光電傳感器的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展外文資料翻譯

1、 淮 陰 工 學(xué) 院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯學(xué) 院：交通工程學(xué)院專 業(yè)：汽車服務(wù)工程姓 名：沈洪華學(xué) 號(hào)：1091507214外文出處：ieee/iet electronic library(用外文寫)附 件：1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語： 外文資料與畢業(yè)論文相關(guān)性強(qiáng)，譯文準(zhǔn)確，語法、內(nèi)容較規(guī)范，字?jǐn)?shù)符合要求，具備一定的閱讀、翻譯外文資料和專業(yè)術(shù)語的能力。年月日簽名： 注：請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文光電式傳感器的應(yīng)用與發(fā)展鄭春嬌遼寧工業(yè)大學(xué)電氣工程學(xué)院，中國江蘇省 121001zcj5894摘 要 目前,光電式傳感器的應(yīng)用范圍越來越廣,這大大促進(jìn)

2、了光電式傳感器的發(fā)展。光電式傳感器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單而且形式多樣。它具有精度高，響應(yīng)速度快，非接觸等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。在本文中，我們分析了光電式傳感器的工作原理,介紹了光電式傳感器的分類,然后重點(diǎn)介紹了光電式傳感器的應(yīng)用和使用原理,分析了光電式傳感器的現(xiàn)狀和未來的發(fā)展趨勢。關(guān)鍵詞 光電式傳感器，光電式傳感器的應(yīng)用，光電式傳感器的發(fā)展1 引言光電式傳感器是一種將光學(xué)元件和電子元件作為檢測部分的傳感器。光電檢測技術(shù)具有精度高，響應(yīng)速度快，非接觸式等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。該傳感器結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，形式靈活多樣。因此，光電式傳感器被廣泛運(yùn)用于控制和測試領(lǐng)域。它可用于檢測由于光量變化導(dǎo)致的非電量變化，如光強(qiáng)，輻射溫度，氣體成分等等。它也可以通過光的

3、傳輸，阻隔，反射，干擾來測量各種物理量，如物體的大小，位移，速度，溫度等。所以它是一個(gè)具有廣泛應(yīng)用前景的至關(guān)重要的靈敏器件。當(dāng)使用光電式傳感器時(shí)，光電式傳感器不直接與被測物體接觸，光束質(zhì)量幾乎為零，在測量過程中不存在摩擦力，且在被測物體上幾乎沒有任何壓力。因此，光電傳感器在很多應(yīng)用方面都比其他傳感器具有明顯的優(yōu)勢。然而，它的缺點(diǎn)是在某些應(yīng)用場合中光學(xué)器件和電子設(shè)備是比較昂貴的，而且在測量過程中對(duì)環(huán)境條件的要求較高。近年來，新型光電子器件的不斷涌現(xiàn)為光電式傳感器的進(jìn)一步應(yīng)用開創(chuàng)了新的一頁尤其是ccd圖像傳感器的出現(xiàn)。2 光電傳感器的原理光電傳感器是以光電器件作為轉(zhuǎn)換元件的傳感器。該光電傳感器的原

4、理是把被測量的變化轉(zhuǎn)換成光信號(hào)的變化，然后借助光電元件進(jìn)一步將光信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)的光電組件。光電傳感器一般由光源、光學(xué)通路和光電元件三部分組成。光電傳感器的工作過程如圖1所示。圖1 光電式傳感器的工作過程光電器件的作用是將光信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成基于光電效應(yīng)的電信號(hào)。光電效應(yīng)是一種物理現(xiàn)象，光照射到某些物質(zhì)，并導(dǎo)致物體電性質(zhì)發(fā)生重大改變。它可分為外光電效應(yīng)和內(nèi)光電效應(yīng)。外光電效應(yīng)是物體內(nèi)的電子在光的作用下逸出物體表面的物理現(xiàn)象。光子是量子“粒子”來描述可見光波的形式。光子的能量為hv，h是普朗克常數(shù)，v是光的頻率。光子通量的光強(qiáng)度相對(duì)應(yīng)。 einstein方程所描述的外部光電效應(yīng)：hv=1/2*mv02其

