閱讀理解技巧

1、依據(jù)閱讀理解題考查角度的不同，我們可把題型分為四種情況：事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題、判斷推理題、主旨大意題和詞義猜測(cè)題。針對(duì)不同的題型，應(yīng)采用不同的解題技巧來應(yīng)對(duì)。  第一講事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題所謂細(xì)節(jié)題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對(duì)原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題（在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提問或用與此相類似的詞填空。說明文和敘述文的思考題有相當(dāng)于部分是此類題）及語義轉(zhuǎn)化題（需要將題目信息與原文相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行語義上的轉(zhuǎn)換，兩者存在表達(dá)上的差異，有時(shí)需要進(jìn)行加工或整理后方能得出結(jié)論。）

2、抓住文段中的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)是做好該題型的關(guān)鍵也是做好其它類型問題的基礎(chǔ)。這類題型的題干常為： 1) When/Where did the story happen?  2) Which of the following statements is (not) correct?  3) Which of the following statements is (not)&#

3、160;mentioned in the passage? 4) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage? 5) All the statements are true except.  該題型幾乎都可以在文章中直接找到與答案有關(guān)的信息，或是其變體。所以，搜查信息在閱讀中非常重要

4、，它包括理解作者在敘述某事時(shí)使用的具體事實(shí)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細(xì)節(jié)信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都屬于這類圍繞主體展開的細(xì)節(jié)。做這類題一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題有關(guān)的詞語或句子，再對(duì)相關(guān)部分進(jìn)行分析對(duì)比，找出答案。弄清細(xì)節(jié)、準(zhǔn)確獲取信息，也是把握文章中心思想的前提。細(xì)節(jié)專題一：排序題此類試題的考查形式是在選項(xiàng)中列舉一些具體的事實(shí)，然后對(duì)上面的事實(shí)進(jìn)行排序。要求考生根據(jù)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序、時(shí)間順序以及句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件發(fā)生、發(fā)展的正確順序?？忌梢韵日页鲎钤绲囊粋€(gè)時(shí)間和事件，把它作為事件發(fā)生的具體點(diǎn)，然后使用排除法將范圍一一縮小，從而快速地選出正確答案。 例

5、1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach(沙灘)in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, and for taking th

6、e bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence(便士) to hire a machine and an attendant(侍者). When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine

7、stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in.（1996NMET） In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them? a. Changing into

8、 bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c 細(xì)節(jié)專題二：計(jì)算題計(jì)算題也是近幾年高考中常考的內(nèi)容，此類試題是在文章中直接表現(xiàn)出來細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，有的要經(jīng)過具體的計(jì)

9、算才能夠得出正確的答案。具體的計(jì)算題可以是對(duì)年代的計(jì)算、月份的計(jì)算或比例的計(jì)算等。文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，它們對(duì)解題產(chǎn)生一定的影響。解答此類試題的方法是先來理解文章的大意，然后經(jīng)過對(duì)比、分析、計(jì)算等就能夠得出正確的答案了。 例2：Degree   We offer a wide choice of bachelors degrees (學(xué)位) for international students, which includes:

10、60;Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: degwaikato.ac.nz. Tuition&#

11、160;Fees(學(xué)費(fèi))  Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz. Accommodation(住宿)  You can hav

12、e a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further informat

13、ion: accwaikato. ac.nz Health  The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.a

14、c.nz.Sports The Centre is a great place to have sports activities. Trained exercise teachers can help you work out a training plan and keep you active. The sports hall has volleyball, basketball and indoor football courts and a swimming pool as well. There are also a large number of sports clubs at

15、Waikato. For further information: sport waikato.ac.nz（2005安徽卷）You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000 細(xì)節(jié)專題四：其它類型例4：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the

16、Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510miles southwest of its nearest neighbor, St. Helena, and 1,950miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral（葡萄牙海軍上將）of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming 

17、in a close second - and often wrongly mentioned as the most distant land -is Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbor, Pitcairn Island,

18、0;and 2,300 miles west of South America.  The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5thcentury, supposedly  by people who were lost at sea. They had

19、60;no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for 

20、;which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1772, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the 

21、Chilean territory （智利領(lǐng)土）. They share on street, a small airport, and a few hours of television per day.（2003年全國(guó)）It can be learned from the text that the island of

22、60;Tristan da Cunha _. Awas named after its discoverer Bgot its name from Holland settlers  Cwas named by the British government Dgot its name from the Guinness Book

23、 of RecordsWhich of the following is most famous for moai?   ATristan da Cunha.  BPitcairn Island. C. Easter Island. DSt. Helena. Which country does Easter Island

24、60;belong to?  ABritain. BHolland. CPortugal. DChile.  第二講 推理判斷題 這類題屬于主觀題，是層次較高的設(shè)題。它包括判斷和推理題。這兩類題常常相互依存，推理是為了得出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理。推理題要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，做出一定判斷和推論，從而得到文章的隱含意義和深層意義。推理題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可是某幾句話，但做題的指導(dǎo)思想都是以文字信息為依據(jù)，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根據(jù)的推理，也不能根據(jù)表面文字信息做多步推理。所以，推理

