(yīng)性。機(jī)械手作業(yè)

57、的準(zhǔn)確性和各種環(huán)境中完成作業(yè)的能力，在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各領(lǐng)域有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。隨著工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了數(shù)控加工中心,它在減輕工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的同時(shí),大大提高了勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。但數(shù)控加工中常見(jiàn)的上下料工序, 通常仍采用人工操作或傳統(tǒng)繼電器控制的半自動(dòng)化裝置。前者費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)工、效率低; 后者因設(shè)計(jì)復(fù)雜, 需較多繼電器,接線繁雜,易受車(chē)體振動(dòng)干擾,而存在可靠性差、故障多、維修困難等問(wèn)題?？删幊绦蚩刂破?PLC 控制的上下料機(jī)械手控制系統(tǒng)動(dòng)作簡(jiǎn)便、線路設(shè)計(jì)合理、具有較強(qiáng)的抗干擾能力,保證了系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行的可靠性,降低了維修率, 提高了工作效率。機(jī)械手技術(shù)涉及到力學(xué)、機(jī)械學(xué)、電氣液壓技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)、傳感器技術(shù)和計(jì)算機(jī)

58、技術(shù)等科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，是一門(mén)跨學(xué)科綜合技術(shù)。一、工業(yè)機(jī)械手的概述 機(jī)械手是一種能自動(dòng)化定位控制并可重新編程序以變動(dòng)的多功能機(jī)器，它有多個(gè)自由度， 可用來(lái)搬運(yùn)物體以完成在各個(gè)不同環(huán)境中工作。 在工資水平較低的中國(guó)，塑料制品行業(yè)盡管仍屬于勞動(dòng)力密集型，機(jī)械手的使用已經(jīng)越來(lái)越普及。那些電子和汽車(chē)業(yè)的歐美跨國(guó)公司很早就在它們?cè)O(shè)在中國(guó)的工廠中引進(jìn)了自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)。但現(xiàn)在的變化是那些分布在工業(yè)密集的華南、華東沿海地區(qū)的中國(guó)本土塑料加工廠也開(kāi)始對(duì)機(jī)械手表現(xiàn)出越來(lái)越濃厚的興趣，因?yàn)樗麄円鎸?duì)工人流失率高，以及為工人交工傷費(fèi)帶來(lái)的挑戰(zhàn)。隨著我國(guó)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的飛躍發(fā)展，特別是改革開(kāi)發(fā)以后,自動(dòng)化程度的迅速提高，實(shí)現(xiàn)工件的裝卸、

59、轉(zhuǎn)向、輸送或操作釬焊、噴槍、扳手等工具進(jìn)行加工、裝配等作業(yè)自動(dòng)化，已愈來(lái)愈引起我們重視。 機(jī)械手是模仿著人手的部分動(dòng)作，按給定的程序、軌跡和要求實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)抓取、 搬運(yùn)或操作的自動(dòng)機(jī)械裝置。在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，你是否會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題。在機(jī)械工廠里，加工零件裝料的 時(shí)候是不是很煩的，勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率不高，生產(chǎn)成本大，有時(shí)候還會(huì)發(fā)生一些人為事故，導(dǎo)致加工者受傷。想想看用什么可以來(lái)代替呢， 加工的時(shí)候只要有幾個(gè)人巡視一下，且可以二十四個(gè)小時(shí)飽和運(yùn)作，人行嗎？回答是肯定的，但是機(jī)械手可以來(lái)代替它。生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用機(jī)械手可以提高生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化水平和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率;可以減輕勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、實(shí)現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn)；尤其是在高溫、高壓、低溫、低壓、粉塵、易 爆、有毒氣體和放射性等惡劣的環(huán)境中能夠代替人進(jìn)行正常的工作。想到這里我就很想設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)機(jī)械手，來(lái)用于生產(chǎn)實(shí)際中。為什么選著設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械手用氣動(dòng)來(lái)提供動(dòng)力：氣動(dòng)機(jī)械手是指以壓縮空氣為動(dòng)力源驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)械手。用氣壓驅(qū)動(dòng)與其他能源驅(qū)動(dòng)比較有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn)：1.空氣取之不竭，用過(guò)之后排入大氣，不需要回收和處理，不污染環(huán)境。（環(huán)保的概念）2.空氣的沾性很小，管路中壓力損失也很?。ㄒ话銡饴纷枇p失不到油路的千分之一），便于遠(yuǎn)距離輸送。3.壓縮空氣的工作壓力較低(一般為 48 公斤/每平方厘米)