英語國家概況America1

1、the united states of america1.the full name of america is the united states of america. 美國的全稱是美利堅合眾國。2.now it has 50 states and some other territories. all these 50 states,with each represented by a star on the national flag, “united” under the federal government which is the central government. wit

2、h the exception of alaska and hawaii, all the other 48 states are on the mainland and border on each other. 現(xiàn)在，它已有50個州及其他一些地區(qū)，是在中央政 府聯(lián)邦政府下聯(lián)合起來的。在國旗上，每顆星代表一 個州。3.a state is the largest administrative unit in the country. it is something like a province in some other countries. each state keeps the ba

3、sic powers of government for itself within its own territory.州是這個國家最大的行政區(qū)，就像一些國家的省一 樣。每個州在其自己范圍內(nèi)具有管轄當?shù)厥聞?wù)的基本權(quán)利。1.american is a new nation and the product of the western civilization.美國是一個新民族，是西方文明化的產(chǎn)物。2.in fact, the american continent was first discovered by an italian sailor called christopher colum

4、bus in 1492.事實上，美洲大陸是1942年由意大利航海家克里斯朵夫.哥倫布首先發(fā)現(xiàn)的。3.the u.s. was not officially founded until 1776 when 13 former british colonies rose up against the british empire and fought a war for their independence.1776年美國成立。13個前英殖民地聯(lián)合一致反抗當時的大英帝國，通過戰(zhàn)爭贏得了他們的獨立。j. hector st. john de crevecoeur (settled in pennsy

5、lvania in the 18th century) 赫克托.圣約翰.德克雷夫科爾（18世紀移居賓西法尼亞地區(qū)）letters from an american farmer美國農(nóng)人書簡“he is an american, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds.” 這就是美國

6、人，他把所有過去的偏見和習俗拋在腦后，而從他所熱愛的新的生活方式，他所依附的新政府，他享有的心地位中接受新的一套。“here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men, whose labors and posterity will one day cause great changes in the world.” 來自各個種族的人，在此熔化為一個新的民族，他們的勞動及他們的后代必將給世界帶來巨大的變化。“the american is a new man, who acts upon new principle

7、s; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions.” 美國人是一種新型的人，他們按新的原則辦事，他們因此必然吸取新的思想，形成新的見解。the first long-continuing immigration 第一次人口遷移運動第一次人口遷移運動time: 25 000 years ago 25000年前people: siberians from asia 亞洲西伯利亞人route: across bering strait 越過白令海峽results: later called indians develope

8、d their own culturethe aztecs, the incas and the mayas 后來被稱為印第安人 的人們發(fā)展了自己的土著文化阿茲臺克文化（墨 西哥地區(qū)）、印加文化（秘魯?shù)貐^(qū)）及瑪雅文化（中 美洲）。the aztecs阿茲臺克文化the incas印加文化the mayas瑪雅文化the second long-continuing immigration 第二次人口遷移運動第二次人口遷移運動time: from 16th century on, with the expansion of europe 從16世紀歐洲擴張運動開始people: european

9、s and africans 歐洲人和非洲人 (notably christopher columbus) （特別是克里斯朵夫.哥倫布） * why did europeans came to the new land? 為什么歐洲人要來新大陸？christopher columbus, an italian sailor, believed that by sailing west from europe he could reach the far east.克里斯朵夫.哥倫布是一個意大利航海家，他相信從歐洲一直向西航行他就可以到達遠東地區(qū)。in 1492, he persuaded th

10、e spanish monarchy to support his voyage. he landed on one of the bahama islands in the caribbean sea and thus “discovery” the new world.在1492年，他說服了西班牙皇室支持他的航行。他在加勒比海巴哈馬群島中的一個島上登陸，這就是“發(fā)現(xiàn)新大陸”。based on his voyage, the spanish king claimed the territory of the americas and established a huge empire, gr

11、abbed enormous wealth from the indians.在他此次航行的基礎(chǔ)上，西班牙國王宣稱美洲為其領(lǐng)土，并建立強大的西班牙王國，從印第安人那剝奪巨大財富。john cabot, another italian sailor, who served english king henry vii, arrived in todays canada and the english king claimed that the whole of the territory of north america belonged to england.約翰.卡伯特，意大利航海家，效力于

12、英王亨利七世。他航行到達了今天的加拿大，于是英王宣稱整個北美大陸屬英國所有。 enforcing this claim, the englishmen began to establish permanent settlement in north america by the beginning of the 17th century. 為強調(diào)此聲明，英國人從17世紀開始在北美建立永久殖民地。great social changes in europe (end of the middle ages and feudalsystem) 歐洲巨大的社會變化（中世紀和封建制度的消亡）1. eco

13、nomic changes- the development of capitalism and emergence of new social groups 經(jīng)濟變化 資本主義的發(fā)展和新的社會力量的出現(xiàn)2. cultural changes- the renaissance 文化變化 文藝復興3. spiritual changes- the religious reformation 精神變化 宗教改革運動the growth of capitalism produced two new class 資本主義的發(fā)展及兩大階級的產(chǎn)生the bourgeois class 資產(chǎn)階級the wo

14、rking class工人階級increasingly powerful in politics and economy在政治經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域力量日漸強大eager to share more power with feudal lords希望能與封建主分享更多的權(quán)利three pioneers in the religious reformation 宗教改革中的三個領(lǐng)袖martin luther 馬丁.路德john calvin 約翰.加爾文king henry vii 英王亨利七世 in 1517, martin luther, a german theology professor, star

15、ted to reform the catholic church which had dominated europe for centuries. he challenged the authority of the pope and attacked the practice of the sale of indulgences. he believed that people could be saved only by their faith in jesus christ and through a direct contact with god. the religious re

