語法I 講義 全

1、IntroductionWhat does grammar study?Grammar is the formal study of the structure of a language and describes how words fit together in meaningful constructions.Grammar (morphology詞法 + syntax句法)Grammatical hierarchy: morpheme詞素，word, phrase, clause, sentence1. Morpheme詞素The smallest grammatical unit.

2、 The smallest meaningful element of speech.1.1 Free morpheme自由詞素Eg. Boy, desk, kind, give(1)可充當(dāng)詞根，加上詞綴后，構(gòu)成派生詞。Kind - kindly, kindness, unkind(2)可與其他自由詞素結(jié)合，構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。Book - bookshelf, bookworm, bookshop, bookmark1.2 bound morpheme粘附詞素(1) Inflectional affix 屈折詞綴Eg. s es s -ed -ing -er -est(2) Derivational

3、 affix 派生詞綴Prefix: anti-, post-, co-, pan-, in-Suffix: -less, - ness, -ence, -ment2. Word2.1 Word classification in terms of word-formation(1) Simple word 簡單詞= 1 free morpheme(2) Derivative word 派生詞=root + derivational affixEg. discontent, counterattack, pro-Chinese, subway(3) Compound word 復(fù)合詞= 2 o

4、r more free morphemes.Eg. Deadline, world-famous, something, spotlight, slongside2.2 Word classification in terms of grammatical function (parts of speech)(1) Notional words實意詞Noun (n.) Pronoun (pron.) Numeral (num.) Adjective (adj.) Verb (v.) Adverb (adv.)(2) Form words虛詞Article (art.) Preposition

5、(prep.) Conjunction (conj.) Interjection (interj.)Note: Determiners 限定詞: 放在名詞前幫助說明詞義的詞。Eg. 冠詞 a, an, the物主代詞 my, your, his用作定語的某些不定代詞 some, any, many, little, few, both, each用作定語的指示代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞等 this, what, whose, whatever。2.2.1 Different parts of speech for the same wordEg 1. After It is easy to be

6、 wise after the event.I will tell them the news after you leave.A moment after there was a knock at his door.In after years I became familiar with it.Eg 2. doubleHe again did double work that day.The price of vegetables has been doubled because of the weather.Zhang Nan and Zhao Yunlei won the mixed

7、double.Many things now cost double what they did a year ago.Eg 3. roundIn the middle was a round table.She looked round her in astonishment.The children gathered round to hear the story.Charles was on his rounds.We round our lips to say “o”.2.2.2 Suffix: marker for parts of speech-er (fighter)-or (s

8、ailor)-ist (artist)-ant (assistant)-ee (employee)-ian (librarian)-tion (action)-ment (government)-dom (freedom)-ness (eagerness)-ism (socialism)-ship (friendship)-ure (pleasure) -ty (cruelty)-ence (reference)-ive (active)-ous (famous)-able (drinkable)-ible (audible)-y (easy)-ese (Chinese)-al (natura

9、l)-ent (different)-ant (important)-ize (realize)-en (strengthen) -ify (simplify)-ly (luckily)-ward (homeward)-wise (likewise)-teen (fifteen)-ty (thirty)-th (fourth)3. Sentences3.1 Sentence elementsSubject, predicate, object, predicative, attributive, adverbial, appositive 同位, parenthesis 插入語, vocati

10、ve 呼語SubjectPredicateHenryis the most studious in the class.All the menhave done their best.Mr Carterwill investigate further.3.2 Sentence classification in terms of structure(1) Simple sentences 簡單句句子成分都由單詞或短語擔(dān)任，且只有一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。(2) Compound sentences 并列句句子成分都由單詞或短語擔(dān)任，但有兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。(3) Complex sentence

11、s 復(fù)合句有一個或更多成分由從句擔(dān)任。(4) Compound-complex sentences 并列復(fù)合句一個并列句中有一個或一個以上的復(fù)合句作為并列成分。Eg. The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.Miss Lindstorm came to the party, but Mr Sherman did not.The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.They watched TV and enjo

12、yed themselves, but we couldnt see the program because our TV was broken.3.3 Sentence classification in terms of purposeStatement, question, imperative, exclamation3.3.1 QuestionGeneral questions, Special questionsm, Alternative questions, Disjunctive / tag questionsEg. Are you from the South or fro