5、中m是電子質(zhì)量，v0是電子逃逸速度。當(dāng)光子的能量等于或大于功函數(shù)時(shí)，就會(huì)產(chǎn)生外光電效應(yīng)。因此，每個(gè)對(duì)象都有一個(gè)相應(yīng)的光電臨界頻率，被稱為紅色極限頻率。如果它超過了入射光頻率的紅色極限頻率，那么外源的光電流與光強(qiáng)度成比例。當(dāng)光照射到物體上，它可以導(dǎo)致電導(dǎo)率發(fā)生改變或產(chǎn)生光生電動(dòng)勢，這就是所謂的內(nèi)部光電效應(yīng)。內(nèi)部光電效應(yīng)分為光生伏特效應(yīng)和光電導(dǎo)效應(yīng)。光伏效應(yīng)的作用是使對(duì)象在光的影響下具有一定力的方向。在該作用下的光電子器件是光敏二極管，晶體管，太陽能電池；光電效應(yīng)是在光線的作用下，電子吸收光子的能量從粘合狀態(tài)過渡到自由狀態(tài)，從而導(dǎo)致材料電導(dǎo)率的變化。光敏電阻器等器件就是基于這樣的效果的光電子器件。

6、3 光電式傳感器的分類光電傳感器的分類是多種多樣的。光電傳感裝置根據(jù)外光電效應(yīng)分為光電管和光電倍增管。根據(jù)光電導(dǎo)效應(yīng)制成了光敏電阻。根據(jù)光電傳感器的阻隔效果分為光電二極管和光電晶體管。根據(jù)光電效應(yīng)的相反過程制成了反向光電二極管。光電式感應(yīng)器根據(jù)信號(hào)的形式可以分為模擬光學(xué)傳感器和數(shù)字光學(xué)傳感器。光電式傳感器還包括光纖傳感器，固態(tài)圖像傳感器等。圖2所示為常見的光電傳感器。圖2 常見的光電傳感器4 光電傳感器的應(yīng)用隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展，光電式傳感器使用越來越多。光電傳感器在日常生活，工業(yè)生產(chǎn)和信息技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用越來越多。4.1 光源是被測物體的應(yīng)用光照度e的單位為勒克斯（lux），這是光度學(xué)中常用的單位之一

7、，這意味著照明系統(tǒng)的物理對(duì)象的曝光程度，它可以被用來測量照度計(jì)。1）紅外輻射溫度計(jì)紅外輻射溫度計(jì)經(jīng)常應(yīng)用于非接觸式溫度測量。紅外輻射溫度計(jì)即可用于為高溫度測量也可用于低于冰點(diǎn)的低溫度測量，這也是輻射溫度計(jì)的趨勢。市售紅外測溫儀溫度范圍從-303000，中間被分成幾個(gè)不同的規(guī)格，你可以根據(jù)需要選擇合適的型號(hào)。圖3所示為紅外輻射溫度計(jì)的形狀。圖3 紅外輻射溫度計(jì)的形狀2）熱電型紅外線傳感器熱電型紅外線傳感器可以檢測到人或動(dòng)物發(fā)送的紅外光并輸出相應(yīng)的電信號(hào)。熱電型紅外線檢測裝置已被廣泛用于紅外光譜法，紅外遙感和輻射探測器中。它也可用于能產(chǎn)生遠(yuǎn)紅外輻射的人體檢測和報(bào)警中。如防盜門，酒店大堂的自動(dòng)門，自

8、動(dòng)燈光控制。例如：當(dāng)沒有人在房間里時(shí)，它會(huì)自動(dòng)關(guān)閉空調(diào)，飲水機(jī)；電視可以判斷當(dāng)沒有人在看或有人睡眠時(shí)自動(dòng)關(guān)閉電路。圖4所示為熱電型紅外線傳感器的形狀。圖4 熱電型紅外線傳感器的形狀4.2 被測物體吸收光能的應(yīng)用在此應(yīng)用中，被測物體可以吸收光能，根據(jù)目標(biāo)的光能量的減弱程度來實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的分析和測量。1）光電濁度儀光電濁度儀是基于傳輸衰減和紅外光散射的衰減與懸浮泥沙濃度密切相關(guān)的原則來實(shí)現(xiàn)污泥的濃度和懸浮物測量。不同類型的污泥和懸浮物有不同的紅外光的衰減，我們可以調(diào)整發(fā)送頻率，并使用不同的算法，以滿足不同的應(yīng)用。2）煙霧報(bào)警器沒有煙霧時(shí)，光敏元件能接收到一個(gè)恒定的紅外信號(hào)。一旦發(fā)生火災(zāi)，煙霧進(jìn)入房間，

