英語學(xué)習(xí)_英國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)資料_必備 (2)

1、I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages <Beowulf>貝奧武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homers Iliad and Odyssey Artistic

2、 features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（頭韻） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is

3、 a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里喬叟1340(?)1400(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國文學(xué)史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰·德萊頓（John Dryden）稱其為“英國詩歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(雙韻

4、體) by middle English<Troilus and Criseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德 <The House of Fame>聲譽之宮Medieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(傳奇故事) Famous three：King Arthur Sir Gawain and the Green Knight BeowulfII The Renaissance Period文藝復(fù)興A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real main

5、stream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.英國16th 開始Three historical events

6、of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯賓塞15521599（后人稱之為

7、“詩人的詩人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey    <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth) The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian Stanza De

8、finition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日歷 The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind. <Amoretti>愛情小唱n2.  Thomasl More托馬斯莫爾14781535 One of the greatest Englis

9、h humanists <Utopia>烏托邦n3.  Francisl Bacon弗蘭西斯培根15611626（哲學(xué)家、散文家；在論述探究知識的著作中提出了知識就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學(xué)的奠基人和近代實驗科學(xué)的先驅(qū)。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.nWriting style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching

10、by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.<The Advancement of Learning>學(xué)術(shù)的推進 <Essays>隨筆(famous quotas: <Of studies>)nThe theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.4. Ben Jonson <Come

11、dy of Humours> <Volpone, or the fox>狐貍5. Christopherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗馬洛15641595 “University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama （完善了無韻體詩。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲劇（根據(jù)德國民間故事書寫成） <Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝n  <T

12、he Jew of Malta>馬耳他的猶太人6.  William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亞15641616l  Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIIIFour Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大歡喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer NightS Dream>仲夏夜之夢; <Merchant Of Venice>

13、威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆萊特; <Othello>奧賽羅; <King Lear>李爾王; <Macbeth>麥克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets> Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme sc

14、heme.III The 17th Century  1. John Milton約翰彌爾頓16081674（詩人、政論家;失明后寫 失樂園、復(fù)樂園、力士參孫。）Epics: <Paradise Lost>失樂園n <Paradisen Regained>復(fù)樂園Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士參孫 <Areopagitica>論出版自由n<The Defence of the English People>為英國人民聲辯 <On His B

15、lindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.2.  John Bunyan約翰班揚16281688（代表作天路歷程，宗教寓言，被譽為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作

16、。與但丁的神曲、奧古斯丁的懺悔錄并列為世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派詩人) Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrims Progress>天路歷程n3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄學(xué)派詩人).herbert， marvellMetaphysical Poetry(玄學(xué)詩)：（用語）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the

17、poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, religious, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2. syllogism三段論 Meditations 沉思錄 The Flea 虱子 Songs And Sonnets Holy SonnetsValediction:<Forbidding Mourning>IV The 18th Century A revival of interest in the old classical works, or

18、der, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century) universal education小說崛起：In the mid-centu

19、ry, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel現(xiàn)實主義小說)Gothic novel(哥特式小說)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)1.  Alexanderl Pope亞歷山大蒲柏16881744（18世紀(jì)英國最偉大的詩人，其詩多用“英雄雙韻體”/ “ heroic couplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）One of the first to introduce rationali

20、sm to England.<An Essay on Criticism>批評論n Artistic features: 1.Using “heroic couplets” <The Rape of the Lock>卷發(fā)遇劫記 <Moral Essays>道德論 <Essay on Man>人論n<The Dunciad>愚人記2.  Samuel Johnson塞繆爾約翰遜17091784Dictionary <A Dictionary of English Language>英語大詞3. Jonathan

21、Swift喬納森斯威夫特16671745（十八世紀(jì)杰出的政論家和諷刺小說家a master satirist。） <Gullivers Travels>格列佛游記(fictional work) Four parts: Lilliput 小人國 Brobdingnag 大人國 Flying Island 飛島 Houyhnhnm 馬島<A Modest Proposal>一個小小的建議n <The Battle of Books>書戰(zhàn) <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事n <The Drappers Letters>一個麻布

22、商的書信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼爾笛福16601731（小說家，新聞記者，小冊子作者；十八世紀(jì)英國現(xiàn)實主義小說的奠基人。）lHe is the first writer study of the lower-class people,hislanguage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. <Robinsonn Crusoe>魯賓遜漂流記the hero of the rising bourgeoisie資產(chǎn)階級It pr