13、m the North?The Olympics has finished, hasnt it?You werent born in Yunnan, were you?28Basic sentence patterns I 1. S + LV + P I am a college student. The music sounds nice.A. I am your teacher. This car is mine. The girl is ten. He is hungry. She was away. They are on holiday. His job is driving a t

14、axi. The story is interesting. The bike is broken.My wish is to live a peaceful life in the country. My suggestion is that we take immediate measures to solve the problem.B.Linking verb 1The cotton feels soft.The rose doesnt smell much. 2The leaves turn yellow in autumn.My dream has finally come tru

15、e. 3 He held silent for a whole day.The weather continued fine for several days.Your advice proved reasonable.Ex 1. Translation1. 放學(xué)了。 2 眼見為實。 3 他這人似乎不可靠。 4 媽媽的頭發(fā)漸漸變了。 5面對危險，他鎮(zhèn)定自若。 6 夏天肉容易變質(zhì)。 7 你的建議聽起來不錯。 8 春天小草披上了綠裝。 9 老人一直忙忙碌碌。 10 這個包裝滿了書。11 這家商店一直開到深夜。 12 這酒氣味有點怪。 13這種材料摸起來很粗糙。14 夏天白晝變長黑夜變短。 15這一

16、消息最終證實是假的.。I. S + Vi (+ Ad.) Man proposes; God disposes. Modesty benefits; pride hurts. The children are playing. The boy fell to the ground. The sun rises in the east They work hard. Great minds think alike.II. S + Vt + O (+ Ad)They all like him. Beauty will buy no beef.I want to go home now. I lik

17、e chatting on the Internet.She wants three. I think he is right.Ex. 2. Analyze the following sentences1. The boys and girls jumped and laughed.2. The boys and girls kept jumping and laughing.3. It is growing colder and colder.4. The old man grew some vegetables in his garden.5. The rice is growing w

18、ell in the fields.6. They have gone to Shanghai.7. They reached Shanghai yesterday.8. The children feel happy in the school.9. The old couple live happily in the country.10. The old people live a happy life in the country.11. I decided to give up the plan.12. She enjoys making fun of others.13. They

19、 hope you will go home for this holiday.14. My classmates are all in the library.15. He refused to meet his uncle at the station.IV. S + Vt. + o + O S + Vt. + O + prep + o They gave the boy some toys. They gave some toys to the boy. My mother bought me a coat. My mother bought a coat for me. He pass

20、ed me a piece of paper. He passed a piece of paper to me.Ex.3. Replace the indirect object of each of the following sentences with a prepositional phrase: 1.Have they paid you the money? 2.She sang us an English song. 3.They rent me a flat. 4.He built them a hut. 5. Jim passed me a cup of tea. 6.The

21、 girl showed us some photos. 7.I will choose you an interesting novel. 8.They called me a taxi. 9.She found us a house. 10.My mother boiled me two eggs. 11.I booked them three tickets. 12.The father brought the girl some sweets. 13.The man made the boy a kite. 14.I will take him the note. 15.The boy

22、 sent the old man his letter. 16.The worker fixed me the TV set quickly. 17.The soldier cut him a wooden gun. 18.My friend wrote me several letters. 19.The teacher read us some important news. 20.Can you get me something to drink.V. S + Vt + O + C .I named the cat Mimi We proved her wrong.She consid

23、ers herself above others. The teacher asked us to listen carefully.Turning round, I saw Sally waving to me. I must get my car repaired now.Ex 4. Make sentences after the models: a. Model 1. We call him John. 1.we,Li Ming, elected, our monitor 2.they, the baby, named, Sally 3.they, Jack, made,their h

24、ead 4.we ,a secret, must keep, it 5. him, a, I, consider, dishonest man b. Model 2. We should get everything ready. 1. always, clean, keeps, he, his room 2. painted, green, the worker, the door 3. bread, the machine, cut, thin 4. my tea, strong, I,like, 5. us .made, his words, happy c Model 3. He cu

25、t the apple into two pieces. 1.please, yourself, make, at home 2. found, they, in good order, everything 3. saw,the children, she, at play 4. found,himself, he, in troubled. Model 4 His father wanted him to work hard. 1. I consider him a loyal friend.1) consider, her, to be upstairs, they 2) believe