25、題的答案只能是根據(jù)原文表面文字信息一步推出的答案：即對(duì)原文某一句話或某幾句話所作的同義改寫(paraphrase)或綜合。常見的題干有： 1) It can be inferred from the text that. 2) We can conclude that.  3) When the writer talks about., what he really&

26、#160;means is that. 4) Which of the following can be inferred from the passage? 判斷題考查學(xué)生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對(duì)不同觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和判斷的能力。推理題考查學(xué)生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力。 1) 判斷有據(jù), 推論有理, 忠實(shí)原文。切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的本意。 2) 全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考，得出片

27、面結(jié)論。 3) 善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合。4）不可直接選取文中的原句。第三講 主旨大意題主旨大意題主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章或一段文字的深層理解程度及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般針對(duì)某一語段或某一語篇的主題標(biāo)題或目的設(shè)題。常見的設(shè)題方式有：1標(biāo)題類常見的標(biāo)題型題干： 1)The best title/ headline for this passage might be_. 2)The text (passage) could be entitled _.3)What is the best title for the passage? 4)Whi

28、ch of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage? 2 大意類常見的主題型題干： 5) This passage chiefly deals with_.6) Whats the topic of the article? 7) What is the subject discussed in the text? 8) With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned? 3 目的主旨大意題 The authors main purpose in writing the

29、 passage is_. The passage is meant to _ The purpose of this article is _這類題通常圍繞一個(gè)中心思想展開，不少文章一開頭便展示出文章的中心思想，第一段常常是內(nèi)容的梗概，同時(shí)又表達(dá)了中心思想，但是不少文章的中心思想貫穿全文，并沒有用一句話明確表達(dá)出來，這就要求學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)歸納概括。每個(gè)段落往往也由一個(gè)主題句或幾個(gè)陳述句構(gòu)成，它們?cè)诰渲械奈恢貌煌袝r(shí)在開頭, 首先點(diǎn)明本段大意; 有時(shí)在結(jié)尾, 總結(jié)本段大意。 做這類題，首先要找出文章的主題句。找出文章的主題句，也就明確了文章要講什么，再通過速讀全文，就可以把握文章的中心思想了。另外

30、在許多文段中，沒有可以概括全段意義的主題句，必須根據(jù)文章中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面分析，然后歸納成一般概念。但必須注意，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過于寬泛，要恰如其分。A.主題句呈現(xiàn)的形式1）文首開門見山, 提出主題, 隨之用細(xì)節(jié)來解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展主題句所表達(dá)的主題思想. 最常見的演繹法寫作方式. 例1.The panda is a popular animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television ne

31、wscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops. 例2.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up ou

32、r natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive. 2).文尾，在表述細(xì)節(jié)后, 歸納要點(diǎn), 印象, 結(jié)論建議或結(jié)果, 以概括主題. 這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式例3.A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared wi

33、th that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control h

34、is own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 3).文中，通常前面只提

35、出問題， 文中的主題由隨之陳述的細(xì)節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出, 而后又作進(jìn)一步的解釋, 支撐或發(fā)展. 例4.Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a

36、 closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 4).首尾呼應(yīng)，為突出主題, 作者先提出主題, 結(jié)尾時(shí)再次點(diǎn)出主題, 這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方式較為多見. 但前后表述主題的句子不是簡(jiǎn)單的重復(fù), 后面的表述往往有進(jìn)一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。 例5.（首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, It was seeing people with s

37、nakes bites that led me to the career.she said （尾段）The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes.Shu said. 5).無主題句，即主題句隱含在全文中, 沒有明確的主題句. 必須根據(jù)文篇中所提供的事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)行全面考慮，綜合分析，然后找出共同的東西，歸納成一般概念。必須注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括時(shí)過于寬泛，要恰如其分。 例6.Joshua Bingham studied 4 y

38、ears at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is

39、 the main idea of the passage? A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student. C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education.B.實(shí)例說明例2：As prices and building costs keep rising,the "do-it-yourself"(DIY)trend（趨勢(shì)）in the U.S.co

40、ntinues to grow."We needed furniture（家具）for our living room,"says John Ross,"and we just didn't have enough money to buy it.So we decided to try making a few tables and chairs."John got married six months ago,and like many young people these days,they are struggling to make a

41、 home at a time when the cost of living is very high.The Rosses took a 2-week course for $ 280 at a night school.Now they build all their furniture and make repairs around the house.Jim Hatfield has three boys and his wife died.Hs has a full-time job at home as well as in a shoe making factory.Last

42、month,he received a car repair bill for $ 420."I was deeply upset about it.Now I've finished a car repair course,I should be able to fix the car by myself."John and Jim are not unusual people.Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so the can fight the

