四級翻譯講解

1、 大學英語四級考試中翻譯題主要考查語法、核心動詞、動詞短語和固定搭配。語言的學習是不斷積累、循序漸進而不能一蹴而就。想要拿到高分，就要做到知己知彼。本章詳細介紹了四級翻譯題型分析及解題技巧，希望各位讀者認真揣摩，鞏固練習，做到考試時胸有成竹。一、題型揭秘在大學英語四級考試中，翻譯題所占分值為5%。由5個句子組成，每句話都由一部分漢語和一部分英語構成，要求考生將其中的漢語部分翻譯成英語，與所給英語部分構成一個完整的句子。它主要考查下列三方面的內(nèi)容：（1）語法考點。側重點是虛擬語氣、倒裝結構、從句、非謂語動詞（動名詞、過去分詞、獨立主格）等。（2）核心動詞和動詞短語的考查。（3）固定搭配。主要是名

2、詞與動詞搭配、形容詞與名詞搭配、動詞與副詞修飾關系、名詞與介詞搭配、固定詞組及固定表達等。漢譯英部分有其詳細的評分原則，了解這些評分原則對我們解答試題，取得高分有很大的幫助。（1）整體內(nèi)容和語言均正確，得1分。（2）結構正確，但整體意思不確切、信息不全或用詞不當，得0.5分。（3）整體意思正確但語言有錯誤，得0.5分。（4）整體意思完全錯誤，即使結構正確也不得分。（5）大小寫錯誤及標點符號忽略不計。二、解題步驟1. 通讀全句，確定語法成分漢譯英部分的考查形式?jīng)Q定了在做題時首先要通讀全句，因為漢語和英語部分共同構成了一個完整的達意單位，不能將其割裂開來。同時，由于兩種語言之間的語法結構相去甚遠，

3、考生不應該將漢語部分直接翻譯成英語，而是要首先閱讀整個句子，確定要求翻譯的部分在整個英語句子中的語法成分。例如：_（她目不轉睛地看著窗外），she told us that our friend Tom had died in the air crash.【解析】雖然漢語部分是一個完整的主謂句，但我們不能想當然地將其翻譯成一個英文的簡單句。仔細研究逗號以后的英文部分我們就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，這一部分才是句子的主干。由于英文中的逗號沒有連接兩個分句的功能，而本句逗號后面沒有連接詞，因此劃線部分不是一個句子，而是一個狀語成分。由此可知，我們必須使用非謂語結構或獨立主格結構?？山邮艿拇鸢赴ǎ篕eeping h

4、er eyes fixed out of the window；Staring out of the window；With her eyes fixed out of the window；Her eyes fixed out of the window等。2. 審查時態(tài)，決定表達方式確定語法成分以后，我們要有意識地審查時態(tài)，要特別注意句中的時間狀語，并對照所給英語部分的時態(tài)。此外，還應該根據(jù)漢語意思推斷出題人想考查的語法或詞匯項目，避免將漢語詞匯逐個機械地翻譯成英語的情況。例如：Since were here _(我們不如四處看看）.【解析】首先通讀全句，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)Since were he

5、re是一個條件狀語從句，意思是“既然我們在這里”，因此劃線部分應該是主句，有完整的主謂結構。隨后我們開始分析漢語表達，“不如做”的英文表達法是may/ might as well do sth.，與“四處看看”對應的英文短語是look around,而且全句使用的是一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。因此正確答案是we may as well look around。3. 付諸筆墨，保證拼寫無誤經(jīng)過仔細的斟酌以后，真正的翻譯工作就變得簡單得多，但對很多考生來說單詞的拼寫是一大難題，因此我們應該在確保關鍵結構無誤的前提下盡量選用自己有把握的單詞和短語。例如：By contrast，American parents w

6、ere more likely _(把孩子的成功歸因于）natural talent.【解析】通過分析可知，本題考查be likely to do sth.“很可能做”和attribute sth.to sb.another thing“將歸因于”的用法，對這兩點很熟悉的考生可以不費吹灰之力就做出完美的答案，但正確地寫出attribute和success并不是件容易的事。正確答案為to attribute their children's success to。4. 重新審視，確認句法合理在檢查的時候，我們應該確認自己翻譯的部分與題目給出的英文部分共同構成了一個語法正確、達意清晰的句子