26、, I, him, to be helpful 3) to be untrue, it, I, think, 4) found, they. the man, to be a thief 2. I encouraged my students to work hard.1) ordered, to the soldiers, the commander, set off 2) the man, told, to the children, go away 3) choose, I, his career, like, my son, to 4) they, speak, want, to, m

27、e, at the meeting 5)to say sorry to , him, they, forced, theme. Model 5: I heard them talk outside just now. 1. The teacher let me go half an hour earlier.1) him, have a try, his father, let, 2) I, let, was, earlier, her, go, because, she, sick3) made, the landlord, the peasants, work, from morning

28、till night 4) had, visit, my mother, me, my grandparents, yesterday 5) us, made, his words, laugh a lot 6) he, repair, a mechanic, had, his car 2. We saw Tom slip out of the room.1) I, get on, saw, Tom, a bus 2) notice, leave, did, you, her, the room? 3) their father, watched, the children, repair,

29、the bike 4) looked at ,him, she, read the letter, and, tore it into pieces 5).this morning, I, you ,heard, someone, call 6) last night, I, listened to, the rain, beat on the window 7) he, hit him, felt, something, on the headf. Model 6: She found herself lying in hospital when she woke up.1) a girl,

30、 we, saw, running, toward, us 2) someone, knocking, suddenly, he, heard, gently, on the window 3) the boys, they, are watching ,playing football on the playground 4) waving to, do, you, her, notice, us? 5) she, us, waiting, kept, for two hoursg. Model 7: S + have + O + done get find 1) have, my shoe

31、s, I, am going to, mended 2) get, he, will, his TV set, repaired 3) will, have, she, cut, her hair 4) I, my bad tooth, am going to, get, pulled out 5) returned from his trip, when he, he, found, his children, taken good care ofEx. 5 Analyze the following sentences and point out their sentence patter

32、ns 1. Time flies by. 2. Im on duty. 3. I owe you one. 4. It slipped my mind. 5. I enjoy your company. 6. I cant stand the heat. 7. Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun. 8. He speaks English well. 9. Teachers will make your English better. 10. They found the dead boy. 11. They found the bo

33、y dead. 12. I found the book easily. 13. I found the book easy. 14. Tom found Jim an apartment. 15. We found John a loyal friend. 16. We will find you a good teacher. 17. I find you a good teacher. 18. You can leave the door open. 19. The novel won the author a Nobel Prize. 20. Confidence in yoursel

34、f is the first step on the road to success. 21. Our supply of rice fell short. 22. She pretended not to know it. 23. He kept us waiting for a long time. 24. The boy has grown much taller. 25. The worker explained to us how to operate the machine. 26. I must be off. Its getting late. 27. He denied ta

35、king the paper away. 29. I had my room cleaned last Sunday. 30. The milk has gone sour.Ex. 6. Translation 1. 我聽到隔壁有人在唱歌。 2 她在學(xué)校里感到很快活。 3媽媽每天晚上給孩子讀故事。 4 他把西瓜砍成兩半。 5我們的國家日益強大。 6他為父母蓋了一棟房子。 7老板讓工人們從早干到晚。 8我把窗子一直開著。 9河水正在上漲。 10我要把我的電腦拿去修一修。 11秋天樹葉變黃。 12我們選他當(dāng)學(xué)生會主席。 13店老板收了我20元錢。 14他看起來很不耐煩。 15我避免和他們爭執(zhí)。 1

36、6英雄所見略同。 17他發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書在床底下。 18她為丈夫挑選了一件禮物。 19我應(yīng)該把自己的成功歸功于老師的鼓勵和同學(xué)的幫助。 20我們在為旅行做準(zhǔn)備。Basic Sentence Patterns II1. S + LV + PEx. 1. Point out the predicative (表語) of the following sentences, and analyze their part of speech (詞性).1) Youre not looking very well. 2) His temper continued very uncertain. 3) This

37、food looks inviting. 4) She seemed lacking in enthusiasm. 5) After a time I grew dissatisfied with the work. 6) He didnt look convinced. 7) He fell victim to her charms. 8) They parted the best of friends. 9) He was all attention. 10) He is skin and bones. 11) What color is your shirt?12) Is Helen i

38、n? 13) When will you be back? 14) I dont feel up to the long journey.15) Whom is that book by? 16) It has grown out of date. 17) He is in charge of this job.18) His goal was to become a surgeon. 19) This house is to be let.20) Talking to him is talking to a wall. 21)Our problem is not having suffici