43、high cost of living.If you want to become a "do-it-yourselfer",you can go to DIY calsses.And for those who don't have time to take a course,there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.（1998NMET） .What would be the best title for the text? A.the Joy of DIY B.You Can Do

44、It Too! C.Welcome to Our DIY Course! D.Ross and Hatfield:Believers in DIY. 第四講 猜測(cè)詞義猜測(cè)詞義題是從特定的角度考查考生的閱讀理解能力和處理生詞的能力。猜測(cè)詞義包括對(duì)詞、詞組和句意的理解，是高考英語試題閱讀理解中的一類必考題。 猜測(cè)詞義題常見的解題方法： （一）上下文線索猜測(cè)詞義 任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析而推測(cè)詞義，是閱讀過程中的一大關(guān)鍵，也是高考的熱點(diǎn)。 如： If he thinks he can invit

45、e me out, he is all wet. I dont like to be with him. A. drunk B. sweating C. happy D. mistaken 根據(jù)I dont like to be with him我們感受到說話人的語氣。我不愿意跟他在一起，那么，他要邀請(qǐng)我出去是不可能的 他就大錯(cuò)特錯(cuò)了。因此答案D。（二）根據(jù)定義或解釋猜測(cè)詞義 閱讀文章中的有些生詞尤其是新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)及科普類文章中的生詞，往往在其后有對(duì)該詞進(jìn)行解釋說明性的短語或句子，如to be, that is , mean, stand for, namely, to refer to, to

46、mean ,in other words等，有時(shí)也以同位語、定語從句的形式出現(xiàn)，或用破折號(hào)、括號(hào)來表示。如： Some ships carried cargo such as coal, oil and military supplies(軍用物資),while others carried only passengers. 分析：such as后所列舉物品均為“貨物”，由此推斷cargo的意思相同，和后面的passengers形成對(duì)比。 練習(xí) (1)Yet, shopkeepers may have to spend extra hours to deal with problems, su

47、ch as shoplifter, who always take away things from the shop without paying for them. （2）The best football, basketball and tennis players can become professional that means they will have a career in sports and will get money when they play. （3）Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a perso

48、n the desire to steal. （4）The word lefty means a person who uses his or her left hand for writing, eating and other jobs. （5）Doctors recommended that everyone exercise every day, particular those who spend many hours doing sedentary activities like reading, typing or sewing. （6）A person who has the

49、SARS （非典型肺炎）may have symptoms like coughing and a high temperature.（三）. 根據(jù)反義詞或反義關(guān)系 有的文章作者為了增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果，會(huì)用一對(duì)反義詞揭示事物的不同點(diǎn)，形成鮮明的對(duì)比，這時(shí)只要把握其中的一詞，就不難推出另一詞的含義，這種句子多見unlike, although, but, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, for one thing, for another, intead of, rather than等信息詞。如： One idea about busi

50、ness is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse, business polite, life itself is games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. A. Quite right. B. Time enough. C. Most unlike. D. Just the opposite. 練習(xí)： 1Unlike the Unite States where many differe

51、nt nationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous. 2. Thousands of people got stuck in lifts. But no one panicked, we passed the time telling stories. 3. Most of us agreed; however, Gary dissented. 4. He is homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.(四). 根據(jù)同義詞或近義詞關(guān)系

52、常見的引出同義詞的標(biāo)志性詞語有or, like, similarly等。如： Millions of animals die each year on Us roads, the Highway administration reports. In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat exist in the Us today. The main reason? Roadkill. 分析：從后面的同位語an endangered wild cat 可知“ocelot”是一種野生貓 練習(xí)： 1 Not every histori

53、c mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved. 2 We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and use them accurately, or they will make our speech silly and vulgar. 3 Their friends laughed at them, and my sister felt wretched, very unhappy.（五）利用例證性線索 某

54、些冷僻的詞匯后面會(huì)舉一個(gè)例子，使詞匯具體易懂。等連接性詞語往往用來舉例說明前面較難理解的名詞。如： You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning. 分析：通過后面的例子：英語世界、中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)、英語學(xué)習(xí)，可知periodicals為“期刊雜志” 練習(xí)： 1 Many United Nations emloyees are polyglots: Mr.Simpson, for example, speaks f

55、ive languages fluently. 2 The largest player-Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choices-Deluxe Sedans, Minivans, Station Wagons, Coaches, Santana Sedans are the big favorite. 3 When writing an article, we often use similes, such as brave as a lion and quick like lightn

56、ing. 閱讀中常會(huì)遇到一些由所熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，可利用構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)來推測(cè)其意思。如： Exhibition officials said that a person bitten by one of these snakes would need at least 80ml of an anti-poisonmedicine to be saved. 分析：antipoison 是由poison加前綴anti-構(gòu)成的，anti-意思是“反對(duì)、排斥、抵抗”，由此可猜出anti-poison是“解毒、抗毒”的意思。 練習(xí)： 1. Iran quake leaves city flattened. 2. When men and women lived