9、并阻止一些紅外光，光電晶體管輸出信號(hào)被削弱，這是判斷的閾值電路，發(fā)出報(bào)警信號(hào)。圖5所示為煙霧報(bào)警器。圖5 煙霧報(bào)警器4.3 被測物體反射光通量的應(yīng)用該傳感器采用漫反射的原理。在這種傳感器中，發(fā)射器和接收器安裝在同一設(shè)備上。由發(fā)射器發(fā)射的光被目標(biāo)對(duì)象所反射，并充滿了各個(gè)方向，反射光的一部分反射到接收器，所以可以檢測出目標(biāo)對(duì)象。1）反射式光煙報(bào)警器在沒有煙霧的情況下，由于紅外管垂直于內(nèi)部涂滿了黑色的煙霧吸收材料，所以紅外光無法到達(dá)紅外光敏晶體管。當(dāng)煙霧進(jìn)入煙室，煙產(chǎn)生的固體顆粒對(duì)紅外光的漫反射，使部分的紅外光到達(dá)紅外光敏晶體管并輸出光電流。2）光電式轉(zhuǎn)速表光電式轉(zhuǎn)速表是反射的光電式傳感器，它可以從

10、與被測物體外部相差幾十毫米的地方無接觸的測量速度。3）顏色傳感器色彩傳感器被用于檢測一個(gè)特定的顏色或?qū)ο蟮奈恢?，它測量顏色時(shí)通過與沒有顏色的區(qū)域進(jìn)行比較，而不是直接測量。4.4 被測物體遮光的應(yīng)用遮光式光電傳感器需要兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的條件，發(fā)光裝置安裝在一個(gè)機(jī)箱內(nèi)，接收機(jī)安裝在另一個(gè)機(jī)箱。發(fā)射出來的光從發(fā)射裝置注入到接收裝置，當(dāng)目標(biāo)對(duì)象遮擋了光的傳播，接收器的輸出將會(huì)改變。帶鋼偏差的光電檢測器。當(dāng)帶鋼偏移正確的位置時(shí)，邊緣往往與發(fā)送機(jī)碰撞，造成鋼材的浪費(fèi)。當(dāng)帶材處于正確的位置（中間位置）時(shí)，放大器的輸出電壓為零，當(dāng)帶材進(jìn)入左側(cè)，遮光面積減小，輸出電壓反映條形的方向和大小的偏差。帶鋼偏差的光電檢測器，如

11、圖6所示。圖6 帶鋼偏差的光電檢測器5 光電式傳感器的發(fā)展隨著半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)在60年代的迅速發(fā)展，光敏半導(dǎo)體器件發(fā)展迅猛。在此期間，各種光學(xué)材料已被充分研究和廣泛使用。人們通過對(duì)光電效應(yīng)及其設(shè)備的研究已經(jīng)開發(fā)出多種適合不同場合的光電器件。再加上由于薄膜技術(shù)，表面處理技術(shù)和大規(guī)模集成電路技術(shù)的發(fā)展，光電式傳感器的制造過程也達(dá)到了一個(gè)較高的水平，大大降低了產(chǎn)品成本。在過去的幾十年中，紅外傳感器和其他光學(xué)傳感設(shè)備在航空航天和國防領(lǐng)域獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用。在未來幾年中，主要的傳感器技術(shù)將在靈敏度，分辨率和整體性能上實(shí)現(xiàn)突破。光電式傳感器的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)擴(kuò)展到紡織業(yè)，造紙業(yè)，印刷，醫(yī)療，環(huán)保。傳統(tǒng)領(lǐng)域的研究有了新的發(fā)

12、展，如紅外探測，輻射測量，光纖通信，自動(dòng)控制等。紅外傳感器和微光傳感器是使用最廣泛的光電式傳感器。紅外傳感器分辨率的增加，且對(duì)制冷的需求降低提高了其可靠性。微光傳感器依賴于傳統(tǒng)的圖像增強(qiáng)器的提高以及傳感器的模擬信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字信號(hào)。這兩種技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢是各種多光譜傳感器技術(shù)的整合，這可以最大限度地發(fā)揮個(gè)人技術(shù)的表現(xiàn)，越來越多的應(yīng)用到手持設(shè)備和無人駕駛汽車等領(lǐng)域。結(jié)合幾種不同的光電傳感器的長處會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，但只有它被用來在適當(dāng)?shù)膱龊蠒r(shí)才可以發(fā)揮這些優(yōu)勢。例如，微光傳感器更適合在夜間觀察大面積，但不足以檢測靜態(tài)隱藏在樹林里的人。在這種情況下，如果我們用長波紅外相機(jī)融合微光傳感器，那么隱藏在樹林