7、。在這一階段，我們還應該重點檢查句首字母的大寫、冠詞和代詞的使用以及主謂一致的問題?？傊?，做漢譯英題目的時候，切忌盲目下筆，我們應該在平日的練習中嚴格遵循以上四個步驟，有意識地培養(yǎng)良好的翻譯習慣。三、考點詳解1、虛擬語氣虛擬語氣是翻譯部分的考查重點，因為虛擬語氣的形式多樣，因此也成為備考翻譯題時的難點。虛擬語氣的用法主要有以下幾點：1）虛擬條件句中，主句與從句中謂語動詞的形式可分為下面三類：條件從句主句與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假定一般過去時would/could /should/might + 動詞原形與過去事實相反的假定過去完成時would/could/should/might + 動詞的現(xiàn)在完成時

8、推測未來不可能實現(xiàn)或實現(xiàn)可能性很小的假定should + 動詞原形were to + 動詞原形 would/could /should/might + 動詞原形2）一些能引起虛擬語氣的某些介詞、介詞短語和連詞的用法，如：lest，in case等。in case，lest后面的句子使用虛擬語氣，意思為“以防，以免”，虛擬語氣的形式為should+動詞原形，should不可以省略，但可以不用虛擬語氣而改用陳述語氣。3）一部分表示建議、主張、命令、緊要等概念的詞語，由于本身隱含說話人的主觀愿望，其后的主語從句、賓語或同位語從句往往采用“（should)動詞原形”的虛擬形式，如：suggest, p

9、ropose, command, order, request, require等。4）一些形容詞后面的主語從句中往往采用“（should）動詞原形”，這些形容詞包括important，essential，necessary，urgent，vital等。88.If she had returned an hour earlier, Mary_ (就不會被大雨淋了).（2009.6）【答案】would not have been caught in the heavy rain。本句考查的是一個與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。從句使用的是過去完成時had returned，因此主句也必須是情態(tài)助動詞加

10、上完成時。另外“被雨淋到”要使用be caught in the rain這一說法。89.Youd better take a sweater with you（以防天氣變冷）.（2008.12）【答案】in case /lest it should turn cold。本題考查的是in case和lest后面的句子要使用虛擬語氣，其形式是should加動詞原形。四、翻譯重點句型1）It is+形容詞+that【例句】It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.【翻譯】可想而知，知識在我們的一生中扮演

11、著重要的角色。2）It is+形容詞+to do/ doing【例句】She had said what it was necessary to say.【翻譯】她已經(jīng)說了一切有必要說的話。3）祈使句/名詞+and/ or【例句】Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.【翻譯】努力工作，你就能實現(xiàn)自己的目標。4）as+many/much+名詞+as【例句】It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as

12、 in London.【翻譯】據(jù)說，游客每天在利茲的花銷僅為在倫敦的一半。5）倍數(shù)詞+as+形容詞+as【例句】The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.【翻譯】這個水庫的面積是十年前三倍。一、四級核心詞組：例如have difficulty/trouble (in) doing something(做某事有困難)已經(jīng)考過三次，需要注意的是，in可以省略，后面要使用動詞的動名詞形式。1)2006年6月87題：Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble (

13、找到去歷史博物館的路).解析：答案為(in) finding the way to the Museum of History，“歷史博物館”最好譯為“the Museum of History”，專有名詞注意大小寫。2)2009年6月87題：Soon after he transferred to the new school, Ali found that he had (很難跟上班里的同學)in math and English.解析：答案為difficulty in catching up with his classmates，此題也考察了catch up with(跟上)這一四級核

14、心詞組。3)2010年6月87題：Because of noise outside, Nancy had great difficulty (集中注意力在實驗上).解析：答案為(in) focusing/concentrating on her experiment，此題亦考察focus/concentrate on(集中注意力)這一四級核心詞組。二、倒裝句：考過三次，需要注意的前半句與后半句時態(tài)應前后呼應。1)大綱樣題88題：Not only (他向我收費過高), but he didnt do a good repair job either.解析：答案為did he charge me

15、too much/overcharge me，本句后半句使用了一般過去時，前半句也應使用一般過去時，not only放在句首引導倒裝句?！笆召M過多”可譯為overcharge me或charge me too much.。2)2008年6月91題： (直到他完成使命)did he realize that he was seriously ill.解析：答案為Not until he had accomplished his mission，此題后半句使用一般過去時，前半句動作發(fā)生在后半句之前，應使用過去完成時。Not until放在句首引導倒裝句，“完成使命”應譯為accomplish th

16、e mission。3)2010年6月88題：The manager never laughed; neither (她也從來沒有發(fā)過脾氣).解析：答案為did she lose her temper，前半句使用一般過去時，后半句也應使用一般過去時。“發(fā)脾氣”應譯為lose ones temper，neither放在句首引導倒裝句。三、被動語態(tài)：考過六次1)2006年6月91題：Though a skilled worker,(他被公司解雇了)last week because of the economic crisis.解析：答案為he was fired by the company，需