39、ent fund. 22) Thats where we differ 23) Thats what I wish to do.24) We are short of funds. 25) Ive got used to a vegetarian diet. 26) Im sorry to hear that. 27) Hes always ready to help people.28) Im disappointed that you cannot come. 29）He was thankful that the journey was over.30) Were not clear y

40、et what theyre up to. 31) She was not aware (of) how much her husband earned.2. S + Vi (+ Ad.)Ex. 2. Point out the intransitive verbs 不及物動詞 (and adverbial clauses狀語) of the following sentences: 1) The sun is rising. 2) Did you sleep well?3) The crisis broke out first in the US. 4) Sales have been dr

41、opping off badly.5) The door blew open. 6) Is the book selling well?3. S + Vt + O (+ Ad.)Ex. 3. Point out the objects of the following sentences and analyze their part of speech:1) Silence means consent. 2) What did he say? 3) Dont catch cold. 4) This theory doesnt hold water. 5) I cant express myse

42、lf in English. 6) Take care of yourself.7) Help yourself to a beer. 8) Are you enjoying yourselves?9) She closed her eyes and wished a wish. 10) He said his say and then sat down.11) Who put forward such a view? 12) We can put it off one more week.13) We must abide by the rules of the game. 14) They

43、 will not agree to that arrangement.15) The treaty will come into force next month. 16) Dont fall into bad habits.17) We shouldnt look down on this job. 18) We must catch up with them.19) Pay attention to your grammar. 20) Weve lost touch with him.21) She has to familiarize herself with the use of t

44、he new tool. 22) He devoted himself to helping the poor.23) They longed to be back in England. 24) I dont wish to leave my mother.25) Ask him where to go. 26) He forgot which way to go.27) I prefer standing 28) Would you mind waiting a few minutes?29) We have to admit that he is a highly competent m

45、an. 30) She insisted that I (should) be present.31) I didnt know where they had gone. 32) Do you see now why I did it?33) Ill tell you what I hear. 34) You can eat whatever you like.4. S + Vt + o + O - S + Vt + O + prep + oEx. 4. Point out the direct objects and indirect objects of the following sen

46、tences. If possible, try to change them into “S + Vt + O + prep + o” pattern.1) He handed me the key. 2) Ill make you some fresh tea3) I envy you your good luck. 4) They fined her $ 200.5) He assured the passengers that there was no danger. 6) Write me how you got through.7) Show me what you bought.

47、 5. S + Vt + O + CEx. 5. Point out the objects and complements of the following sentences, and analyze the part of speech of the complements:1) She dyed her hair brown. 2) Finally they set him free.3) I felt it necessary to make everything clear. 4) They kept it quiet that he was dead.5) All work an

48、d no play makes Jack a dull boy. 6) We all consider the book a masterpiece.7) He made it a rule to go jogging every morning. 8) I felt it a terrible thing that my mother should have to toil so endlessly. 9) They kept him in custody. 10) They all held him in great esteem.11) I left my bag behind on t

49、he bus. 12) They declared the war over.13) What do you advise me to do? 14) You should get them to help you.15) I longed for her to come and join us. 16) We are waiting for the rain to stop.17) What makes you tremble so? 18) I saw Martins face go pale.19) I will help her (to) solve the problem. 20)

50、They saw her speaking to a policeman. 21) They walked off and left me sitting there.22) I noticed his car parked outside.* object complement-subject complement: active voice-passive voice1) He was set free finally. 2)The book is considered a masterpiece. 3) He was kept in custody. 4) My bag was left

51、 behind on the bus. 5) The war was declared over. 6)We were warned not to swim in that river.7) He was made to recite the whole poem. 8)She was often heard to sing this song.9) She was seen speaking to a policeman.Ex6. First, analyze the sentence patterns of the following sentences. And then point o

52、ut the part of speech for each basic sentence component.Eg. 1 The news of his safe arrival set my mind at rest. (1) S + Vt + O + C(2) S: The news of his safe arrival (noun phrase); Vt: set (Vt); O: My mind (noun phrase); C: at rest (prepositional phrase)Eg. 2 He was wondering whether to follow her or to go upstairs.(1) S + Vt + O(2) S: He (pron.); Vt: was wondering (Vt); O: whether to follow her or to go upstairs (infinitive