13、里的人將是可見的。如果我們用另一種短波紅外傳感器與之融合，那么我們甚至可以識(shí)別隱藏在樹林里的人的面部特征。此外，在光電式傳感器的另一個(gè)主要趨勢是增加像素焦平面陣列的數(shù)目。附件2：外文原文the application and development of photoelectricsensorzheng chunjiaoelectrical engineering institute, liaoning university of technology,jinzhou, china 121001zcj5894abstract: at present, the application of ph

14、otoelectric sensors are more and more extensive, it also promotes the development of photoelectric sensors. photoelectric sensor has simple structure and diversity. it has high precision, fast response, non-contact and other advantages. in this paper, we analyze the principle of photoelectric sensor

15、s, introduce the classification of photoelectric, and then highlight introduce the application of photoelectric sensors and the use of the principle of photoelectric sensors, analyze the current and future development of photoelectric sensors.keywords: photoelectric sensor, the application of photoe

16、lectric sensor, the development of photoelectric sensor.1 introductionphotoelectric sensor is the sensor to use the electronic and optical element as the detection component. photoelectric detection has high precision, fast response, noncontact advantages and so on. the sensor has simple structure,

17、flexible and diverse forms. therefore, the photoelectric sensor is widely used in the field of control and testing. it can be used to detect the non-electricity which can cause changes in the amount of light, such as light intensity, radiation temperature, gas composition. it can also use light tran

18、smission, occlusion, reflection, interference and others to measure a variety of physical quantities, such as object size, displacement, velocity, temperature, etc. so it is an important and sensitive device which has a very wide application. when using the photoelectric sensor, it doesn't direc

19、tly contact with the measured object and the beam quality is nearly zero, there is no friction in the measurement and almost no pressure on the measured object. therefore, photoelectric sensors has obvious advantages than other sensors in many applications. however, its drawback is that optical devi

20、ces and electronic devices are more expensive in some applications, and environmental conditions require higher on the measurement. in recent years, new optoelectronic devices are been emerging, particularly the birth of ccd image sensor, that creates a new field for the further application of photo

21、electric sensors.2 the principle of photoelectric sensorphotoelectric sensors use photoelectric elements as sensor conversion devices. the principle of photoelectric sensor is to reflect the measured objects changes by light signal, and then convert the light signal into electrical signals by optoel

22、ectronic components. usually the photoelectric sensor is composed by light source, optical access and optical components. the working process of photoelectric sensor is shown in figure 1.fig. 1. the working process of photoelectric sensorthe role of optoelectronic devices is to convert the optical s

23、ignal into electrical signal, which is based on the photoelectric effect. photoelectric effect is a physical phenomenon that the light shines on certain substances and causes the material to change in the electrical characteristics. it can be divided into external and internal photoelectric effect.e

24、xternal photoelectric effect is the physical phenomena that the object's electron escape surface of the object and emits outside under the influence of light. photon is in the form of quantum "particles" to describe visible light waves. photon energy is hv, h is the planck constant, v

25、is the optical frequency. photon flux corresponds to light intensity. external photoelectric effect is described by the einstein equation:hv=1/2*mv02where m is electron quality, v0 is electronic escape velocity. when the photon energy is equal to or greater than the work function, the external photo

26、electric effect can be generated. so each object has a corresponding effect on the photoelectric threshold frequency of light, known as the red limit of frequency. for more than the red limit of the incident light frequency, exogenous photocurrent is proportional to light intensity.when light shines

27、 on the object, it can cause the resistivity to change or generate photo-emf which is called the internal photoelectric effect. the internal photoelectric effect is divided into photovoltaic effect and photoconductivity effect. photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon that makes objects have a certain

28、direction of the force under the influence of light. optoelectronic devices based on the effects are photosensitive diodes, transistors, photovoltaic cells; photoconductive effect is that under the influence of light, electrons absorb the photon energy from the bonding state of transition to a free

29、state, which leads to material changes in conductivity. optoelectronic devices based on this effects are photosensitive resistor and so on.3 the classification of photoelectric sensorphotoelectric sensor classification is varied. photoelectric sensing devices based on external photoelectric effect a

30、re photoelectric tubes and photomultiplier tubes. photoelectric sensors based on photoconductive effects are photoresistors. photoelectric sensors based on barrier effects are based on photodiodes and phototransistors. photoelectric sensors based on reverse side of the photoelectric effect are rever

31、se photodiodes. photoelectric sensors can be classified into analog optical sensors and digital optical sensors by signal forms. photoelectric sensors also include fiber optic sensors, solid image sensors and so on. figure 2 shows common photoelectric sensors.fig. 2. common photoelectric sensors4 th