23、aise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, stru

24、ggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. <Moll Flanders> <Colonel Jacque> <Captain singleton> 5. Henry Fielding亨利菲爾丁17071754（英國小說家，戲劇家，被譽為“英國小說之父” 。） He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(

25、散文體史詩), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels <The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>棄嬰湯姆瓊斯<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>約瑟夫安德魯<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大詩人江奈生威爾德 <Amelia>愛米利亞n plays:<The Historical Registe

26、r for 1736>一七三六年歷史記事<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英國6. Oliver Goldsmith奧利弗格爾德斯密斯17301774 poems <The Traveller>旅游人 <The Deserted Village>荒村 novel:  <The Vicar of Wakefield>威克菲爾德牧師傳n7.   Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施萊登17511816 <The Rivals>情敵n <The

27、Schooln for Scandal>造謠學(xué)校8. William Blake威廉布萊克17571827 <Songs of Innocence>天真之歌 A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. <Songs of Experience>經(jīng)驗之歌 A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include:  <The Chimney Sweeper>

28、; <London> <The Tyger> Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity. Tyger is a symbol of dread and oiolence  <The Marriage of Heaven and Hell>天堂與地獄的婚姻n9. Robert Burns羅伯特彭斯17591796 The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用蘇格蘭方言寫的詩 <

29、;John Anderson, My Jo>約翰安德生，我的愛人 <A Red, Red Rose>一朵紅紅的玫瑰n <Auld Longn Syne>往昔時光 <A Mans a Man for AThat>不管那一套n <My Hearts in then Highlands>我的心在那高原上 <Bruce At Bannockburn> <The Tree Of Liberty>V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publica

30、tion of Wordsworth and Coleridges <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death. Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individuals mind.(人應(yīng)該是獨立自由的個體) In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the in

31、ner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔詩人，who lived in the lake district. William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; R

32、obert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉華茲華斯17701850（與柯爾律治、騷塞同被稱為“湖畔派”詩人.The Lake Poets） <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌謠集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud> Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge

33、fullof peace” 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude. Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosop

34、hical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤獨的割麥女 <The Prelude>序曲2.  Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞繆爾泰勒科爾律治17721834        The Lake Poets <The Rime of the Ancient Mariner>古舟子頌 <Christabel>柯里斯塔貝爾 <Kubla

35、Khan>忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory <Frost at Night>半夜冰霜 <Dejection, an Ode>憂郁頌 <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌謠集(with William Wordsworth)3.  George Gordon Byron喬治戈登拜倫17881824（拜倫式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂熱、浪漫，卻充滿了反抗精神。內(nèi)心充滿了孤獨與苦悶，卻又蔑視

36、群小。恰爾德·哈羅德是拜倫詩歌中第一個“拜倫式英雄”。）l “Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. <Don Juan>唐璜 <Childe Harolds Pilgrimage>恰爾德哈羅德爾游記 <Cain>該隱 <When We Two Parted>當(dāng)初我們倆分別 <She Walks In Beauty> 4.  Per

37、sy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪萊17921822 Poetic Drama：<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普羅米修斯 Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression <Queen Mab>麥布女王 <Revolt of Islam>伊斯蘭的反叛 <The Cenci>欽契一家<A Defence of Poetry>詩辯 <The Necessity of Atheism>無神論的必要性 Lyrics:

38、 <Ode to the West Wind>西風(fēng)頌 Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spri

39、ng. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentame

40、ter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行詩aba bcb cdc ded e

41、fe ) <To a Skylark>致云雀5.  Johnl Keats約翰濟慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名詩句。)     Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希臘古甕頌 <Ode to a Nightingale>夜鶯頌<Ode to Psyche>心靈頌 <Ode On Melancholy> 憂郁頌 <To Autumn>秋頌n Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, &qu

42、ot;To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually

43、 yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6.  Jane Austen簡奧斯丁17751817lShe compared her works to a fine engraving up

44、on a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. <Sense and Sensibility>理智與感情 <Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢與偏見(chapter I) 【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a w

45、oman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲爾德莊園 <Emma>愛瑪 <Northanger Abbey>諾桑覺寺 <Persua