16、formation, which was capitalistic in nature, had great impact on the modern development of europe and north america. 馬丁.路德，德國神學院教授，在1517年，他對統(tǒng)治歐洲數(shù)世紀的羅馬天主教進行了改革。他對羅馬天主教皇的權(quán)威提住質(zhì)疑并且反對贖罪券的出售。他認為對人類靈魂的救贖只能通過對基督耶酥的信仰，通過個人與上帝的直接聯(lián)系獲得拯救。宗教改革在本質(zhì)上資本主義的，對歐洲和北美大陸的發(fā)展起到重大推動作用。 the renaissance was marked by a changin

17、g outlook on life. the god-centered world was challenged by the great progress in natural and social science. people began to be more confident in themselves and show more interest in the world about them. many challenged the authority of the bible and were willing to observe, experiment and test tr

18、uths for themselves. this attitude pushed the development of technology. 文藝復興的顯著特點是人們的人生觀變化。隨著自然和社會科學的發(fā)展，人們對以上帝為中心的世界提出了質(zhì)疑。人們變得更加自信并對世界周遭的事物越來越有興趣。許多人向圣經(jīng)的權(quán)威發(fā)出了挑戰(zhàn)，并愿意為此親自觀察實驗，甚至犧牲生命。就是這種態(tài)度推動了科技的發(fā)展。 these reforms reflected the rise of nationalism in europe, represented the demand of the bourgeois clas

19、s for free development and expressed the desire of ordinary working people, especially the serfs, for the liberation from the feudal control. therefore, the protestant reformation was welcomed by leaders, middle class and working people in europe, especially in western european countries. as a resul

20、t, the protestants and their denominations spread far and wide. against the background of those emerging new forces, the 13 english colonies that would become the united states of america were planted in north america.* plant: set up; establisha protestant church這些改革反映了歐洲高漲的民族主義情緒代表了資產(chǎn)階級要求自由發(fā)展的呼聲，表

21、達了普通勞動者，特別是農(nóng)奴們要求從封 建統(tǒng)治中獲得解放的愿望。同時它受到了 歐洲尤其是西歐一些國家的領(lǐng)導、中產(chǎn)階 級和工人階級的歡迎。因此新教徒和他們 教派的影響是深遠的。根據(jù)那些新興力量 出現(xiàn)的背景，13個英國殖民地深深植根在 北美大陸上了。virginiapuritan new englandcatholic marylandquaker pennsylvaniathe settlement in virginia was founded by the london company in 1607. 弗吉尼亞殖民地在1607年由倫敦貿(mào)易公司建立。why called virginia as

22、 jamestown?為什么稱弗吉尼亞為詹姆士鎮(zhèn)？ 100 survivors landed by the side of a river. james river, named after their king and began to build a town called jamestown. 100個幸存者在河邊登陸。這就是詹姆士河，它以英國國王的名字命名，后來這些幸存者就在次建立了詹姆士鎮(zhèn)。how did the settlers managed to survive? 殖民者是如何得以生存的？ the second group survived by imposing strict

23、 discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of virginia. 第二批到達殖民地的人強制實行嚴格的紀律（人人都工作）并且在弗吉尼亞成功種植煙草。 two events which influenced the shaping of american culture:1. in 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the house of burgesses.2. they bought and enslaved blac

24、k servants.the two events combined constituted a unique american phenomenon.1.puritans were those who followed the doctrine of john calvin and wanted to purify the church of england. 清教徒追隨的是約翰.加爾文的教義，他們想“純潔”英國教會。2.puritans believed that human beings were predestined by god before they were born. som

25、e were gods chosen people while others were predestined to be damned to hell. no good works could save anyone. 清教徒深信人的命運是生前就由上帝注定的。一些人是上帝的選民，而另一些則注定進地獄。任何公德不可能拯救人。3. the sign of being gods elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. 上帝選民的標志是一個人工作上的成功或事業(yè)的興旺。4. every puritan mu

26、st read the bible in order to find gods will and search for ones individual contract with god. 清教徒必須人人讀圣經(jīng)，從中探索上帝的意志，建立自己與上帝的聯(lián)系。founded by lord baltimore 由巴爾的摩男爵創(chuàng)立the feudal system in maryland 馬里蘭地區(qū)的封建制度 lord baltimore wished to introduce a feudal system similar to the manor system in europe to his c

27、olony.巴爾的摩男爵希望在自己的殖民地建設(shè)類似于莊園經(jīng)濟的封建規(guī)劃。the failure of the feudal system 失敗的封建制規(guī)劃*indentured servant: 白人契約奴 。北美殖民地初期，一些英國窮人家貧困而無力移居北美，北美的有錢人家為他們支付路費，這些人賣身成為契約奴。根據(jù)契約，他們必須為有錢人家無償勞動5-7年，在這期間他們沒有自由。不久，白人契約奴被黑奴取代。1.what are quakers? quaker were a group of protestants.貴格派由一群新教徒組成的.2.what did they believe? the

28、y believed that people could communicate with god because gods divine light was in everys heart. they believed in god through faith without the help of church or priests. those religious beliefs taught them that people were born equal, and not sinful. they worked hard and lived a simple life in order to please god. 他們相信人們可以和上帝交流,因為每個人都有靈光,上帝就在每個人的心中.他們通過真誠來信仰上帝,而不需要求助于教堂或是牧師.這樣的信仰告訴他們?nèi)松鷣砭褪瞧降鹊?無罪的.為取悅上帝他們努力工作過非常樸素的生活.3.who is william penn? w