32、e application of photoelectric sensorwith the development of technology, the use of photoelectric sensors is more and more. photoelectric sensors have a growing number of applications in everyday life, industrial production and information technology.4.1 the application that light source is the meas

33、ured objectthe unit of light illumination e is lx (lux), which is one of the units commonly used in photometry, it means the degree of exposure of the illuminated physical object, it can be used to measure the illuminance meter.1)the infrared radiation thermometerinfrared radiation thermometer has m

34、any applications in non-contact temperature measurement. infrared radiation thermometer can be used for both high temperature measurement and below freezing temperature measurement, this is also the trend of radiation thermometer. commercially available infrared thermometer temperature is range from

35、 -30 3000 , the middle is divided into several different specifications, you can select the appropriate model according to the need. figure 3 shows the shape of the infrared radiation thermometer.2) pyroelectric sensorpyroelectric infrared sensor can detect infrared light transmitted by person or an

36、imal and output corresponding electric signal. pyroelectric infrared detection devices have been widely used in infrared spectroscopy, infrared remote sensing and radiation detectors. fig. 3. the shape of the infrared radiation thermometerit is also used in human detection, alarm, which can produce

37、farinfrared radiation, such as security doors, hotel lobby automatic doors, automatic light control. for example: it will automatically turn off air conditioners, drinking fountains when no one is in the room; tv can judge that no one is watching or person has to sleep and automatically shutdown the

38、 circuit. figure 4 is the shape of the pyroelectric sensor.fig. 4. the shape of the pyroelectric sensor4.2 the application that the measured object absorbs light energyin this application, the measured object can absorb light energy, according to the weakening degree of light energy to achieve the t

39、arget analyte measurement.1) photoelectric turbidimeterphotoelectric turbidimeter is based on the principle that the transmission attenuation and scattering attenuation of infrared light are relate to the suspended sediment concentration to achieve the concentration of sludge and suspended solids me

40、asurements. different types of sludge and suspended matter have different attenuation to infrared light, we can adjust the transmission frequency and use different algorithms to meet different applications.2) smoke alarmno smoke, a photosensitive element receives a constant infrared led transmitter.

41、 in the event of fire, smoke comes into the testing room and blocks some of the infrared light, the phototransistor output signal is weakened, it is judging by the threshold circuit, an alarm signal is occured. figure 5 is smoke alarms.fig. 5. smoke alarms4.3 the application that the measured object

42、 reflects fluxthis sensor uses the principle of diffuse reflection. in such sensors, emitter and receiver mounted on the same device. the light emitted by the emitter is reflected by the target object, the reflected light is in all directions, part of the reflected light reflects into the receiver,

43、so that can detect the target object.1) reflective smoke alarmin the absence of smoke, due to infrared tube is perpendicular to the interior and painted black smoke absorption material, so infrared led infrared light can not reach the infrared phototransistor. when the smoke comes into the smoke cha

44、mber, solid particles of the smoke produce diffuse reflection towards infrared light, so that part of the infrared light reaches the phototransistor and light current output.2) photoelectric tachometerphotoelectric tachometer is reflective photoelectric sensor, which can be tens of millimeters away

45、from the measured object outside and measure the speed without contact.3) color sensorscolor sensors are used to detect a specific color or spot on the object, it measures the color by comparing with the zone without color, rather than direct measures color.4.4 the application that measured object b

46、locks the lightthe shading photoelectric sensor needs two separate cases, light-emitting device is installed in a chassis, receiver is installed in another chassis. the light emited from emitter injects to the receiver, when the target object blocks the light, the receiver's output will change.

47、the photoelectric detector of strip deviation. when the strip goes wrong road, the edge often collides with the sending machine, resulting in waste. when the strip is in the correct position (center position), the amplifier output voltage is zero; when the strip goes left-side, the shading area is r

48、educed, the output voltage reflects the deviation of strip direction and size. the photoelectric detector of strip deviation is shown in figure 6.fig. 6. the photoelectric detector of strip deviation5 the development of photoelectric sensorphotosensitive semiconductor devices rapidly develop with th

49、e development of semiconductor technology in the 60's. during this period, a variety of optical materials have been fully studied and widely used. people have developed a variety of optoelectronic devices suitable for different occasions by the research about the principle of the photoelectric e

50、ffect and device. photoelectric sensor manufacturing process also achieves a high level with the development of film technology, surface technology and large scale integrated circuit technology, and the cost of the product is greatly reduced. in the past few decades, infrared sensors and other optical sensing devices access to a wide range of applications in the field of aerospace and defense. in the next few years, the main sensor