17、要注意的是，本句應使用一般過去時。2)2007年12月91題：Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life (是用他們能夠借到多少來衡量), not how much they can earn.解析：答案為is measured by how much they can borrow，“用···來衡量”應譯為is measuered by;by后面接how much引導的賓語從句。3)2008年6月87題：Our efforts will pay off if the results of th

18、is research (能應用于新技術的開發(fā))解析：答案為can be applied to the development of new technology，“應用于”應譯為be applied to。4)2008年12月91題：The anti-virus agent was not known (直到一名醫(yī)生偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了他).解析：答案為until it was accidently found by a doctor，本句使用被動語態(tài)更加地道，“偶然”可譯為accidentally或by accident。5)2009年6月91題：The study shows that the p

19、oor functioning of the human body is (與缺乏鍛煉密切相關).解析：答案為closely related to the lack of exercise，“與······密切相關”應譯為be closely related to;“缺乏鍛煉”譯為the lack of exercise。6)2010年6月89題：We look forward to (被邀請出席開幕式).解析：答案為being invited to attend the opening ceremony。本句前半句出現(xiàn)了look f

20、orward to，此處的to為介詞，后面應使用動名詞形式;“被邀請”應譯為be invited to;“出席”應譯為attend;“開幕式”譯為opening ceremony。四、虛擬語氣：考過五次。最?？嫉目键c有兩個：一是require或suggest等動詞+that引導的建議句型，后面應使用should+動詞原形，should可以省略;二是從句使用if引導的過去完成時，主句使用would+現(xiàn)在完成時。1)2006年6月89題：The professor required that(我們交研究報告)by Wednesday.解析：答案為we hand in our research re

21、port (s)。前半句使用requeire+that引導的建議句型，屬于虛擬語氣的一種。后半句應使用should+動詞原形，should可以省略?！把芯繄蟾妗笔褂脝螐蛿?shù)均可。2)2006年12月89題：The victim (本來有機會活下來)if he had been taken to hospital in time.解析：答案為would have had a chance to survive/of survival。后半句是條件狀語從句，使用了過去完成時，前半句主句應使用would+現(xiàn)在完成時?！盎钕聛怼笨勺g為to survive 或of survival作后置定語。3)2009

22、年6月88題：If he had returned an hour earlier, Mary (就不會被大雨淋了).解析：答案為wouldnt have been caught by the heavy rain。前半句是條件狀語從句，使用了過去完成時，后半句主句應使用would+現(xiàn)在完成時?！按笥辍睉g為heavy rain。采集者退散4)2009年12月87題：You would not have failed if you (按照我的指令去做).解析：答案為had followed my instructions。前半句主句出現(xiàn)了would+現(xiàn)在完成時，后半句條件狀語從句應使用過去完成

23、時。“按照”應譯為follow;“指令”譯為instruction。5)2010年6月90題：It is suggested that the air conditioner (要安裝在窗戶旁邊).解析：答案為(should) be fixed/installed beside the window。前半句使用了it is suggested that引導的建議句型，屬于特殊虛擬語氣的一種，后半句應使用should+動詞原形?！鞍惭b”應譯為fix或install;“在窗戶旁邊”譯為beside the window。08年6月1. 被動語態(tài) Our efforts will pay off i

24、f the results of this research can be applied to the development of new technology （ 能應用于新技術的開發(fā)）2. 情態(tài)動詞的用法I cannot boot my computer now. something must be wrong（一定出了毛?。﹚ith its operation system.3. 讓步狀語從句Leaving ones job, no matter what job it is（不管是什么工作），is a difficult change ,even for those who loo

25、k forward to retiring.4. 固定搭配Compared with the place where I grew up（與我成長的地方相比），this town is more prosperous and exciting.5. 倒裝Not until he had finished /fulfilled his mission（知道他完成使命），did he realize that he was seriously ill.08年12月1. 定語從句2. 主語從句3. 虛擬語氣4. 固定搭配5. 倒裝09年6月1. 句型in doing2. 虛擬語氣3. 固定搭配4.