46、sion>勸導(dǎo)7. Walterl Scott沃爾特斯科特17711832 (歷史小說之父”)Father of history novels <Rob Roy> 羅伯羅伊 <Ivanhoe> 艾凡赫VI The Victorian PeriodCommon sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation. Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyda

47、y events.1.  Charles Dickens查爾斯狄更斯18121870 （批判現(xiàn)實主義小說家）critical realist writer <The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club>匹克威克外傳 <Oliver Twist>奧利弗特維斯特（霧都孤兒） <The Old Curiosity Shop>老古玩店   <A Christmas Carol>圣誕頌歌 <Dombey and Son>董貝父子  <David Copperfield

48、>大衛(wèi)科波菲爾 <Bleak House>荒涼山莊 <Hard Times>艱難時世 <A Tale of Two Cities>雙城記(London & Paris) <Great Expectations>遠大前程 <Our Mutual Friend>我們共同的朋友  2. William Makepeace Thackeray威廉麥克匹斯薩克雷18111863<Vanity Fair> or a Novel without a Hero名利場(the name is an excerpt f

49、rom <The Pilgrims Progress>by John Bunyan) <The Book Of Snobs> 3. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特18161855 <Jane Eyre>簡愛Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school. There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverness at Thornfield Hall.

50、There she falls in love with the master,Mr. Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. charity institution such as Lowood SchoolIt is a successful introduction to the first governess heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-class working women strugg

51、ling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. <Shirley>雪莉 <Professor>教師4.  Emily Bronte艾米莉勃朗特18181854 < Wutheringn Heights>呼嘯山莊 < Old Stoic>A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr. Earnshaw, his wife, the son

52、 Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella5. George Eliot喬治艾略特18191880l <The Mill on the Floss>弗洛斯河上的磨坊 < Adamn Bede>亞當(dāng)比德 < Silasn Marner>織工馬南  < Middlemarch>米德爾馬契6. Alfred Tennyson阿爾弗萊德丁尼生18091892（維多利

53、亞時代最具代表性的偉大詩人）Poet Laureate （桂冠詩人） < In Memoriam>悼念 To memorialize his friend < Break,n Break, Break>沖擊、沖擊、沖擊 < Idylls of the King>國王敘事詩7.  Robertl Browning羅伯特白朗寧18121889  < My Last Dutchess>我已故的公爵夫人 < Home Thoughts From Abroad>海外鄉(xiāng)思Elizabeth Barrett Browing: &

54、lt;Sonnet from the Portuguese>葡萄牙十四行詩8. Robert Louis Stevenson <Treasure Island>金銀島 9. Thomasl Hardy托馬斯哈代18401928（小說多以農(nóng)村生活為背景；自然主義小說家。Wessex novels; novels of character and environment） Novels < Tess Of The DUrbervilles>德伯家的苔絲 Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duratio

55、n < Jude The Obscure>無名的裘德 < Under The Greenwood Tree>綠蔭下  < Far Fromn The Madding Crowd>遠離塵囂 < The Mayor Of Casterbridge>卡斯特橋市長  < The Return of the Native>還鄉(xiāng)  PoemsWessex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And PresentThe Dynasts 列國1. Which of

56、 the following is not the feature of Romanticism_ D) to follow the Classics 2. Marlowe and some other dramatists as Shakespeares contemporaries are called “University Wits” 3. “To be, or not to be: that is the question: ” is a D) dramatic monologue in Hamlet.4. Shylocks profession is a _ D) money-le

57、nder _ in “ The Merchant of Venice.”5. Bacon is regarded as _ the father of English essays _.6. The word “renaissance” means _ B) revival _.7. The typical figurative device applied by Metaphysical poets is _ D) conceit _.8. The prevailing form of medieval English literature is the _ C) romance _.9.

58、John Bunyans masterpiece is _ C) The Pilgrims Progress _.10. The Age of Enlightenment in England is the period of _ C) 18th century _.11. “Gothic novel” is the term arising from _ horror story in medieval times _.15. A) ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmiss

59、ion. 16 .“The Tatler” and “The Spectator” are the two magazines started by A) Addison and Steele.17 The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling” is written by _ D) Henry Fielding _.18 The term “elegy” means _ a poem or song expressing sorrow, esp for the dead _.19 “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is the masterpiece written by _. A) John Donne B) John Keats C) Thomas Gray D) William Blake 20 The word “epitaph” means words written about a dead person, esp words inscribed o