26、主語從句5. 固定搭配09年12月1. 虛擬語氣2. 固定搭配3. 固定句型it will before4. 固定搭配5. 固定句型the more the more10年6月1. 句型in doing2. 倒裝3. 固定搭配4. 虛擬語氣5. 名詞或動名詞短語10年12月1. 固定搭配（動詞不定式）2. 固定句式it is said to3. 虛擬語氣 but for without4. 主語從句5. Should do 句型Demand require request11年6月1. 倒裝2. 虛擬語氣3. 固定搭配4. Turn out5. 固定搭配 persuade /talk sb i

27、nto doing sth11年12月1. 固定搭配2. 虛擬語氣3. 強調(diào)句4. 固定搭配 take into consideration /account5. 句型 it 形式主語12年6月1. 虛擬語氣2. 比較級3. 固定搭配Might as well do4短語5. 固定句式it is said to12年12月1. 分詞短語結構 伴隨2. 強調(diào)句3. Nowhere to find4. 固定句式 一就5. 虛擬語氣6. 倒裝 never 半倒裝7. 虛擬語氣 otherwise8. 句型in doing9. 句型 the first time 完成時10. 固定搭配11. 倒裝 o

28、nly狀語 半倒裝12. 固定搭配13. 虛擬語氣14. 句式 it is time that 過去式15. 條件句固定搭配（15個）讓步狀語從句1倒裝6情態(tài)動詞的用法 1定語從句1條件句1主語從句3虛擬語氣11固定句型10強調(diào)句2Should do 句型Demand require requestTurn outNowhere to find1I have had great deal of trouble_.(跟得上班上的其他同學)2_(我們沒有人料到主席會出現(xiàn)) at the party. We thought he was still in hospital.3. A good man

29、y proposals were raised by the delegates,_(正如預料的那樣).4. Most doctors recognize that medicine is as much_(是一門科學，也是一門藝術).5. Some women _(本來能夠掙一份很好的工資) in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sale of the family.6Over a third of the population was estimated_(無法獲得) to the he

30、alth service.7. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used_(習慣了學生遲到) his lecture.8. The price of beer_(從50美分到4美元不等) per liter during the summer season.9.Wed like _(預訂一張餐桌) five for dinner this evening.10. Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means_(想找麻煩

31、).11. It may be necessary to stop_(每隔時間) in the learning process and go back to the difficult points in the lessons.參考答案：1. keeping up with the rest of the class.2. none of us expected the chairman to turn up3. as was to be expected4. an art as it is a science5. could have made a good salary.6. to h

32、ave no access7. to students being late for8. ranges/varies from 50 cents to9. to reserve a table for10. to make trouble11. at intervals12. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _(傷害自己).13.Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was_(忙著準備) her examination.14.

33、The ships generator broke down and the pumps_(不得不用手工操作) instead of mechanically.15. Why didnt you tell me you could me the money? I_ (本來不必從銀行借錢的)16By the time you get to New York, I_(已經(jīng)動身去) London.17. Buying clothes_(是一件很耗時的工作), because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the ones that fit

34、him or her.18. Its time_(采取措施) about the traffic problem downtown.19. When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon_(克服了這種心理).20. Please dont stand in the kitchen, youre_（擋路了）.21There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone _(打擾我) that evening.22._(正是由于她太沒有經(jīng)驗

35、) that she does not know how to deal with the situation.參考答案:12. injure himself13. busy preparing for14. had to be operated manually15. neednt have borrowed it from the bank.16. shall have left for17. is often a very time-consuming job18. something was done/some measures were taken19. overcame it/go

36、t over it20. in the way21. had interrupted me22. it is because she is too inexperienced23.When I _(發(fā)現(xiàn)他騙我) I stopped buying thins there and started dealing with another shop.24. The manager would rather his daughter_(不在一個辦公室內(nèi)工作).25. The sports meet originally due to be held last Friday_(最終因天氣不好而取消了).

37、26I_(將在做實驗) from three to five this afternoon.27. How close parents are to their children_ _(有很強的影響) the character of the children.28. But for his help, I _(我不可能這么早完成).29. His remarks left me _(想知道他的真實目的).30. Mark often_(試圖逃脫罰款) whenever he breaks traffic regulations.31If this cant be settled reason

38、ably, it may be necessary to_(訴助武力).32. The room is in a terrible mess; it _（肯定沒打掃過）.33. Everybody knows he_（受到了冤枉指控）.參考答案:23. caught him cheating me24. did not work in the same office25. was finally called off/cancelled because of the bad weather26. will be doing/conducting the experiment27. has a

39、strong influence on28. would not have finished so early29. wondering about his real purpose30. attempts to escape being fined31. resort to force32. cant have been cleaned33. was wrongly accused/charged34. He wears a pair of sunglasses_（惟恐被別人認出來）.35. She never dreams of _(被派到國外).36. If you wont agree

40、 to our plan,_(他們也不會同意).37. I should say Henry is _(與其說是個作家不如說是) as a reporter.38. _(信不信由你), his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.39. If you dont like to swim, you _(不妨待在家里).40. Please be careful when you are drinking coffee in case you_(弄臟了新地毯).41Frankly speaking, Id rather you _(不采取任何措施) about it for the time being.42. In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives_(起著不可缺少的作用) in raising children.43. John seems a nice pers